Table of Contents
Munzvimbo huru yenzvimbo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, utariri hwehurumende hunotonga hunoita basa rakakomba asi rinowanzoshaikwa. Nepo sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzichitora misoro mikuru yenhau nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro zvikurusa zvinonyandura nharo dzorudzi, basa rezuva rimwe nerimwe reCongress pourcession short, kunzvera, uye kuzvidavirira kubazi revakuru vakuru rinotsigira mavambo ehurumende inotonga yedemocracy. Iri simba rinova rinonzvera, kubvunza, uye kukumbira mhinduro kubva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vane simba zvikurusa muhurumende (h) inomira sechinhu chimwe chedziviriro huru yehurumende inopesana neudzvinyiriri, uori, uori, uye kushaya basa.
Kunzwisisa nzira iyo kutungamirira kworuwa kunoshanda nayo kuzivisa zvinopfuura vagadziri vemiitiro; kunojekesa kurwisa kunopfuurira kuchengeta dzikamo pakati pamapazu ehurumende, kuoma pakati pokuona nokuchengeteka, uye denho yokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nepo zvichigonesa zviremera zvinobudirira. Kuvambira paWatergate kusvikira kuIran-Contra, kuvambira pa 9/11 Commission kumhinduro, kutungamirira kwedare kwakaumba nhau yeAmerica uye kunopfuurira kurondedzera miganhuro yechiremera chechiremera.
Asi vaAmerica vakawanda havasati vanzwisisa kuti kutarisira kwourongwa kunobatanidza chii chaizvoizvo, kuti kunoshanda sei, uye nei kuchikosha muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Uku kusanzwisisa kunonetesa kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende uye kunobvumira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kungabvira kushatiswa.
Kutarisira Kwemisangano Kunoitwa Nehurumende Here?
Kurondedzera Simba Rokutarisira
Kutarisira kwechikwata kunonongedzera kuhwirudzuro, kutarisirwa, uye kutarisirwa kwamasangano ehurumende, zvirongwa, mibato, uye kuitwa kwemiitiro kunoitwa neUnited States Congress. Iri simba rinogonesa kuti Paramende ive nechokwadi chokuti vabati vakuru vanoshandisa mitemo sezvaidiwa, vanopedza mari yomutero nenzira yakafanira, uye vanoshanda mukati memiganhu yemitemo netsika.
Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi zvakajeka "kungwara," iri simba rinobva mugadziriro dzinoverengeka dzebumbiro remitemo.
Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve simba routariri reDare. McGrain v. Daughty (1927), Dare rakataura kuti "simba rokubvunza) nemuitiro wokuriita kuti riitwe. Iyi dare idikanwi uye ibetsero yakakodzera kumubato wemitemo." Iyi dare rinogadza utariri kwete sechishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika chechisarudzo asi sebasa rehurumende rinokosha nokuda kwemitemo inobudirira nokuzvidavirira.
Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo uye Muitiro Wapakuvamba
Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanzwisisa ukoshi hwesimba rokunzvera. James Madison akanyora mu [FLT: 0] Murongi Nhaka. 51 kuti "chinzvimbo chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurire gwinyiro," kuvamba gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe raizodzivisa kudzorwa navamwe. Uhu uzivi hwakaisa tarisiro mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo kunyange pasina kududza kwakajeka.
Dare rapakuvamba rakakurumidza kutanga mienzaniso youtariri. Muna 1792, House of Declarations yakanzvera ngwavaira yehondo ya General Arthur St. Clair kukundwa kwamauto eIndaneti reAmerica , kugadza maruramiro eCongress okunzvera kundikano dzamabazu makuru. Uku kunzvera kwaigona kuraira magwaro anokosha kubva kubazi ravakuru vakuru, kusunda chipupuriro chakabva kuvakuru vakuru, uye kuita kuti zviwanwa zvive zvinotsoropodza mabasa makuru.
Nzvero 1827 muChipiri cheBank reUnited States yakaratidzira kuti tarisiro ingagona sei kuratidzira ushati negadziriro yepesvedzero. Vaongorori veCongress vakafumura kusawirirana kwemari nokushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, pakupedzisira vachipa mupiro kuPrezidhendi Andrew Jackson chisarudzo chokubvisa mari yehurumende mubhangi. Uyu muenzaniso wapakuvamba wakaratidza kuti tarisiro yapakuvamba ingagona sei kuparira chinjo dzekongiri kupfuura kungowanawo zvawo.
Mhindumupindu Munhau yeAmerica
Simba rokutarisira rakatanga zvikuru mukati menjodzi dzenyika. Dare ravagari vemo rakaona kuti Congress yakaita Dare raikwikwidza pamusoro peChiito cheHondo , iro rakanzvera mabasa ehondo, kubiridzira, uye zvisarudzo zvemitoro. Padzimwe nguva apo yaiedza kuita zvisarudzo zvehondo, dare iri rakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kunyange vakuru vehurumende venguva yehondo vakatarisana nenzvero.
Nguva inofambira mberi yakaunza tarisiro yakarongwa zvikuru sezvo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakakura. Teapot Dome kunzvera kwokunyadzisa kwema 1920 kwakaratidzira ushati pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wehurumende, nenzvero dzeDare dzichifukura kuti Munyori weProfezi Albert Fall akanga agamuchira chiokomuhomwe nokuda kwokureverwa mafuta. Kunzvera uku kwakaratidzira simba routariri hwokufumura uori uhwo uhwo vachuchishushi vama utsotsi vangapotsa.
Gadziriro yazvino uno yakatanga pashure peHondo yeNyika II ne Legislative Reorgation Act ye 1946, iyo yakatenderwa nenzira yakarongwa kushandisa matare akamira ku "kuramba achirinda" pamasangano aidzorwa nawo. Iyi chinjo yakaita tarisiro yechigarire, yakarongedzerwa panzvimbo pedavidzo yehoc kunyadziso.
Kutungamirira Kunoita Dare: Michina Nemichina
Kuongorora kweDare Nekunzwa
Matare eHurumende anobatira semotokari huru nokuda kwokutarisira, nedare rimwe nerimwe richitarisira masangano akati nenharaunda dzemiitiro. Dare reImba paHwedzo neReformation neDare reDare reDare reHomeland Security neRomagement Affairs rine udzori hwehurumende yose, nepo mamwe matare akanangidzira ngwariro pamadhipatimendi namasangano muhurumende yawo.
Simba Rekunzwa Kwevanhu
Kunzwa kwevoruzhinji kunomirira chishandiso chinooneka zvikurusa. Iyi purogiramu inobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: kuunganidza mashoko, kuisa ngwariro yavose panhau, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire kupfurikidza nokubvunzurudzwa kwavose. Kunzwika kwedare remitambo kupfurikidza nokukwidziridzwa kwamaoko orudyi, kubvunzurudzwa kwokudenha, uye zvizaruro zvinoshamisa ($whedhiyo yezvinobudisa nhau uye fariro yavose munzira idzo mishumo yakanyorwa isingagoni kuzvidavirira.
Kunzwa kunobudirira kunoda kugadzirira kukuru. Vashandi veDare vanopedza mwedzi vachinzvera, vachibvunzurudza zvapupu, uye vachihwirudzura magwaro mitezo isati yabvunza zvapupu pachena. dare rakaisvonaka [ rinobatanidza kugadzirira kwakakwana nebvunzurudzo dzakafanira, vachishandisa chikuva chavose kuzivisa mashoko uye kuvaka dzvinyiriro nokuda kwokuchinja.
Kunzwa kwedare rapamusoro kunogona kudzoserazve murangariro wavose nemuitiro. 1973 Dare raMadziro yakanyandura rudzi, nechipupuriro chinozivisa mhosva dzevatarisiri veNixon nemheno. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, nzeve pamusoro pedenho dzeBenghazi, kunyange zvazvo yakaitiranwa nharo mune zvamatongerwe enyika, dzakaratidzira kuti tarisiro inotsigirwa inogona sei kuchengeta ngwariro pakundikano dzamapazu makuru.
Kunyora Mashoko uye Kubvunzurudza
Kupfuura chiono chavose, basa guru rokutarisira rinoitika munzvimbo dzakavharwa nebvunzurudzo dzavashandi. Idzi purogiramu dzinowanzoparira ufakazi hwapachokwadi zvikuru, sezvo zvapupu zvinonzwa dzvinyiriro shoma yokuitira makamera. [[FLT: 0] yakanyorwa bvunzurudzo navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanogona kuzivisa udzame hwokuti ufakazi hwapachena hungavhara, kugovera matare ane mabhomba nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende.
Nzvero yeImba ya2019 yakaratidzira simba renzvimbo dzakavharwa dzakateverwa nokutongwa navanhu. Chipupuriro chapachivande chokutanga chakabva kunyanzvi dzebasa navakuru vakuru vezvokuchengetedza nyika chakasimbisa maidi okuti kutonga pachena gare gare kwakawedzerwa, kuchiparira nhauro iyo yakavaka nzwisiso yavose yezvinoitika zvakaoma.
Simba Rechidyiro
Kudzora kwebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pezvibvumikiso kunogovera simba rokutarisira. Kupfurikidza nokudzora mari, Congress inogona kutusa mapurogiramu anoshanda, kuranga kusashandisa zvakanaka, uye chinjo dzetsika dzokumanikidzira pasina kuisa mitemo mitsva.
Kutarisira
Gadziriro yegore negore inoda masangano kururamisa mabhajeti awo, kugovera mikana yokutarisira nguva dzose. Matare anonzvera kupedza gadziriro, zvokubvunza, uye anoisa migariro yokutsigira mari. Iyi "simba rechikwama" gadziriro dzinogona kudzora nenzira inobudirira chiito chavakuru vakuru .Nguva dzinodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvinobatanidzwa nemari yavo.
Dare rakashandisa simba iri kudzivisa mabasa evakuru vakuru akadai sokuvhara Guantanamo Bay kuti vashandise mitemo yakapoteredza. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti vatasvi vakadaro havatevedzeri mutemo, vatsigiri vanoaona senzira dzepamutemo dzokushandisa mari yesangano.
Kuongorora Mabhangi uye Kuongorora Mari
Office yeMazita eHurumende (GAO), ruoko rweCongress, shoo yemishumo ine udzame yepurogiramu dzehurumende nendyiko. GAO inopa bvunzurudzo isina kusiturika iyo matare anoshandisa kuzivisa tsvina, utsotsi, uye kusashanda zvakanaka. Navashandi vanopfuura 3 000 kubatanidza vaongorori, vaongorori, uye vaongorori vemiitiro, GAO anobatira sechisakiso chikuru cheCongress congress controst ression recustom.
GAO’S High Risk List inozivisa mabasa ehurumende anogona kuparadzwa, kubiridzirwa, kubatwa zvisina kufanira, kana kuti kusatarisirwa zvakanaka. Mushumo uyu wegore negore unonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo dzine zvinetso, kubva paMedicare naMedicaid kusvika paIndaneti inodzivirira. A CPURC on the High Risk List yakaongororwa zvikuru kusvikira yaratidza kuvandudzika.
Simba Rokusimbisa
Chiremera cheDare chokusimbisa vakagadzwa sapurezidhendi chinoparira mabanza okutarisira vakuru vakuru vasati vatora basa. Kusimbisa kunzwa inobvumira vatendi kutora misengwa, kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ekare evamine, uye kugadza kariro nokuda kwoutariri hwomunguva yemberi.
Kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa muitiro wacho, vatsigiri vachitaura kuti kutsigira zvakakwana kunodzivisa vanhu vasina kukwaniriswa kana kuti vane uori kuti vasawana nzvimbo dzine simba.
Kutyisidzira kwekusimbiswa kwakaoma kunopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi.Mapurezidhendi angadzivisa kuratidzira nhamba dzinomutsa nharo kana kuti avo vane migariro inoparira zvinetso, vachiziva kuti Dare richanzvera zvisarudzo zvavo.
Zvinodiwa Nesimba Risingashandisi Mashoko
Dare rine chiremera chikuru chokukumbira mashoko kubva kubazi guru. Ikoku kunobatanidza kukumbira magwaro, mashoko, uye chipupuriro kubva kuvakuru vakuru. Nepo kuteererwa kwokuzvidira kuchidiwa, matare anogona kupa [[FLT: 0] mirwi yokusunda kubudiswa kwemashoko apo masangano anoramba.
Chikumbiro chechiremera chinogona kudzivirira dzimwe kurukurirano dzapurezidhendi, uye matare anowanzoda donzo romutemo nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvamashoko. Muitiro wokusimbisa vapurisa mumatare unogona kutora makore, zvimwe kuchidzivisa chinodikanwa chokukurumidza.
Gakava remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemasangano esangano anoratidzira idzi dzvinyiriro. Kudzivisa kukuru kwevatarisiri vedare kwapaburundi kwakatanga hondo dzamatare dzakawanda, nemigumisiro yakavhengana iyo inopfuurira kuumba mutemo wokutarisira. Uku kurwisana kunoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzemashoko anorayirwa nesangano.
Michina Yokutarisira Chaiyo
Vaongorori Varwi
Act yeGeneral ye 1978 yakagadzira magadhi akazvimirira mukati memasangano ehurumende. Ava vakuru vakuru vanoitisa kunzvera nokunzvera, vachishuma kuvose vari vaviri vakuru vamasangano neCongress. IGs inogovera utariri hunopfuurira hwokuti matare anogona kudzora, nemishumo yawo inowanzo kunyandura kunzvera kwedare.
Council yeNhenha huru paTsembeko uye Ebserver inoronga basa ra44 vehurumende avo pamwe chete vanotarisira mamirioni ane mabhiriyoni mukushandisa kwehurumende. kuzvimirira kwavo (IGs) kunogona bedzi kubviswa naPrezidhendi nechiziviso kuCongress(acable) kuti vaongorore chakaipa kunyange apo chinonyadzisa masangano avo.
Matare Chaiwo Nebasa
Dare pane dzimwe nguva rinogadzira matare chaiwo kana kuti masangano okutarisira nhau dzakanangidzirwa. Commission yakaratidzira mutoo uyu, ichinzvera zvikuru kudenha nokuparira rumbidzo idzo dzakachinjazve muitiro wechengeteko yenyika.
Zvisinei, inoda pfuma inokosha uye chido chezvematongerwe enyika kuti itange, zvichiganhurira kushandiswa kwayo kuzvinhu zvikuru zvinonetsa zvenyika.
Chikonzero Nei Kutarisira Nhau Dzedare: Kudzora Kwehurumende
Kudzivisa Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba
Nhau inoratidzira kuti simba ravakuru vakuru risingadzoreki nenzira isingadzivisiki rinotungamirira kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Kutarisira kwoudzori kunogovera cheki inokosha [[[FLT: 1] inodzivisa purezidhendi navakuru vakuru kudarika chiremera chavo kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro avagari vemo.
Nzvero dzeChechi dzema 1970 dzakazivisa kunzvera kukuru kusiri kwapamutemo, zvirongwa zvokuuraya, uye kutsoropodza kwedzimba kwakaitwa namasangano akachenjera. izvi zvizaruro zvakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwamatare anotarisira ungwaru zechigarire negadziriro yedare yeFernal Surveildance Act (FA). Pasina kunzvera kwedare, uku kubatwa zvisina kufanira kungadai kwakapfuurira nokusingaperi.
Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, kutarisirwa kwepurogiramu dzinodzivisa ugandanga kwakaratidzira unyanzvi hwebvunzurudzo hwakajeka [, kunzvera kusina kufanira, uye majeri epachivande. Nepo chengeteko yenyika yakaganhurira utariri hwakati, dzvinyiriro yesangano pakupedzisira yakamanikidzirwa chinjo dzemiitiro nejeko guru pamusoro peidzi purogiramu dzinomutsa nharo.
Kushandisa Kuitwa Kwomutemo Nokutendeka
Congress anonyora mitemo, asi bazu guru rinoita kuti ishande. Pasina utarisiri, masangano angagona kufuratira vavariro yesangano, kunyorazve nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nokuita. [[FLT: 0] Kuziva kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa seCongress yakaitirwa chinangwa [[[FLT: 1], kwete sezvisarudzo kana kuti purezidhendi vanoda.
Kuitwa kweAffordble Care Act kwakaratidzira iyi nzira inoshamisa. Congregational Republicans yakatungamirira zvikuru kunyorwa kwomutemo, kusimbisa kundikano dzewebsite yescheto, zvinetso zvokunyoresa, uye chinjo dzokutarisira. Nepo utariri hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakagombedzera utarisiri kupedza zvinetso uye kutsanangura kutsauka kubva pazvinodikanwa zvemitemo.
Mutemo wemhoteredzo unogovera mumwe muenzaniso: Kutarisira kweCongregational kwakaratidza zvinoitika umo masangano akakundikana kumanikidza mitemo yokushatisa kana kuti kupa vapi vezvakashata vanodzivisa makambani ane chokuita nezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kusimudzira Kubudirira Kwehurumende
Kutarisira kunoratidza kurasa nokusashanda kunodyira mabhiriyoni evabhadhari gore negore.
Kutarisirwa kwamakumi amakore kwe Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reFLT rakafumura zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvakawanikwa: gadziriro yehondo ye $400 bhiriyoni F-35 inotambudzwa nokunonoka uye kurasikirwa, Littoral Combat Ships iyo yakakundikana kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvemishoni, nemienzaniso miduku miduku zvikuru yetsvina. Nepo pesvedzero yehondo yakaoma kudzora ganhuriro, kutarisira zvimwe ganhuriro dzezvinetso.
GAO inofungidzira kuti mitero yayo inochengetedza mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni $70 gore negore.
Kudzivirira Vafemberi Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka Kunokurudzira
Kutarisira kweCongress kunodzivirira zvikuru vanoridza mhete vanoshuma chakaipa.
Mupfuri akavamba kudzorwa kwokutanga kwaPuerceria Trump akaratidzira iyi nzira yokudzivirira. Kupfurikidza nokushuma itiro hanya kupfurikidza nemikoto yakafanira kuDare, munhu mumwe nomumwe akanyandura nzvero achichengeta dziviriro yapamutemo. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa ukoshi hwezvose zviri zviviri mikoto yeridzo negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika izvo vanogona kuparira.
Kutarisira kunoitawo kuti zvisaita pamasangano anokakavara. Zvinodiwa nguva dzose, uchapupu hwapamutemo, uye kugadzirwa kwechinyorwa zvinoita kuti pave nezvinyorwa zvehurumende. Uku kuoneka kunoita kuti zvigone kubudisa nhau, kutsvakurudza kwedzidzo, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo kusingabviri kana masangano evakuru vakuru akashandwa pachivande.
Mienzaniso Yakakurumbira Yokutarisira Kwemagungano
Mvura: Kubudirira Kukuru
Nzvero [ ya 1973-1974 inomirira awa yakaisvonaka yeutariri hwesangano. Yakatanga senzvero ye "pambwa yepatatu" pakupedzisira yakaratidzira utsotsi hwakapararira, yakamanikidzira kurega kwapurezidhendi, uye hurumende inovandudzwa yeAmerica.
Dare Sarudza Dare paMibato yePurezial Campaigment, inozivikanwa seDare reErvin pashure pasachigaro Sam Ervin, rakaitisa nzeve dzakafadza rudzi. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yemiitiro, dare rakazivisa mhaka dzehurumende dzeNixon: kuputsa dzimbahwe reDemocratic, kuripira mari yokuviga kubavha, richishandisa CIA kudzosa kufeya, uye kuchengeta ndaza yavavengi nokuda kwokutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
Muuyo wokutonga waipfuura kufumura mhaka. Vakaratidzira kuti Congress yaigona kunzvera purezidhendi mukati menguva yehondo (Vietnam), ropafadzo iyoyo yechiremera yakanga ine miganhu, uye kuti vabatiri voruzhinji vaizosarudza basa rakavimbika pavanomanikidzwa kupupurira pasi pemhiko. Kuziviswa kweWhite House kwakasvika kupfurikidza nokubvunzurudza, kuchigovera ufakazi hwakagombedzera pakupedzisira kubuda kwaNixon.
Mugumisiro wewatergate wakaita chinjo dzinogara: Wower Powers Resolution, Bactal and Impoundment Control Act, Ethics in Government Act, uye Foreign Intelligence Surveildance Act. Mitemo iyi yakasimbisa utarisiri hwesangano uye simba ravakuru zvizvarwa zvakaganhurirwa.
Iran-Contatra: Utariri Munhambo yeterevhizheni
Nhamba yeIran-Kontra yema 1980 yakaedzwa kutarisirwa mumhoteredzo yakakamukana yehurumende nerezvinobudisa nhau. Nzvero yeCongregation yakazivisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanotarisira vaReagan vakanga vatengesa zvombo pachivande kuIran uye vaiendesa kuNicaragua vapanduki, vachiputsa mitemo inodzivisa zviito zvose zviri zviviri.
Dare rokuongorora rakabatana reNzvimbo yeHouse rakaita kuti nzeve dzakatevedzerwa munyika yose dzive shoo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North’s chipupuriro chokuzvidza, chakazara neyunifomu yehondo nekutaura kwourudzi, chakamuchinja kuva mhare yerudzi pasinei zvapo nokubvuma kuva wenhema kuCongress uye zvinyorwa zvakadimburwa.
Iran-Contatra yakaratidzira ganhuriro dzoutariri pakunangana napurezidhendi vakakurumbira nezvapupu zvinofadza. Pasinei zvapo nokuzivisa kuputsa kwakakomba kwapamutemo uye kuputsa kwebumbiro remitemo, kunzvera kwakaparira kuzvidavirira kwakaganhurirwa. Purezidhendi Reagan akadzivisa kunyengera kupfurikidza nokutaura kusaziva, uye Purezidhendi Bush gare gare akakanganwira zviverengero zvikuru pamberi pokutongwa.
Bva nzvero yakabudirira mukufumura kunyadzisa kwacho, kugumisa gadziriro dzisiri dzapamutemo, uye kutanga mienzaniso pamusoro pokuziviswa kwezviito zvokunyepedzera kwesangano. gakava racho rakaratidzirawo kuti utarisiri hwaigona sei kuva hondo inobvisa ugandanga, navaRepublicans vachidzivirira udzori uye vaDemocrates vanovavarira kuzvidavirira.
9 / 11 Kosita: Kutarisira Vane Unyanzvi Hukuru
Commission yeNational on Terrorris Attacks on the United States, inozivikanwa se9/11 Commission, yakaratidzira bviro youtariri apo inobviswa mumatongerwe enyika anokurumidza. Yakasikwa muna 2002 pashure pedzvinyiriro kubva kumhuri dzavanyajambwa, komishoni yakanzvera zvisakiso zveSande 11 nemhinduro yehurumende.
Chivako chebipartisan [1] Thlanu Republicans neDemocrates shanu dzinotungamirirwa naRepublican Thomas Kean naDemocrat Lee Hamilton(fostered Viencence . Panzvimbo pokupa mhaka, kondirasi yacho yakanangidzira ngwariro pakundikano nokudzivisa denho dzenguva yemberi.
Mushumo wokupedzisira wakava mutengi mukuru, uchibatanidza kunzvera kwakakwana nokunyora kwakasvikika uko kwaibatanidza vanhu vose.
Komishinari 41 inorumbidza kugadziridzazve chengeteko yenyika yeAmerica, kuumba Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, kuchinja utarisiri hwesangano, uye kunatsiridza mashoko okugoverana pakati pamasangano. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta chinzwano chebipartis uye kuisa ngwariro pakutarira mberi panzvimbo pekutarira mhaka, kondirasi yacho yakawana chinjo huru dzemiitiro.
Nhamo Yemari Yokutarisira: Chinoitika cheTURP
Njodzi yemari ya2008 yakakonzera kuti pave nokutarisirwa kukuru kweSangano reRumbidzo reTrupment Assut Program (TARP) uye kupindura kukuru mune zvemari. Mitumbi yakawanda inotarisira ((kubatanidza Congregational Overse Avers) Assembly General yeTarP, uye matare enguva dzose akaronga purogiramu yemabhiriyoni $700 (Z $57 000).
[[NHAU]] Nhevedzo yeNhevedzo yeMari yakadzorwa ne, yakadzorwa naElizabeth Warren pamberi pebasa rake reDare, yakabudisa mishumo yomwedzi nomwedzi yokunzvera kushandiswa kwemari yeTHAMBI remari. Mishumo inosvikika yeboka reProviti neratidziro dzezvinobudisa nhau dzaWarren zvakabetsera kutsanangura nhau dzemari dzakaoma kuvoruzhinji apo kudzvinyirira bhizimisi kuvandudza kujeka kwepurogiramu.
Kutarisira uku kwakazivisa miitiro inotambudza: mabhangi anogamuchira mari isina zvinodikanwa zvakajeka, vakuru vakuru vanogamuchira mabhonasi pasinei zvapo nemari yomutero, uye zvinangwa zvegadziriro yokuchinja Treasury pasina tendero yedare. Nepo vasingakwanisi kumisa mabasa ose anopanikirika, tarisiro yakamanikidzira kujeka kukuru zvikuru uye yakapesvedzera murangariro wavanhu mukurwisana nebhedharo romunguva yemberi.
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission yakazoongorora zvakanyatsokonzerwa nenjodzi yacho, ichibudisa mushumo une udzame wakava nhoroondo chaiyo yokuparara kwa2008. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko ayo akanga asina simba rakakwana, mushumo wacho unoratidza nhoroondo inokosha yenhau uye wakapesvedzera nharo dzezvemari dzakatevera.
Zvinetso Zvamazuva Ano Zvokutarisira Zvinobudirira
Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga
Contemporary oversight increasingly reflects partisan divisions, with the majority party protecting its president while aggressively investigating the opposition. This partisan oversight undermines credibility and effectiveness, as the public dismisses investigations as political theater rather than genuine accountability efforts.
Mukati mevatarisiri veObama, vaRepublica vaitarisira zvikuru zvinoitika zvakadai saBenghazi neIRS vakaisa tondedzo panharo, naDemocrates aitaura kuti izvozvi zvakanga zviri zvivhimi zvinosundwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukati moudzori hweTrump, Democrats akanzvera vhiringidzo yeRussia nedzvinyiriro yeUkraine apo Republicans yakadanidzira kuva noutsinye. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira pasi paPrezidhendi Biden, uye Republicans Publican Hunter Biden apo Demorates akadzivirira kutarisirwa.
Kutarisira kwapadisiana hakusati kuri kwakaipa chose chose(kungwarira kwebato) kunogona kufumura zvinetso zvechokwadi izvo shamwari imwe chetedzo dzingafuratira. Zvisinei, apo utariri hunova chombo chinobvisa chose chose panzvimbo pechokuzvidavirira nacho panzvimbo pechibaparisa, kunorasikirwa nokuvimbwa navanhu uye tapuro inoshanda.
Kuramba Kutungamirirwa Nedare Nehondo
Mapurezidhendi azvino uno nenzira inowedzera kudzivisa utariri hwesangano kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro zvakafara zveropafadzo yavakuru vakuru, kuramba kuwirirana nedziduku, uye hondo dzapadare refu. Trump kudzivisa kusingaenzaniswi kwehurumende [ kuutariri] vakuru vakuru vanorayiridza kusapupurira nokuramba zvinenge zvikumbiro zvose zvechinyorwa.]
Idzi rwisano kazhinji kazhinji dzinokunda kudikanwa kwokutarisira kwapakarepo. Hondo dzedare pamusoro pomupumburu dzinogona kutora makore, apo nguva yezvamatongerwe enyika yapfuura kana kuti utarisiri hwachinja. Mhaka yeMcGahn, inobatanidza aichimbova White House Counser Don McGahn, yakatora makore maviri kupedza, nguva refu pashure poukoshi hwenhau dzapakarepo.
Dare reSarudzo rePurement of Legal Council Reauncil rinotsigira kuramba kurambwa kwevakuru vakuru rinopa ruramiso yapamutemo nokuda kwokusabvumirana, kunyange apo matare pakupedzisira angasabvumirana. iyi mirangariro inoparira kunonoka kunogona kukurira nenzira inobudirira utariri kunyange kana Dare pakupedzisira rikakurira pamutemo.
Kuverenga uye Kuchengetedza Nyika
Kunyanyisa kuiswa kwemasangano anotarisira kunobvumira kuti mashoko adzivirirwe pautarisiri hwesangano. Nepo itiro hanya dzeko dzinoda kuvanza, uzivi hwazova chishandiso chokudzivisa kuzvidavirira [[[FLT: 1] panzvimbo pokudzivirira chengeteko yenyika.
Masangano euchenjeri anoronga mamiriyoni emapepa gore negore, akawanda ane mashoko akatozivikanwa nevanhu vose kana kuti asina kungwarira kuchengetedza kwechokwadi.
Kusawirirana pakati pechengeteko neutariri kwakatanga zvinoshamisa mukuongorora kupindira kwevhota dzeRussia. Kuronga kusawirirana kwakaganhurira zvaigona kukurukurwa pachena, kuchidzongonyedza mano eCongress okuzivisa vagari vemo pamusoro petyisidziro kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunyange apo matare aigamuchira kurongwa kupfupi, vaisagona kugoverana mashoko anokosha navamiririri.
Mashoko Akawandisa Nezvinhu Zvisina Kutsarukana
Ukuru hwehurumende hunoparira denho dzokutarisira hakuna dare rinogona kutaura zvizere. Nezviuru zvemapurogiramu, mamirioni avashandi, uye matrionioni emari inopambadza, utariri huzere hahubviri. Kommittees dzinofanira kusarudza hondo dzadzo[, nenzira isingadzivisiki kusiya nharaunda dzakawanda dzisina kutsaurwa.
Kunyange zvazvo masangano anotarisira anoshandisa mazana ezviuru, matare esangano ane vashandi vashoma kuti vatungamirire. Dare repaImba ringava nenhengo dzevashandi 3060 dzinotarisira madhipatimendi ane makumi ezviuru zvevashandi uye mari yemabhiriyoni ezuva.
Nhamba yemashoko inotoita kuti kutarisira kuome mune dzimwe nzira. Masangano anogona kuzadza matare ane zviuru zvezvinyorwa achipindura zvikumbiro, achiziva kuti vashandi vashoma havagoni kunyatsoongorora chinhu chose. Iri "Bucupasting" rinorasa nokutarisira risingashandisi mashoko anokosha.
Zvinobudisa Nhau Nengwariro Yavose
Kutarisira kunobudirira kunoda ngwariro yavose kuparira dzvinyiriro yokuchinja. Bva kukamukana kwezvinobudisa nhau zvazvino uno kunoreva kuti kunyange nzvero dzinokosha dzingawana chinyorwa chakaganhurirwa. Kushambadzira nhau [ kunoreva vateereri vakasiana - siana vanogamuchira nhauro dzakasiana chose chose pamusoro penhamburiko dzoutariri.
Makambani anoparadzira nhau anokurumidzisa, achiita kuti ngwariro irambe kunzverwa kwakaoma. Panosvika nguva apo matare anonzvera nokungwarira, ngwariro yavose yaita kuti pave nenharo itsva. Uku kutadza kuisa ngwariro kunoderedza tapuro yetarisiro (kana ruzhinji rusingazivi kana kuti rusina hanya nezviwanwa, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuchinja.
Kuderera kwemapepanhau omunzvimbomo kunotapura zvikurukuru kutarisira mahofisi ehurumende enharaunda nemapurogiramu.
Basa Revagari Vemo Mukutsigira Kutarisira Kwemasangano
Kunzwisisa Utariri Sebasa Rakagadzirwa
Vagari vanoita basa rinokosha asi rinowanzosazivikanwa mukuita kuti kutarisirwa kwesangano kubudirire. vimbisana noutarisiri [[FLT: 1] inoparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuchinja nokuzvidavirira. Apo vagari vemo vanopa ngwariro kukutonga, vanorava mishumo yenzvero, uye vanoonana navamiriri pamusoro pezviwanwa, vanoshandura kutungamirira kubva kuWashington kuva kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.
Iyi dzidzo yebic pamusoro poutariri inoramba isina kukwana nenzira inosuruvarisa. vaAmerica vazhinjisa havagoni kutsanangura icho utarisiri hwesangano hunobatanidza kana kuti chikonzero nei huchikosha.
Sezvo hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu ichida kuti vavhoti vazive, inodawo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei uye kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidane kuti vazvidarire pakati pesarudzo.
Kubatanidzwa Nezvirongwa Zvokutarisira
Mikana mizhinji iripo nokuda kwokutora rutivi muutarisiri. Vamiriri vesangano vanowirirana pamusoro pezvokutanga kutarisira inogona kupesvedzera purogiramu dzedare. Apo masangano anoratidzira kuitira hanya pamusoro pemapurogiramu akati kana kuti masangano, mitezo inocherechedza uye ingaronda kunzvera.
Mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti nei matare asiri kuongorora nhau dzakati kana kuti zvaakaona kupfurikidza nokutarisira inogona kunangidzira ngwariro yemitezo ndokuparira kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau kwomunzvimbomo.
Vagari vemumatare vanoziva nezvokuraswa, kubiridzira, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira vanogona kuonana nevakuru vakuru vematare vaine uchapupu.
Dare reImba pamusoro poutariri naReform nemamwe matare anochengeta mawebsite umo vagari vemo vanogona kupa mashoko nokunzvera kwapaburi retsono. Idzi nzvimbo dzinomira pasi pehurumende dzinoita kuti kutora rutivi kupfuure mikoto yegamuchidzanwa.
Kutsigira Kuona Zviri Nazvo Uye Kuzvidavirira
Vagari vanogona kutsigira masangano akasimba zvikuru okutarisira kupfurikidza nokuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanotsigira vanoisa tarisiro, pasinei zvapo nechikwata, vanosimbisa kudisa kwesangano kunzvera. Nhamburiko dzokunetesa zvishandiso zvokutarisira.
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) zvikumbiro zvevagari vemo zvinobatsira kutarisira musangano. Kana masangano akadzivisa kupa mashoko kuCongress, FAIA zvikumbiro zvinogona dzimwe nguva kuwana magwaro kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvakasiyana. Masangano eJournalism uye vatsigiri vokuonekana vanoshandisa FOIA nguva dzose kutsigira nhamburiko dzokutarisira.
Kudzivirira vanoridza mhete vanoshuma zvakaipa kunoitwa neCongress kunoda kutsigirwa nevanhu vose kana vanoridza mhere vachitarisana nokutsiva kana kuti kuuraya vanhu, vagari vemo vanotoita kuti vamwe vadzivirirwe. Kudzivirira uku kunokosha zvikuru apo vanofarira kunyaradza vatauri vechokwadi.
Kuverenga Nokunyora uye Kutarisira
Kunzwisisa kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvinofukidza sei utariri kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera nzvero zvakarurama. Kuziva kunyorwa kwevatsigiri kwenhamburiko dzokutarisira kungave kuderedza zvinetso zvechokwadi kana kuti nhau duku dzinonyanyisa (zvinganzi zvinozivikanwa zvikuru zvokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.)
Kuverenga mishumo yedare, kuona zvose zvakawanikwa panzvimbo pemapepa, uye kuongorora zvakawanikwa neGAO kunoita kuti munhu akwanise kuwana mashoko asinganyatsozivikanwi.
Kutsigira zvinyorwa zvine runako zvinofukidza kutarisira zvakakwana zvinoisa ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau kunhamburiko dzokuzvidavirira.
Nguva Yemberi Yokutarisirwa Nemagungano
Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa
Ruzivo rwazvino uno runogovera mikana mitsva yokutarisira apo runenge ruchigadzira denho dzemanovhero. Data nalytics[ inogona kuzivisa mitoo yetsvina kana kuti kubiridzira mumapepa makuru ehurumende angarasika munhu. Ungwaru hwokugadzira hungagona kudzosa zvibvumirano zvinonyumwirwa, mitoo yokushandisa isingachinjiki, kana kuti mitoo yokushandisa kutsauka nokuda kwokunzvera.
Kukurukurirana nemagetsi kunoita kuti pave nemapepa akawanda anogona kutsigira kuti zvinhu zvisafamba zvakanaka.
Ruzivo rwokupupurira ruri kure, rwakaitwa serwagara ruchiitwa mukati meCHOVAD-19, rungagona kuita kuti kutarisira kuve kwakanakisisa kupfurikidza nokubvisa zvinodikanwa zvokufamba nokuda kwezvapupu. Kunzwa kungagonesawo kutora rutivi rwakafara voruzhinji ndokuderedza ndyiko. Zvisinei, chipupuriro chiri kure chingashaiwa tapuro yerwisano yemanzwi inoita kuti kunzwa kuve nesimba.
Kuchinja Mavambo Okutarisira
Kuchinja kwakasiyana - siyana kungagona kusimbisa kushanda kwedare. nguva dzinobvumirwa kudzorwa nokuda kwemhinduro dzebazu dzavakuru vakuru kumikumbiro youtariri kwaizoderedza nzira dzinononozetsa. Zvirango zvemitemo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanodzora vangagona kudzivisa kudzivisa kudzivisa.
Kugadzira vashandi vanoongorora zvechigarire, vakafanana neGAO asi vakapinzwa mumatare, kwaizogovera unyanzvi hunowirirana mumashoko esangano.ava vaongorori vane unyanzvi vangagona kuchengeta zivo yesangano nokupfuurira kwokuongorora pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwemitezo nevashandi vezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kusimbisa kuzvimirira kukuru kupfurikidza nedonzo rokubvisa dziviriro uye kuvimbiswa mari kwaizowedzera kutarisira kwepakati kwebazu uko Dare rinotsamira pariri. nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pokubviswa kweIG dzinosimbisa kudikanwa kwedziviriro huru zvikuru yeiyi mhou dzinorinda.
Kudzikamisa Utarisiri Neudzori
Denho yakatarisana nokutarisira kwesangano kuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwoutsinye pasina mabasa ehurumende anoremadza. utariri hwezvirongwa zvinogona kuodza mwoyo kutangwa kwechinhu chitsva uye kuzviisa mungozi kwevashandi vehurumende vanotya kunzvera. Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama pakati pokuzvidavirira nokubudirira kunoramba kuri denho inopfuurira.
Vamwe vanotaura nokuda kwe "utariri hunodzorwa" hwakanangidzirwa panhau dzetsika panzvimbo pezvisakafanira zvomunhu oga. Uyu mutoo ungasimbisa kunatsiridza kushanda kwehurumende kupfuura mapfundo ezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, sundo dzinovhozhokerwa dzinoita kuti kudzivisa kwakadaro kuve kwakaoma kuchengeta.
Vamwe vanokarakadza kuparadzanisa tarisiro pakati penzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika nehwirudzuro yebasa yavanhu. Mahofisi asingaitiri rutivi chaiwo angagona kuita purogiramu yepurogiramu yepurogiramu apo matare anenge achitarisira kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Iri boka ringavandudza mabasa ose ari maviri asi rinotarisana nedenho dzinoshanda.
Mugumisiro: Chii Chiri Kutarisirwa Nemasangano
Kutarisira kwoutongi hunomira seshongwe inokosha yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica , kugovera cheki pasimba roukuru rinodzivisa udzvinyiriri uye rinovimbisa hurumende inozvidavirira. Kubva pakuratidzira ushati kuti huvandudze budiriro, kubva pakudzivirira maruramiro kukuva nechokwadi chokupiwa mutemo wakatendeka, kutarisira kunoita ubati ushe hwehurumende unopfuura kusarudza kwapanhambo nenhambo.
Nhau yokutarisira kwesangano inozivisa zvose zviri zviviri bviro yaro huru nenhaka. Apo inoitiswa zvakakomba uye nenzira yokuparidzira, tarisiro inogona kuderedza purezidhendi, kuvandudza masangano ouchenjeri, uye kuponesa mabhiriyoni evanobhadhara mitero. Apo inorondwa chose chose nokuda kwebetsero yenzanga, inova inosekesa chivimbo chavanhu nepo ichikundikana kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.
Zvinetso zvapanguva ino — kudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzinogara, kurambwa kwevakuru vakuru, kunyanyowandisa kwamashoko, uye kuparadzwa kwetarisiro yavose. Bva kudikanwa kwoutariri hwakasimba hakuna kutongova kukuru. Sezvo hurumende inowedzera kuva yakaoma zvikuru neine simba, sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti zvimiro zvitsva zvokunzvera nokudzora zvigone kugonesa, uye sezvo zvinetso zvenyika yose zvinoda chiito chavakuru vakuru, kutarisirwa kwedare kunotova kunotokosha zvikuru.
Mutoro wokutarisira kunobudirira unotambanudzwa kunze kweDare kuti ribatanidze vagari vose. Kuvimbisana kwechibharo kunoshandura utariri kubva kutsika yeWashington kuva chinhu chaichoicho chedemocracy. Apo vagari vemo vanopa ngwariro, vanobvunza mibvunzo, uye kuraira, kutarisira kunowana simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodikanwa nokuda kwetapuro chaiyoiyo.
Kunzwisisa kuti utarisiri hunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kuita zvechidhimoni pakati pemavhoti, pane kunzwa vasingakwanisi kuzvidzivirira pazvakakundikana muhurumende kana kuti pazvakakanganiswa, vagari vemo vakadzidza vanogona kuita mabasa okutarisira, kutsigira kuzvidavirira, uye kumanikidza vamiririri kuti vaongorore zvakakomba.
Kutarisira kwedare kunosanganisira kungwarira uku, kuchipa kuzvidavirira kunoramba kuchichengeta hurumende ine utano hwakanaka.
Sezvatinotarisana nezvinetso munguva yemberi — kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuva uchenjeri hwokugadzira, kubva pakugadzirira kusvika pakusaenzana kwezvemari - zvinobatsira kuchava kunokosha mukuvimbisa kuti hurumende inoshanda kuvanhu panzvimbo payo imene. Basa rakaoma rokutarisira (hwhesping), kunzwa, mishumo, uye kuchinja) kungashaya chinoitika chesarudzo kana kuti kupera kwezvisarudzo zvedare, asi kunopa kuzvidavirira kwezuva nezuva kunoita kuti hurumende yehurumende ibvire.
Kupa ngwariro kunhamburiko dzokutarisira hakusi kungova bedzi nedzidzo yehurumende asi kutora rutivi kwehurumende.
