Dare reDual: Dare Rehurumende Nedare

Gadziriro yedare muUnited States inoshanda pamiitiro miviri inowirirana: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Iyi gadziriro miviri inoparirwa nenheyo dzehurumende, umo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinogoverana simba. matare ehurumende nehurumende dzinotonga nyaya dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, nharo pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo matare eUnited States ari mubatanidzwa. matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzakawanda zvikuru, kubatanidza nhau dzoutsotsi, kupesana kwevagari vemo, mutemo wemhuri, uye kuputswa kwemotokari. Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine vakuru vakuru vayo vamene, zvikurukuru nematare edare anotonga pasi, anenge ari pakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro pamusoro pedare gurusa rehurumende yeUnited States. Dare gurusa renhau dzehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nemhaka yokuti imhakano yenhau yehurumende ichava inoshanda uye mitemo.

Dare Rokutonga: Panotanga Mhaka

Dare redare ndiwo mwero wokutanga wetsika yokutonga. Idzo imatare anowana maidi apo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu, uye vatongi vanopa rutongeso. Mugadziriro yehurumende, aya matare eruwa anonzi Matare eruwa eU., ane inenge imwe muhurumende iri yose. Muhurumende, vanoenda namazita akadai seSune Court, Dare reNhengare, kana kuti Court County. matare edare anobata zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi panhambo yokutanga. Anowanzoyamurwa nenhau yenhau yenhau kuti ivandudze basa neunyanzvi.

Kupesana Kukuru Mukati Mematare Okutonga

  • Dare reCIVIL:[ Kupedza gakava pakati pebato vakavanzika (vanhu kana kuti masangano) pamusoro pezvibvumirano, zvinhu, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, uye dzimwe nhau dzisiri dzoutsotsi. Vavariro inowanzova kuva kuvadziko yemari kana kuti nyaradzo inokwana.
  • Dare routsotsi: Anobata nhau umo hurumende inopomera munhu mhaka yokuputsa mutemo woutsotsi. Kubuda kunogona kubatanidza faindi, kudzorwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhaka dzenhau dzomubatanidzwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Matare emhuri:[[FLT: 1] Kunangidzira ngwariro paukama hwomumba hwakadai sechatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, tsigiro yavana, kurera, uye zvirairo zvamasimba masimba zvomumba.
  • Kutaura Kuduku Dare: Dare ravagari vemo rakapfava nokuda kwekakavadzano dzinobatanidza zvitsama zviduku zvemari (kazhinji kazhinji $5 000 (kutsamira padzose). Zviito hazvisi pamutemo, uye magweta kazhinji kazhinji haadiwi.
  • [[[FURU:0] probate Dare:[ rinobata zvido, nzvimbo, ngarava dzinochengeta, uye zvikwereti. Vanova nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvomunhu akafa zvinogoverwa mukuwirirana nomutemo kana kuti kuda kwavo.
  • Matare eTraffic: Batana nokuputswa, matikiti okupaka, uye mhaka duku dzinobatanidzwa nemotokari.
  • Dare reMirimo: matare echienzi anobatanidza kurapa netarisiro yedare kududza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechinhu sechisakiso chikuru chomufambiro woutsotsi.

Dare redare rinotsamira zvikuru pamuitiro wokutonga: rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa ufakazi nenharo pamberi pomutongi asingasaruri (uye pane dzimwe nguva vatongi). Mutongi anoshanda somuchengeti wesuo wemitemo yapamutemo, anosarudza panhau dzemitemo, uye anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo. Vatongi, kana varipo, vanosarudza maidi uye kupa chisarudzo. Mumatare ebhenji (pasina mutongi), mutongi anoita mabasa ose ari maviri. Kuziva basa guru rematare okutonga kunokosha nokuda kwedzidzo ipi neipi yehurumende.

Matare Anodenha: Kuhwirudzura Chikanganiso

Dare rokutonga rapedza kutongwa rasvika pachisarudzo, mubatanidzwa wacho angava nekodzero yokukwirira kudare. matare aya haaiti nyaya itsva kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chekutonga kwedare kuti aone kana zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakaitika zvakatapura mugumisiro wacho. Dare rinoongorora mipfupi yakapiwa nemhiko dzinobva kumatare acho uye rinonzwa nharo dzinotaurwa negweta. Madare matatu anogona kusarudza zvapachokwadi kukwirira. dare redare redare rinogona kusimbisa, kuchinja, kana kuti kugadzirisa chisarudzo chedare, kana kuti kutumira nhau kudzokera shure (uye) nokuda kwezvimwe zviitiko zvinowirirana nemurangariro warongedzero.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Nyika zhinjisa uye gadziriro yehurumende ine matare apakati napakati (muchib., Dare reZvikumbiro, Dare rehurumende rePfuuro). Idzi dzinobata matare makuru, dzinogovera mwero wokutanga wehwirudzuro. Pamusoro padzo dzinogara dare rapamusoro zvikurusa — dare gurusa rehurumende kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. iri rine chiremera chapamutemo, kureva kuti imhakai dzinofanira kutongwa, kazhinji kazhinji idzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera zvikuru.

Mabasa makuru eDare Rakatonga

  • Kururamisa kwakakomba: Kuisa mutongo wokuti matare anotonga aishandisa mutemo zvakarurama ndokutevera muitiro wakafanira. Ikoku kunodzivirira maruramiro ezvinonhuwira.
  • Kufanana kwoMutemo: kupedza dudziro dzapamutemo dzinorwisana pakati pematare anotonga ari musimba rimwe chetero. Uku kuwirirana kunotsoropodza kufanodeya kutaurwa uye kururama.
  • Zvisarudzo zvePredence:[[FL:1] zvinowanzoparira muenzaniso unobatira unotungamirira zvinoitika zvomunguva yemberi. Stare decisis — nheyo yokuvimba nemitemo yapfuura — inopa dzikamo yomutemo.
  • [ .LTTTS: Kurondedzera revo yemirairo, mirau, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Chikamu chinokosha: hachisi chisarudzo chiri chose chokutonga chinogona kukwidzwa. Zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira zvinoda kukwirira, asi mirayiro yepakati pedare inowanzoda mvumo chaiyo. Muitiro weappellate idziviriro pamirayiro yokuzvidira kana kuti yenhema. Cornell Legin Information Institute inogovera kupetwa kwakaisvonaka kwematare eappelta.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Mutongi Wokupedzisira

Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinogara pamucheto pedare redare rehurumende, uye dare rimwe nerimwe rine dare raro rakakwirira zvikurusa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akaderera mukati moudzori hwaro. Basa raro harisati riri kungoruramisa bedzi asi kupa tsananguro dzakajeka dzeBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Dare rinotonga mhaka kupfurikidza nemhesano yecertiorari, kugamuchira bedzi 1% yemikumbiro shoko rimwe nerimwe (zvinenge 70 - 80 kubva mumishumo 7 000+). Matsoro anosarudzwa apo vanopa mubvunzo wehurumende worudzi, vanoita rwisano pakati pematare matunhu, kana kuti kubatanidza nhau dzemitemo.

Mitoro yeDare Gurusa

  • Dare rinorondedzera revo yeBumbiro reMitemo. Nhau dzenyika dzakafanana ne Morbury v. Madison [Kuhwirudzura kwechikaro], . Dare reDzidzo yeDzidzo [kudzivirira kwakakwana], uye CIT] FEC[FLT] [magameidzo yekutaura kwakasununguka] (kutaura kwakasununguka) rakava nenzanga yeAmerica.
  • Judicial Review: Simba rokuzivisa mitemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, kana kuti dare rakaderera risingawirirani nemitemo. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti mapazi ose ehurumende anoshanda mukati meganhuriro dzawo.
  • Dare Gurusa rinopedza gakava pakati pehurumende nehurumende, uye pakati pemasangano avanhu ehurumende anobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • Kuisa Nhevedzo yeNational: mirau yaro inova mutemo wenyika, ichipesvedzera kwete bedzi zvisarudzo zvedare romunguva yemberi asiwo mutemo nomuitiro wavose.

Gadziriro yeDare Gurusa ndeyeune: vatongi vapfumbamwe (kubatanidza Dare rimwe guru) vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, kwakaitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. zvisarudzo zvavo chaizvoizvo imirangariro yakanyorwa iyo inotsanangura mufungo woruzhinji, pamwe chete nemirangariro inowirirana neinopesana. Uku kuona kunobetsera ruzivo rwapamutemo nenzwisiso yavose.

Basa Ravatongi, Majeri, uye Mushandirapamwe Wedare

Munyaya dzeutsotsi, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa vatongi vezera; munhau dzevagari vemo, Seventh Amendment inochengeta mhosva dzedare redare redare rinobetsera vanotonga pamitengo inopfuura $20. Basa redare redare redare nderokuwana chokwadi uye kushandisa mutemo sezvakarayirwa nomutongi.

Vatongi Muutungamiriri Hwevanhu

  • Vatongi vamatongero: Mutungamiriri pamuitiro wose wokutonga — kubva kumiitiro yapamberi penhau navanoir (kusarudza kwokusachenjera) kusvikira kukutarisira ufakazi, kutonga pazvirambidzo, uye kupa tongero kana kuti rutongeso. Ivo kazhinji kazhinji vanosarudzwa kana kuti kugadzwa nokuda kwemirairo yakatarwa, kuchitsamira pasimba.
  • Appeneta Vatongi:[ Shumira panzvimbo dzinohwirudzura zvinyorwa zvokutonga. Havanzwi ufakazi asi vanonangidzira ngwariro panharo dzapamutemo. Mifungo yavo inopesvedzera kutangwa kwomutemo. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, Vatongi veNhambo inogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu.
  • Dare Rinotonga: Pamwero womubatanidzwa, vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vatongi vehurumende vapamusoro vangasarudzwa kana kuti kugadzwa. Basa ravo rinobatanidza kusarudza mhaka, mirangariro yokunyora, uye kuumba murairo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vatongi vokunyoresa: Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, vatongi vemajaji vanobetsera vatongi voruwa kupfurikidza nokubata nhau dzapamberi pedare, gakava rokuwana, uye pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira panhau duku. Vanogadzwa navatongi voruwa nokuda kwamashoko akatsiga.

Vamwe Vashandi Vanokosha veDare

Mabharani vedare vanotarisira mafaira emhosva, vanochengeta dare, uye vanopika. Vatori venhau vedare vanoita mashoko echiito akanyatsojeka enyaya dzinotongwa. Vanopa mitongo inovimbisa kuchengeteka uye kurayira. Vanyori vemitemo vanobatsira vatongi nokutsvakurudza nyaya dzemitemo uye pfungwa. Basa rimwe nerimwe rinokosha kuti ruramisiro ishande zvakanaka.

Matare Anokosha Nechisarudzo Chinotsiva

Matare emazuva ano akashanduka - chinja anosanganisira matare anonyatsoongorora nyaya dzacho anenge achiongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

  • [[FLT: 0] Dare reBankruptic: Chikamu chematare eruwa, ivo vanobata nhau muBankruptic Reference, vachibvumira vanhu namabhizimisi kubudisa kana kuti kurongazve zvikwereti.
  • [ Dare reTax: matare eFederal anonzwa gakava pakati pavateresi neRevolution Service yeMbali.
  • [ Dare reManyika Ose reTrade: rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza kudzorwa kwemitemo, mirau yezvokutengeserana, uye tsika.
  • Dare rehurumende reChienzi: matare ehurumende anotsausa vagara kwenguva refu vane utano hwendangariro hune chokuita nebasa kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvinodhaka mugadziriro dzokurapa panzvimbo pokusungwa.

Mukuwedzera, mitoo yokutsiva kupesana nenharo (ADR) inoshandiswa nenzira inowedzera kupedza nhau pasina kutonga kwedare kwapamutemo. Matare mazhinji zvino anoda kuti vanhu vaedze ADR vasati vatonga kuderedza kurema kwebutiro redokisi. Medition inobatanidza chibvumirano chechitatu chehotera; kutora mugari womunyika inoparira chisarudzo chinobata kupfurikidza nomugadziri wezvokuvhotera. Iyi miitiro inogona kuva inokurumidzisa uye inodhura zvikuru kupfuura kudzosera. American Bar Association’s ADR inogoverazve kurava.

Mafambire Anoita Matambudziko Evanhu

Kunzwisisa rwendo rwenguva dzose rwenhau kunojekesa dare rinenge richiita chiito. Mhaka yavagari vemo inovamba apo zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinopa nyunyuto. Mukwirirwi anopindura. Kunzvera kunotevera: kutsinhana ufakazi, kukwirira, uye kubvunzurudza. Kufamba kwedare kwapamberi pedare kungapedza mhaka nokukurumidza (g., kutonga kwokupeta). Kana mhaka ikapfuurira kutongwa, chisarudzo chinosvikwa. Kukwirira kwapashure kungadenha mugumisiro. Ipapo kukwirira kunogona kuunzwa kudare repamberi, uye kungabvira kudare guru. Munhau youtsotsi, hurumende (kutongwa) inounza pomero pashure pokusungwa uye mutongo mukuru. Mukwikwidziridziridziro imhaka, anopinda, uye angapinda mupeto. Kana kusatongwa kutemwa.

Murwendo urwu rwose, chirongwa chedare chinovimbisa zvikamu zvakawanda zvehwirudzuro: dare rokutonga (kuwana kwechibvumirano), dare redare (kurangarirazve mutemo), uye dare rapamusoro zvikurusa (shoko rokupedzisira). Iyi gadziriro yedare rakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa kusasarura nokururamisira, kubvumira zvikanganiso kubatwa nokururamiswa. National Center for State Courts inogovera zviteshi zvedzidzo pamusoro penzira rehurumende.

Mirangariro Yakaenzaniswa: State v. Federal Court Tragime

Nepo dare redare renyika yose rine mativi matatu akaenzana. → Kukomba kwakakwirira) kwakapararira, matare ehurumende anosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika (mutoo, New York) dzinodudza matare adzo okutonga “Matare,” anoparira nyongano. Mamwe ane dare rimwe redare reamburera rine chiremera chakaganhurirwa. Sangano rehurumende iyunifomu: Matare eruwa (dare redare), Dare reNhevera reNhevero reAppelments (Internamette), uye Dare repamusoro reFreferal. Dare reHurumende reFrecial rine chiremera chakaganhurirwa — rinogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinokwidzwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende kana kuti mhando dzezvigaro (zvikamu zvakasiana-pakati pe $7 000). matare ehurumende ndiwo madare ehurumende anodzose — anogona kuteerera mhaka ipi neipi nokuda kwehurumende.

Mumwe musiyano: vatongi mumatare ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanosarudzwa (kana kuti vakagadzwa nesarudzo yapachivande), nepo vatongi vomubatanidzwa vachigadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu. uyu musiano unopesvedzera muitiro wokutonga nokuzvidavirira.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare — kubva kumatare edare apo maidi anowanwa, kusvikira kumatare edare anovimbisa kururamisa kwapamutemo, kumatare makuru anopedza mibvunzo mikuru — mutoo wakadzikama wokusangwarira wokushandisa ruramisiro. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshanda mabasa akasiana: matare anotonga kupedza nokuisa mutemo, uye matare makurusa anopa mhedziso netarisiro yemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi dare, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kodzero nedziviriro zvinopiwa mumutemo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa mabasa ematare akasiyana - siyana haangori dzidzo chete; iko kupfurikidza nokuziva pamutemo nokunyoresa. [FLT: 0]