Chitanga Kunzi: Nei Kunzwisisa Zvinhu Zvinokosha Kuhurumende yeUnited States

Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States chinogona kuratidzika kuva chakaoma, asi chakagadzirwa kuva chakajeka uye chinosvikika. Iyi nhevedzo yomutauro wakajeka inotsanangura mapazu matatu ehurumende, mabasa avo, uye kuti vanobata sei. Kana uri mugari wemo mutsva, mudzidzi, kana kuti mumwe munhu anotarisira kuva akarongerwa zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika, achiziva kuti simba rinogoverwa sei kukubetsera kutungamirira upenyu hwehurumende uye kuti uchengete vatungamiriri vanozvidavirira. Gadziriro yakagadzwa neU.S. Constitution muna 1787 yakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore, kuchinjira kuchichinja apo kuchengetwa kwenheyo yokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rinofanira kuva nesimba risingadzorwi.

Bumbiro Remitemo: Kusarongeka Kwehurumende

Isati yanzvera mapazi, kunokosha kunzwisisa gwaro rakaasika. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inoita kuti pave negadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye inoronga maruramiro avanhu. Bumbiro reMitemo rinovamba nePregary, iyo inotaura nharidzano dzehurumende: kuumba Dare rakakwana zvikuru, kutanga ruramisiro, kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira garikano, uye kudzivirira zvikomborero zvorusununguko.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakakamurwa kuva nyaya nomwe. Chikamu I chinoumba Gwaro reSangano reChikamu III rinogadzira Bazu Rine Utungamiriri, uye Chikamu III chinoumba Bazu Rokutonga. Nyaya dzasara dzinofukidza ukama pakati pehurumende, kuchinja, ukuru hwerudzi, uye kudzorwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinewo 27 yegadziriso. Gumi rokutanga, rinozivikanwa seBill of Rights, rinovimbisa rusununguko runokosha rwakadai sekutaura, rudzidziso, uye gungano. Gare gare gare kugadziridza maruramiro okuvhota, uye nhevedzano yakaitwa sapurezidhendi yakajekedzerwa.

Pfungwa huru: Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro rinowirirana. Rinogona kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro unoda bvumirano yakafara: vhoti mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye kugadzirwa nedzitatu dzezvikamu zvitatu zvehurumende (kana kuti nekokorodzano chaidzo). Uku kuchinja - chinja kwakavakwa kunobvumira hurumende kushanduka pasina chinjo yamasimba masimba.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Hurumende yeU.S. yakakamurwa kuva mapazu makuru matatu: Bazu reMitemo, Bazu reBazu reVatongi, uye Bazu reRegatori. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yaro rimene namasimba, richivimbisa gadziriro ye nedzinoyera. Hapana bazi rinogona kuita chiito chose chose chose; rinofanira kugoverana simba uye kazhinji kazhinji naro rimwe, rinodzivirira mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri.

Bazi Romutemo (Chorner)

Dare reSangano reSangano rinopa mutoro wokuita mitemo. Rinoumbwa namakamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri neDare. Pamwe chete vanoumba United States Congress. Social Congress website ye inogovera mubato womutemo wazvino uno nedare rinonzwa.

  • Imba yavamiriri: yakaunganidzwa nemitezo inovhota 435, imwe neimwe inomirira ruwa rwesangano rwakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Inoshanda mashoko amakore maviri uye kazhinji kazhinji yakasanobatanidzwa neitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo. Imba ine simba rakakwana rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari (mutemo wemitero) uye kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi.
  • .Ingano yemitezo 100, mbiri kubva munyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo noukuru. Masangano anobatira mipimo yamakore matanhatu, achivapa murangariro murefu panhau dzorudzi. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yecabinet, vatongi, nhume) uye anonatsa zvibvumirano kunoitwa nevoruzhinji.

Muitiro wemari, uyo unosarudza kuti mari yemutero inopedzerwa sei, ndomumwe wemabasa anokosha zvikuru eCongress.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bhazi raVatungamiriri vane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo. Rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi, uyo anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye anogona kusarudzwazve nokuda kweshoko rimwe rokuwedzera (Remendment ye 22nd Amendment inoganhurira purezidhendi kumirando miviri yakasarudzwa). Mutungamiriri weSangano anosarudzwawo patiki imwe cheteyo. Website yeWhite House inopa mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemitezo yehurumende yazvino uno nemirairo yevakurudzi.

  • : Purezidhendi anoshanda saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anoitisa mirau yokumwe, uye anovimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa nokutendeka. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa zvirevo zvehurumende, kupa kanganwiro (kunze muzvinoitika zvokusawirirana), uye mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadzawo vatongi vehurumende nemitezo yekabhineti, kana kuti anyoreswe neDare.
  • Mutungamiriri wehurumende: Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anotsigira Purezidhendi uye nhano kupinda apo Purezidhendi anenge asingakwanisi kuita mabasa. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi anobatirawo saPrezidhendi weDare, achivhota mavhoti echisungo chechisungo apo anenge achidikanwa.
  • [[FTL:0] Cabinet: Yakanyorwa navakuru vemadhipatimendi makuru (Sangano reHurumende, Munyori weNzvimbo, Mutungamiriri weAttney, etc.), Kabhini inopa zano Purezidhendi ndokubetsera kushandisa mitemo. Kune madhipatimendi 15 avakuru vakuru, ane mutoro nokuda kwenharaunda yakananga yakadai sekurima, dzidzo, kana kuti utano.
  • Masangano anotsamira pamunhu: Kure nekabhini, kune masangano akaita seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, uye Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) inoshanda nokuzvimirira kwakati asi ichiri kutarisirwa nevakuru vakuru.

Bazi Rinotungamirira rinosanganisirawo hurumende huru, inoshandisa mamiriyoni evashandi vehurumende vanoita mabasa ehurumende zuva nezuva akadai sokubudisa mapasipoti, kuunganidza mitero, uye kuronga mapaka enyika.

3. Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu Rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Rinoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende epasi. Nzvimbo yeDare rapamutemo [[[FLT: 1] inogovera mirangariro, zvibvumikiso zvokutaura, uye mashoko.

  • Dare reMitemo: Dare rapamusorosoro munyika, Dare Gurusa rine chirango chokupedzisira pamhaka dzapamutemo nenhau dzebumbiro remitemo. Rinoumbwa neruramisiro pfumbamwe — Mutongi mumwe mukuru naVatongi vasere vanobatira pamwe — vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Dare rinonzwa nhamba yakaganhurirwa yenhau gore rimwe nerimwe, zvikurukuru 70-80, kubva muzviuru zvezvikumbiro. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvaro zvinogadza muenzaniso unobatira nokuda kwematare ose akaderera.
  • Dare reMatare reRevolumed: Iwaya anobatanidza Dare reZvikwiro (matare enhau) na 94 eRuwa (matare edare enhau). matare eruwa anobata mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi pamwero wokutanga. Zvikwiro zvinobva kumatare eruwa zvinoenda kumatare edunhu okukwirira. Mhaka ipapo ingakwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo Dare rikasarudza kuti imhakai dzokutonga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Simba rematare rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri pamutemo hazvina kuziviswa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi zvakatangwa muchiratidzo nhau [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda pagadziriro yecheki nedzikamo kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba chaiwo anogona kuganhurira mamwe.Heino mienzaniso mishomanene yakakotsekana:

  • .Gurukota. : Congress inogona kukurira Purezidenti nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba mbiri dzose. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress ipapo anogona kuedza kudzora. Congress anodzorawo kupiwa mari; kana Purezidhendi achida kutanga purogiramu itsva, Congress anofanira kutendera bhajeti. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano.
  • Zvinotaura. Ruramisiro: Mutungamiriri wenyika anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, asi kugadza ikoko kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Kana kwasimbiswa, vatongi vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu uye havazvimiriri Purezidhendi. Purezidhendi anogonawo kubudisa mhesvadzo, idzo matare haagoni kushandura.
  • Judicial vs. Mutemo: matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress isiri hurumende. Nenzira inopesana, Dare rinogona kukarakadza mhedziso dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dzitenderedze chisarudzo cheDare gurusa (somuenzaniso, Ivhuramisi ye 16 yakabvumira mitero yemari pashure pokunge Dare raparadza shanduro yapakuvamba). Dare rinodzorawo nhamba yeruramisiro paDare rapamusorosoro uye rinogona kubvisa vatongi vehurumende.

Hapana bazi rinogona kuita chimwe chinhu panyaya dzine chokuita norudzi, dzinoita kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzehurumende dzitaure uye dzibvumirane.

Mubatanidzwa: Kukamukana Kwesimba Pakati Pehurumende Dzerudzi Nedzehurumende

Kupfuura mapazu matatu, hurumende yeU.S. ine chivako chakanamirwa chinozivikanwa se federalist. Simba rinogoverwa pakati pehurumende yenyika (yamagariro) nehurumende 50. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira nyika kuzvitonga dzimene panhau dzomunzvimbomo nepo dzichisara rutivi rwemubatanidzwa mukuru wehurumende.

  • Hurumende dzeChimiro cheHurumende: Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro remitemo rayo imene, mutumbi wemitemo (kazhinji kazhinji chigaro chebumeral paramel kunze kweNebraska), bazu ramakurukota rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, uye gadziriro yokutonga. United States inobata nhau dzakadai sedzidzo, kutengeserana kweruwa, mitemo yeroorano, kudzika pamutemo (tomutongerwe wehurumende), uye utano hwavanhu. Kosete ye10 reFirimendement haisati yapiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu.
  • Hurumende yeFederal: Hurumende yehurumende inotonga nhau dzinotapura nyika yose, dzakadai sekutama, muitiro wokumwe, dziviriro yorudzi, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye maruramiro okuzvimirira. Mutemo weFederal mukurusa pamusoro pomutemo wenyika apo rwisano mbiri, sezvinotaurwa muSupremacy Claus of Artic VI.
  • Masimba azvino uno: Mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kubvisa mitero yeBHA, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kuita mitemo iri madikanwa nokuda kwegarikano yavanhu. Munharaunda dzakawanda, zvakadai semirauriro yemhoteredzo kana kuti chokufambisa, hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinobatirana kupfurikidza nezvipo nebatira pamwe.

Ganhuriro pane dzimwe nguva inogona kutungamirira kunyanduko — somuenzaniso, apo nyika dzinonyoresa marijuana pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chehurumende. Idzi rwisano dzinowanzopedzwa kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chedare kana kuti chinjo dzemitemo.Federalism inobvumirawo nyika kubatira se “nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” kuedza miitiro yakasiana - siana iyo gare gare ingagamuchirwa murudzi.

Kutapura Kunoita Hurumende Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

VaAmerica vazhinji vanobatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende kupfuura zvavanoziva. [1] shopu yebumbiro rehurumende yeU.S. inoronga mabasa anobva kuSocial Security neMedicare kuforoma dzepasipopo nechikwereti zvavadzidzi. Hedzino nzira shomanene hurumende inobata nadzo mibato yezuva riri rose:

  • [ ,[ IRS inounganidza mitero yemari inotambira mari, iyo inochengeta chinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yenyika kuenda kumigwagwa mikuru. Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotengesawo mitero, zvinhu, uye mari.
  • Public Safety: FBI ne Department of Homeland Security zvinobata tyisidziro dzenyika, nepo hurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo vachidzikamisa mitemo youtsotsi mizhinji. Gadziriro yedare rinopedza gakava uye rinovimbisa ruramisiro.
  • Health ne Environment: Mirimo inotenderwa FDA, EPA inoisa mipimo yokushatisa, uye CDC inogadzira kuvamba kwehosha. United States inoshandisa mapurogiramu eMedicaid uye inodzora zvipatara.
  • Throsa: Department of Education inogovera mari nokuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, asi zvikoro zvizhinjisa zvinotarisirwa munzvimbomo. Zvikwereti zvavadzidzi veFederal uye kupa mari kunobetsera mamirioni anopinda koreji.
  • Sacial Security and Medicare: Iyi gadziriro yomubatanidzwa inogovera mari neinishuwarenzi youtano nokuda kwavapunzi vemidyandigere, vakaremara, uye vanhu vane hosha yedenderedzwa rapashure.

Kunzwisisa hurumende yako kunokubetsera kuwana aya mabasa, wirirana nemitemo, uye tsigira chinjo dzaunodavira.

Muitiro We Amendeji: Kuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Remitemo

Vagadziri vaiziva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo raizoda kugadziridzwa munguva. Chikamu V chinogovera nzira mbiri dzokukarakadza nadzo kugadziridzwa: mavhoti maviri namatatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, kana kuti nekokorodzano yebumbiro-mitemo inonzi nemativi maviri matatu edzimba dzehurumende (yapashure haisati yamboshandiswa). Yakakarakadzwa, kugadziridzwa kunofanira kutenderwa nedzitatu nedzine dzenyika, zvimwe nedzimba dzavo dzemitemo kana kuti nekokorodzano chaidzo dzinosimbisa.

Iyi bhawa yakakwirira inovimbisa kuti chinjo dzinotsigirwa zvikuru bedzi dzinova rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Chifo cha 1789, zviuru zvegadziridzo zvakakarakadzwa, asi 27 bedzi zvakatenderwa. Kugadziridzwa kunocherechedzwa kunobatanidza 13 (kusimbiswa kwouranda), yechi 19 (kuchinja kwavakadzi), uye 26 (kuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira kuna 18). Gadziriro inowirirana inoratidzira kutsiga netsiga kwetsika.

Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezviito

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, ivo vanoita basa guru muhurumende yeU.S. mapoka maviri makuru — Democratic and Republican — anoronga vadaviri, zvikuva, uye vavhoti. Mapati eThitu panhambo nenhambo anotanga asi haawanzohwina mahofisi makuru nemhaka yegadziriro yakasarudzwa yose inohwina.

Nhumbi dzinoitika pamwero uri wose: dare rehurumende (President, Congress), hurumende (mutevedzeri, mubatanidzwa wehurumende), uye (mubatanidzwa, dare reguta, dare rechikoro). Sarudzo yeSangano reSarudzo yakakomba yakaoma: Sarudzo yapurezidhendi inoshandisa Electoral College panzvimbo pevhoti yakakurumbira yakakurumbira yakakurumbira; hurumende imwe neimwe inowana vasarudzo vakaenzana nokumirira kwayo yose. Vasarudzori vose kukuhwina vhoti yakakurumbira yehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inogona kutungamirira kukuhwina purezidhendi Electoral College nepolence apo inorasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi (sokwa2000 ne2016).

Kutora rutivi mubato ikombiri yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunyoresa kuvhota, kunzvera, uye kukanda bhoti inzira dzakananga zvikurusa dzinoumba nadzo vagari vemo vanoumba hurumende. Sarudzo huru dzinobvumira mapati kusarudza vamirineri vavo, nepo sarudzo dzavose dzichisarudza kuti ndiani anobata basa. Hurumende zhinji dzinobvumirawo zvirongwa zvokuvhota uye mareverenum, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo.

Kushingaira Muvagari Wemo: Kuitana Nehurumende Yako

Kunzwisisa purogiramu yacho ndicho chinhu chokutanga; chinotevera ndechokutora rutivi.

  • Kuvhota musarudzo iri yose, kubva kudare rechikoro romunzvimbomo kuenda kupurezidhendi. Sarudzo dzeMidterm (apo Congress inosarudzwa pasina purezidhendi) dzinongokosha sarudzo yapurezidhendi nemhaka yokuti ivo vanosarudza kuti ipatii inodzora Congress.
  • Kurukurirana navamiriri vako. Unogona kudana, email, kana kuti kunyora tsamba kumitezo yako yeCongress. Mahofisi avo anonzvera mirangariro inoumbwa, zvikurukuru pamusoro pomutemo unomira.
  • [ horo dzapamataundi dzakanaya nemisangano yavose. Vabati vanoratidzirwa kazhinji kazhinji vanopinda nzvimbo mumaruwa avo. Iyoyi mikana yokubvunza mibvunzo nezvinonetsa.
  • Tevera mawebsite ehurumende akadai seCongress.gov, USA.gov, uye Federal Register kutevera mitemo mitsva nemirau.
  • Basa reJury musengwa wehurumende unotsigira zvakananga kururama nekodzero zvebazu rinotonga.
  • Funga nezvokumhanya nokuda kwehofisi kana kuti kuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe. Mahofisi akawanda omunzvimbomo akadai sedare rechikoro kana kuti dare reguta ane miuyo mikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kazhinji kazhinji haashorwi.

Mugari wemo ane ruzivo anokosha kuutano hweRepublic.Bumbiro reMitemo rinovamba ne “Isu Vanhu,” rinosimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende pakupedzisira chinobva kuvagari vayo. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza nzira iyo tsika inoshanda nayo nokushandisa maruramiro ako, unobetsera kuchengeta kuedza kweAmerica kuri kupenyu.

mhedziso

Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States (nemapazu ayo matatu, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, uye kupesana kwehurumende kwesimba(chingaratidzika kuva chakaoma, asi chakavakwa panheyo dzakajeka: kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, dzivirira rusununguko, uye kubatira vanhu. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa gadziriro yakasimba yakapfuudza yaikurira hondo yavagari vemo, kuderera kwemari, uye kusagadzikana kwenzanga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakajeka, uye mugari woga mumwe nomumwe ane basa mukuzvidavirira kuhurumende iyoyo. Kuziva kuti Legislatitity, Guidective, Guide anoshanda uye basa remitemo yoruzhinji, uchava mutsigiriki anobudirira zvikuru muhurumende inosarudzwa. Gava nechibvumirano chokuda kuziva, uye yeuka kuti hurumende inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vanhu vanoziviswa vanoshanda rutivi runoshanda.