Chitanga: Hwaro Hwehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Mipimo inoumba jira regadziriro yamatongerwe enyika inosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rinounganidza simba risingadzorwi. Iyi gadziriro yokuzvidzora yakarongedzerwa kwete kuita kuti hurumende ibudirire asi kudzivirira vagari vemo pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba pakati pamapazu akasiyana- siyana uye kushongedzera midziyo kuganhurira mamwe, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinoparira gadziriro yokuzvidzora iyo yakabvumikisa kuva inokosha mukuchengetedza rusununguko rwomunhu nomutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika inoshanda sei, midzi yayo yenhau, uye denho dzayo nhasi dzinotarisana nechinhu chikuru nokuda kwomupi noupi anotsvaka kudzivirira uchangamire hwedemocratic.

Mavambo Echeki Nedzikamo

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende haina kubuda mukusava namaturo. Vafungi vokujekeswa, zvikurukuru Baron de Montesquieu mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [, yakataura kuti rusununguko runoda kuparadzaniswa kwemukuru mukuru, wemitemo, uye mabasa okutonga. Montesquieu akacherekedza kuti apo munhu upi noupi kana kuti mutumbi anobata masimba ose matatu, udzvinyiriri haudzivisiki. Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vaAmerica Vapi navapi vemitemo, avo vakaumba gadziriro yamaune kuti vadzivise kuiswa kwechiremera.

Kupesvedzera Kwevaifamba Nengarava

Murangariro waMontesquieu we "Fristate system" wakava nheyo youchenjeri yeUnited States Constitution. James Madison, achinyora mu Federalist N. 51, yakakurumbira, yakataura kuti jambwa rinofanira kuitwa kuti rikurire donzo.[Frames] Vatworast vaitya zvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri noudzori hwavakuru, naizvozvo vakagadzira riphabliki umo bazi rimwe nerimwe raizova namasimba ose ari maviri akasiana nemitoo yokudzivisa nayo. Ikoku kwakanga kuri kubviswa kukuru kubva kugadziriro yeBritain youkuru hweparamende, iyo vamaruwa vaine zviremera zvehurumende vakawana soudzvinyiriro.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Zvikamu I, II, uye III zve U.S. zvinogadza mitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye mapazu okutonga, zvichitevedzana. Zvisinei, vaFramers havana kumira parusano; vanowana gadziriro yakaoma yechiremera chinopfuudzwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kudzora kugadza kwomutemo, asi vatongi vakambobatira upenyu kuvadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Masimba aya anowirirana akanyatsogadziridzwa kuti aite simba guru.

Mapazi Matatu: Mabasa Nemabasa

Kunzwisisa zvakajeka mabasa makuru ebazi rimwe nerimwe kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoshanda sei. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo richirondedzera mapoka makuru esimba, mazana amakore etsika nokududzira kwokutonga zvakanatsa miganhu.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuchengeta Mutemo Nokutarisira

Congress, yakaumbwa neNzvimbo yeVamiririri neDare, ine simba rokuita mitemo yehurumende. Kupfuura mutemo, Congress inodzora bhajeti rehurumende, inozivisa hondo, inodzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye inogona kunzvera mibato yebazu ravakuru vakuru. Imba ine simba rimwe rokuvamba miitiro yokunyoresa, nepo Dare richiedza kusabvumirana. Bazu rinova rakagadzirirwa kuva rinogamuchira zvikurusa kuvanhu, nemitezo yeNzvimba yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose uye vagadziri vebazu vari vose.

Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Kumanikidza Nokutarisira

Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru, anoshanda nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anobatirawo soMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anoitisa muitiro wokumwe, anogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi nemitezo yedare), uye anogona kupa mhene. Bazu revakuru vakuru rinobatanidza boka guru redhipatimendi namasangano zvinoshandisa miraudzo yazvino uno. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo zvikuru mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira pasina kumirira chiito chedare, muitiro wakamutsa gakavara pamusoro pemiganhu yemitemo inodzora.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Nokuhwirudzura

Dare rehurumende, rinotungamirirwa neDare rapamusorosoro, rinotsanangura mitemo nokuhwirudzura pamutemo waro. Simba re renjedzo . (Mano okuparadza mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo) (Zvehurumende)). Vatongi vamasangano vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, mutsika yakanaka, iyo inovanza maererano nokutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunotsoropodza nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti vajudia vanogona kunzvera mamwe mapazu pasina kutya.

Michina Yemaketi Nedzikamo Zviri Kushandiswa

Mashandisiro aya haangoshandisi pfungwa chete; asi anoshandiswa nguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika uye nechido chesangano.

Simba Reveto Nemitemo Zvinoshatisa

Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achiidzivisa kuva mutemo. Ikoku kunopa mukuru wacho chirevo chine simba mumuitiro wemitemo. Zvisinei, Congress inogona kukurira vheto nevoruzhinji vane mativi matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri (a bhawa rakakwirira risingawanzosvikwa. Chifo chekuvambwa, purezidhendi akabudisa mavetoes anopfuura 2 500, ane 5%. Kutyisidzirawo zvakwo kwemitemo inowanzova inoumbwa isati yasvika chibharo chaPureziridhesi.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga Senzvero Pamamwe Mapazu

Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare rinotonga, Dare Gurusa rinogona kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvinorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Nhau dzeRoundman dzakafanana ne rown v. Board of Education (1854] uye United States v. Nixon[[FLT]] [19774]) inoratidzira kuti judicary inogona sei kumanikidza mamwe mapazi kuti awirirane nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, Dare isangano rinokuita chiito; rinogona kunzwa nhau dzinounzwa pamberi paro, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzokera kudonzo remitemo apo mitemo inojeka.

Kusarudza uye Simba Rokusimbisa

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, vatongi veDare reDare rapamusorosoro, uye vakuru vakuru vazhinji vanotora nzvimbo dzapamusoro, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa uku kugadzwa kupfurikidza noruzhinji rwakapfava (nokuda kwenzvimbo zhinji) kana kuti kutsunga kukuru kwezvibvumirano. Ikoku kunopa Dare nzvero yakakomba pasimba roukuru. Muitiro wokusimbisa kazhinji kazhinji unova nzvimbo inorwisana nokuda kwerwisano dzepfungwa, sezvinoonekwa mukutonga kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kweDare Guru. Nharome inogona kuita kugadza kwechinguvana kuzadza zvigaro zvechinguvana apo Dare reSangano rinobviswa parusando(a simba iro Dare rakaganhurirwa nguva dzose.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Congress inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Kufunga, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakanganwa". Imba inovhota pamusoro penyaya dzokusabvumirana nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo; Dare ipapo rinotonga, nevhoti yezvitatu zvinoda kutendwa. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akasadzidziswa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kaviri), uye hapana akabviswa. Zvisinei, muitiro wacho umene unobatira somutongo une simba uye udzoredzoro pamufambiro wavakuru.

Zvimwe Zvikamu Zvinokosha: Treaty Ratiation, Kushandisa Mari, uye Simba Rehondo

Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, asi zvinoda mvumo yeDare ramatatu maviri. Congress inodzora zvikamu zvechikwama kupfurikidza nesimba rayo kumari yakafanira, kureva kuti mukuru mukuru haagoni kupedza mari pasina mvumo yemitemo. War Powers Revolution ya1973 inoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati maawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo uye kuganhurira kubvumirano yehondo kumazuva 60 pasina kutenderwa. Izvi zvinoratidzira vavariro yeFramerss yokuita hondo nedatejimendimes ($] chiito chikurusa chikurusaidzo yehurumende yebvumirano yemitemo.)

Kuedzwa Kwetsika Yomunguva Yakapfuura

Kushanda kwecheki uye kudzikama zvakaedzwa zvakaedzwazve munhau yeAmerica yose. Dambudziko rimwe nerimwe rakasimbisa kana kuti kudenha kusimba kwegadziriro yacho.

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kugadza Gabhubhu yeMasai yeMasai

Munhau iyi inokosha, Dare Gurusa pasi poMutongi Mukuru John Marshall rakasimbisa simba raro rokuzivisa chiito cheCongress chisina kubatana nehurumende. Nepo gakava rapakarepo rakabatanidza kugadzwa kuduku, chisarudzo chakagadza vatongi sebazu rakaenzana nechiremera chokududzira Bumbiro remitemo.

Ramgate (19721974)

Watergate yakaratidzira kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinogona sei kufumura nokuva nezvinonyengera vakuru vakuru. Apo Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akaedza kuvanza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Congress, Congress yakatanga nzvero, uye Dare Rapamusorosarudza nokubvumirana kubudisa Nixon tepiti yeNzvimbo Tsvene. Kutarisana nokusatendeseka kwakati nokupfimbwa, Nixon akabvisa. Chino chakaratidzira chakavanza simba rePunicerssion, simba duku rematare, uye kuzvidavirira kwokupedzisira kwebazu guru.

Clinton Impeachment (1998 - 19999)

Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akashorwa neImba nokuda kwokusaruramisira uye mhinganidzo yeruramisiro ine chokuita nenhau yaMonica Lewinsky. Dare, zvisinei, rakakundikana kumupa mhaka.Izvi zvakaratidzira muuyo mukuru wokubvisa uye basa rezvamatongerwe enyika zvokusabvumirana. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakataura kuti kusabvumirana kwacho kwakanga kuchisundwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kunzvera kwezvisakafanira kunofanira kushandiswa rini.

Miedzo Yazvino Uno: Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri, Chikamu Chemvura, uye Trump Era

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi akashandisa zvikuru mirairo yavakuru vakuru kumisa dare, kuchitungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo. Dare rapamusoro rakavhara mativi echirambidzo chaPrezidenti Trump uyewo rakadzivisa kuedza kwake kuwedzera mubvunzo weunzi kuruwanwa. Purezidhendi Biden’s Revolution akarega chirongwa chekanganwiro chedare pavhoti 6-3. Panguva ino, kunyanyisa kwechikamu chakaparira kudzorwa kwemitemo, kuchikuita kuti kuomeredze zvikuru kuti Congresssions kuti aite basa rayo. Kusashanda kwaPrezidenti kwaPrezidenti Tru Trump kwakapetwa kaviri (kupetwa kaviri) nokuda kwokusha simba uyezve nokuda kwokunyandura kupfuudzirazve simba reBHyse.

Ukoshi Hwekero Nedzikamo Muhurumende Yazvino Uno Yehurumende Yavanhu

Kupfuura rondedzero isingaoneki, nzvero nedzikamo zvinobatira mabasa akasimba ayo anodzivirira udzori hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nekodzero dzomunhu oga.

Kudzivirira Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Nekodzero Dzokusava Nekodzero

Pasina kunzvera nokudzikamisa, voruzhinji vaigona kuputsa zviri nyore kodzero dzavaduku. Bill of Rights yakawedzerwa kuBumbiro remitemo zvakajeka kuganhurira simba rehurumende. matare nguva dzose anoputsa mitemo inoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kana kuti muitiro wakafanira. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare mu Obergefell v. Hodges[ [2015] inonyoresa pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo yetepfekero munyika yose, inosimbisa mitemo yehurumende yaizvidza LGBTQ+ / michato michato ine simba yejastiary.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kuongorora nokudzikamisa zvinomanikidzira bazi rimwe nerimwe kushanda pachena. Kutongwa kwedare, mirangariro yedare, uye mashoko epresidenti zvinopa chinyorwa chavose chechiito chehurumende. Freedom of Information Act nedziviriro dzeridzo dzinopfura muromo zvinogonesazve kutarisira. Uku kujeka kunokosha kuti vanhu vavimbe navanhu uye kuti vabvumire vagari vemo kuongorora vamiririri vavo. Pasina mano eChurganization kunyora magwaro epoena kana kuti matare okuhwirudzura zviito zvesangano, simba revakuru ringasadzorwa zvikuru.

Zvinetso Zvemamiriro Ezvinhu Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inotarisana nedenho dzinokosha dzinotyisidzira kubudirira kwayo.

Kufamba Mugungwa uye Kuvharwa

Kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwachinja kunzvera kwakawanda kuva zvombo zvokudzivisa. Masangano edare, aichimbova mashoma, zvino ava muitiro, unoda kuti 60-60 yemitemo ive pamutemo mukuru. Ikoku kwakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Congress ipedze mitemo mikuru. Mukuwedzera, ruvimbiko rwamasangano kazhinji kazhinji runodzivisa mutezo wakasimba wapurezidhendi webato rimwe chete. Muitiro wokusafunda, wakaitirwa somushonga unoreswa sechinoregere, wazova unodzivisa zvikuru kutungamirira purezidhendi.

Simba Rine Simba Munguva Dzenhamo

Mapurezidhendi munhau anowedzera simba ravo munguva dzenjodzi dzorudzi ($war, njodzi dzemari, zvirwere. Abraham Lincoln akarembedza habeas corpus mukati meHondo yeChivili, uye Franklin Roosevelt vakapfigirwa vaJapan muHondo Yenyika II. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kushandiswa kwemirairo yevakuru vakuru kuti vadzore mitemo yokubuda munyika uye mitemo yemhoteredzo pasina Congress yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuderera kwechiremera chemitemo. matare ave achiwanzozengurira kudzokorodzazve njodzi dzehurumende munguva yenjodzi, achiumba mutoo wokuwedzera kukura kwechinguvana uko pane dzimwe nguva kunova kwechigarire.

Gakava Rokutonga Nenhau Dzapamutemo

Basa rejaji somutongi asingasaruri rinosekeswa apo ruzhinji runorangarira vatongi savatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika. Muitiro wokusimbisa unowedzera nokuda kwevatongi veDare Gurusa(8) kubatanidza kuramba kurangarira Merrick Garland muna 2016 uye kusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kwaAmy Coney Barrett muna 2020. Vamwe vanopomera Dare rezviito zvedare apo rinoputsa mitemo yakakurumbira, nepo vamwe vanoripomera kuratidzira basa raro apo rinozviisa pasi pamapazu akasarudzwa.

Mupeto: Chengeta Kudzikama

Mipimo nedzikamo hazvisi gadziriro yakatsiga yemitemo asi inogara ichida kungwarira. Vararami vakanzwisisa kuti simba raizoda kukura nguva dzose, uye vakavaka chivako chakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kombamiro iyoyo. Gadziriro yakakunda hondo, manyadzi, uye mapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika, asi chakasimba bedzi semasangano navagari vemo vanoidzivirira. Munhambo yechaunga chamasimba makuru nechiremera, kuchengetedzwa kwesimba rakakomba pakati pamapazu kunochengeta basa rinokosha zvikurusa rokudzivirira ubati ushe hunodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nehurumende. Kunzwisisa aya inhano yokutanga kukuva nechokwadi kuti inopfuurira. Sezvo Justice Brange zvakambo zvakambotaura, [FLD] dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba echibvumirano yakaitwa ne 1787 asi kusashandiswa nesimba.[1]