Nhoroondo Yokutonga Kwevaitungamirira

Gakava riri pakati pesimba rakanangidzirwa nerusununguko rwomunhu rakasunda mhindumupindu yezvamatongerwe enyika kwezviuru zvamakore. MuMesopotamia yakare, vatongi vakafanana naHammurabi vakabatana mitemo kuti varevedze ruramisiro, asi chiremera chokupedzisira chakanga chiri namambo.Classical Athens raiedza hurumende yakananga, bva simba ravakuru raiwanzopiwa kuvatungamiriri navatongi vane mashoko akaganhurirwa. Roman Republic yakaumba boka ramasimba kupfurikidza namasangano ayo, Dare, uye magungano, asi kumuka kwamadzimambo akafanana naAugustus kwakaratidzira kuti chiremera chapamusoro chaigona sei kuora mamwe mapazu ehurumende. Iyi mitoo yapakuvamba yakagadzwa nokuda kwekurukurirano dzapashure pamusoro pekunzvera simba rokutonga.

Zviitiko Zvapakuvamba Nezvekare

Feudal Europe yakakamuranisa chiremera pakati pamadzimambo, machinda, uye Chechi. Magna Carta (1215) yakanga iri nhano yechiratidzo, ichigombedzera Mambo John kubvuma kuti kunyange mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Zvisinei, kwamazana amakore pashure, madzimambo eEngland akapfuurira kusimbisa masimba apamutemo (8) pasina Paramende, kuiswa mutorongo kwoudzvinyiriri, uye kudzorwa kwemiitiro yokumwe. Glorious Revolution of Rights ya1688 neBill of Rights (1689) yakasimbisa zvakasimba ukurumbiso yeparamende uye akarambidza mambo kuputsa mitemo pasina kubvumirana. Izvi zvinoitika zvakapesvedzera zvakananga zvakapesvedzera vaAmerica avo vakavenga vadzorwi vamakoroni vamakurukota vaMambo George III vai vakataura kuva vapfumi vehurumende.

Kujekeswa Nokutanga Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yazvino Uno

John Locke’s Treases mbiri dzeHurumende (1689) yakataura kuti hurumende yepamutemo inoda kubvumira kwevanodzorwa uye kuti simba revakuru vakuru rinofanira kuganhurirwa nomutemo. Pfungwa idzi dzakazara muKonqueror yeMitemo yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano che1787. James Math, muDederation. 51, akanyora kuti “Muganhu unofanira kuitwa kuti urambe kuda chinzvimbo, kuongorora nokudzikamisa usati waita simba remasimba mumutemo.

Basa Ramakeki Nedzikamo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo zvakagadzirirwa kuganhurira simba ravakuru vakuru. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine masimba chaiwo nemitoro, richivimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora mamwe.

  • Bazu remitemo rinogadza mitemo.
  • Bazu guru rinogadza mitemo.
  • Bazu rinotonga rinoturikira mitemo.

Gadziriro Huru Yebumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzebumbiro remitemo dzinotsoropodza mukuganhurira chiremera chavakuru vakuru:

  • Article I: Grans Congress simba rokuita mitemo, kudzora bhajeti, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimbisa kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru. Chikamu chiri madikanwa nechakafanira chinobvumira Congress kukudza kusvika kwayo, ichishanda sechinopesana nechiito chapurezidhendi.
  • Article II: Rinorondedzera masimba aPurezidhendi, kubatanidza basa romutungamiriri weProfesi, mano okupa mhosho, uye basa roku “ngwarira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.] Iyi ndima yakashandiswa kururamisa kungwarira zviremera, asi inewo basa rokuita kuti zviteererwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: inosimbisa dare kududzira mitemo nokupedza makakatanwa. Simba rehwirudzuro, rinosimbiswa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1803]), rinobvumira matare kuputsa zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinorwisana neBumbiro remitemo.
  • Chibvumirano chekodzero: Kugadziridza gumi kwokutanga kunomanikidzira mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga(speech, pepanhau, gungano, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Reshanu, tanhatu, uye Sexh Amendments dzinokosha zvikuru kumabasa echiremera mukuita mutemo nechengeteko yenyika.

Dare Rinoongorora Mutungamiriri

Kupfuura kuita mutemo, Congress ine simba rechikwama chacho,(_noi mari inogona kudikanwa pasina mvumo yemitemo. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa mitezo yedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamiririri. Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendiial vhitis nembiri mbiri, uye ine simba rokubvisa purezidhendi, purezidhendi wechikamu, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti zvimwe Zvitsotsi zvakakwirira zveCrime naMisdemisters.” U.S Constitution]

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yokuchinja Zvikuru

Munhau yose yeUnited States, mapurezidhendi akaedza aedzazve miganhu yechiremera chavo, pane dzimwe nguva achinyandura njodzi dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau yemitemo yakatanhamara.

Andrew Jackson Nedambudziko Rokuderedza Kutambura

Muna 1832, South Carolina yakazivisa kuti dare rehurumende harina kubviswa uye harina chinhu mukati memiganhu yaro, achityisidzira dare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Andrew Jackson akapindura neGuta Bill, achibvumira chiito chehondo kumanikidza mutemo wenyika, achideredzawo kuderedza kusawirirana. Kutaura kwaJackson kwokuti purezidhendi akanga ane kodzero yokumanikidza ukuru hwehurumende (/nakuti aigona kufuratira chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro chaakaramba [[FL:0]] Warster v. Georgia]).

Lincoln Nokuungana kwaHabeas Corpus

Mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln akarembedza shongwe yehabeas corpus, achisunga zviuru pasina muedzo. Iye akarangarira kuti kwakanga kuri madikanwa kuchengetedza Union. Mutongi Mukuru Roger Taltney akatonga Expate Merryman [ [1861]) kuti Congress bedzi yaigona kumisa habeas corpus, asi Lincoln akafuratira kutonga. Paveramendi Akudzoserazve nenzira inopiwa chiremera. Ichi chinoitika chinoramba muenzaniso une simba wenyanduko pakati pechengeteko nekodzero dzavanhu, uye miganhu yesimba rehurumende munguva dzenjodzi.

Kuvhima Kwemakemikari Nekurapa Kutsva

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal yakawedzera zvikuru zvirongwa zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muupfumi. Muna 1935, Dare Gurusa rakarova mativi eNational Industrial Recovery Act mu Schechter Poult. v. United States. Rooselt yakapindura ne “chirongwa chedare”, ichikarakadza kuwedzera ruramisiro zvakanaka kumitemo yake. Kunyange zvazvo FDR yakabudirira mukuchinja Dare (“FLTLT: 1] munguva yakaponeswa pfumbamwe), kuedza kwake kudzorerazve judia judiat, achityisidzira sei masimba okutonga.

Nixon Noutungamiriri Hwoumambo

Kushandisa kwaRichard Nixon ropafadzo youkuru, kubhomba kwapachivande kweCambodia, uye Watergate furefu-up zvakaenzanisira izvo wezvenhau Arthur Schlesinger Jr. akadana “ukuru hwedare.” Chisarudzo chedare gurusa chechisarudzo chimwe mu [[FLT]] United States v. Nixton [7777] [77])] akamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa makaseti, achisimbisa kuti purezidhendi haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuwedzera Kunopera 9/11: Mupata neObama

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, Purezidhendi George W. Bush anotenderwa pasina maruramiro okushandisa, matare ehondo, uye kupfigirwa kusingachinjiki. HAMDAN v. Rumsfeld[ (2006] [2006]] chisarudzo chakatonga kuti vamiririri vehondo vakaputsa Mutemo wemitemo yeChiratidzo chehondo neGeneva Kokorodzano. Purezidhendi Barack Obama akapfuurira kudenha nokudzorwa kwema (DACA), icho chakatarisanawo nezvinetso zvapamutemo. Dare rakagadzawo chiremera chikuru pasi pekushandiswa kweMauto eMitemo yeMibatanidzwa yeMibato (2001, kudzonga-ma mitsetse pakati pehondo yehondo.Genevaraccoult.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Muchiremera Chinodzora

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kukurukurirana pamusoro pesimba revakuru vakuru kwakawedzera.Criss + chaiko kana kuti chaionekwa nechakafungwa kuti ndicho chakakonzera mapurezidhendi kuita zvinhu pasina kuzombomira, kazhinji kacho achiongorora mitemo yepamutemo.Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzokukakavadzana dzinosanganisira zvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru, zvinhu zvine ngozi, mitemo yokumwe, uye kutaura kuti havazorwi zvachose.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri Netapuro Yavo

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirango zvavakuru vakuru kuti vaite chinjo dzemiitiro pasina kutenderwa kwesangano. Nepo ichi chishandiso chichigona kuva chinobudirira, chinomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pokupfuura muitiro wemitemo. Mirairo yechiremera haidudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo asi yakashandiswa chifo chaGeorge Washington. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akabudisa mazana emirairo. Mimwe mifungo inocherekedzo inocherekedzwa:

  • Murayiro waHarry Truman wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea wakaparadzwa mu [FLT: 0] vaduku vapamberi pemapepa & Tube Co. Sawir (1952), vachiganhurira simba rapurezidhendi rokutora zvinhu zvapachivande pasina chiremera.
  • Murairo waRonald Reagan wakarambidza kupiwa mari nehurumende nokuda kwokupa zano rokubvisa pamuviri wakatsigirwa murutivi.
  • Donald Trump akarambidza kufamba nyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim dzakadenhwa asi pakupedzisira akatsigirwa mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017), Dare richinongedzera kuchisarudzo chapurezidhendi mukupinda munyika nechengeteko yenyika.
  • Rongedzero yechikwereti chavadzidzi yaJoe Biden yekanganwiro yakavharwa neDare Rapamusorosa mu Biden v. Nebraska (2023), ichisimbisa kuti chinjo huru dzemiitiro dzinoda mvumo yakajeka.

Nhungamiro Dzorudzi Nesimba Rapurezidhendi

National Emermentasution Act (1976) inogovera muitiro kuti purezidhendi azivise njodzi yenyika, kuvhura masimba emitemo. Zvisinei, mipimo yeziviso dzakadaro yakafara, kuchitungamirira kukubatwa zvisina kufanira kungabvira. Purezidhendi Trump akashandisa ikoku kudzoserazve mari dzehondo nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemadziro emuganhu, iyo yakatsigirwa zvishoma asi yakatsigirwawo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutaura kwekurumidziro kwakajeka kunobvumira purezidhendi kuvhara Dare. Congresssion Review Act kunogona kupedza kurumidziro, asi kunoda chisarudzo chakabatana nechiratidzo chapurezidhendi uye siginiyumu yedavi yedavi yedavi yedavi yebo kana kuti wirira.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yokumwe Nesimba Rehondo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamura mauto ehondo: Congress inozivisa hondo; purezidhendi ndiMutungamiriri weChirevo cheHondo cha1973, chinoitwa paNixon’s reveto, inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Dare mukati memaawa 48 okutumira mauto neganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe chifo chifo chaasati airangarira kuva asingatsivi, bva hapana dare rakatonga zvakananga kuti rishande. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama anopindira muhondo muLibya muna 2011 akapfuurira muganhu we 60 wezuva rapfuura pasina mvumo yokutendero, zvichitungamirira kukuva anotsoropodza asi pasina chiito chokudzika.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nokubatana

Ropafadzo yapamuganhu inobvumira purezidhendi kunyima mashoko kudzivirira zano rakavanzika, asi hakuna kutongova kwakakwana. Mhaka yeNixon yakagadza ropafadzo iyoyo inofanira kubvumira nzvero dzoutsotsi dzapamutemo. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Dare Gurusa mu Trump v. Vance [20020] yakatonga kuti purezidhendi anogara haadzivisiwi nehurumende yetsotsi retsotsi. Trump v. United States [FLT] [2002], Dare raichimbova purezidhendi rine dziviriro yakakwana nokuda kwezviito zvavo zvapamutemo “masimba avo emitemo ehurumende” uye kudzivirira mamwe mabasa ehurumende, asi kwete nokuda kwezviito zvapamutemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakarerusa.

Basa Redare Rinodzora Rinoganhurira Simba

Zvisinei, dare rinowanzozviisa pasi pomukuru mukuru munhau dzechengeteko yenyika nemitemo yokumwe, richiparira kusawirirana pakati pekudzora kwedare nokudikanwa kwokuzvidavirira.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

  • Throwwn Comment & Tube Co. Sawiter (1952): Purezidhendi Truman akaraira kutorwa kwemabhuresi esimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kudzivisa kurovanya. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga 6-3 kuti purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti remitemo, achisimbisa chiito ichocho chedare pasina tendero yedare chisati chiri chishandiso mudenderedzwa romumba.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [774]] Kutonga kukuru kwokuti ropafadzo yechiremera haisi yakakwana uye inofanira kutera kukudikanwa kwoufakazi mukutonga kweutsotsi. Chisarudzo chakamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa matepi ndokugumisa nenzira inobudirira dendernamendi.
  • INS v. Chadha [19983]: Kuderedza chibvumirano chemitemo, Dare remiitiro rakashandiswa kumibato yedare. Dare rakaramba kuti Dare rinofanira kutevera bidaralism nezvinodikanwa zveChikamu I, kusimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba.
  • [FOM:1] Hamdan v. Rumsfeld [200: yakatonga kuti masangano ehondo akagadzwa naPurezidhendi Bush akaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Bud Bud Justice yeMissional ne Geneva Kokorodzano, achiganhurira chiremera chavakuru muhondo pamusoro porutyo.
  • [FLT]MP v. Hawaii (2017): yakatsungirira chirambidzo chokufamba pasi pechiremera chakafara chapurezidhendi pakupinda munyika, asi yakacherekedza kuti Dare raizohwirudzura sundo huru, richikarakadza kuti animus ingagona kubvisa mirairo yomunguva yemberi.
  • [FLT] BIden v. Nebraska yakadzivisa chikwereti chavadzidzi chakapararira, ichirangarira kuti HEROES Act haina kubvumira purogiramu yakakomba yakadaro, inosimbisa kudikanwa kwekubvumidzwa kwechinjo huru dzemiitiro.

Kuzvidza Neganhuriro Dzako

Matare anowanzozviisa pasi pomutungamiriri muzvinhu zvokunze nechengeteko yenyika, achidudza kushaikwa kwounyanzvi hwokutonga nokudikanwa kwechiito chokukurumidza. CHEVron[ dzidziso [[[FLT:] [19984]] (19984]) yaida matare kuti ade kurangarira tsananguriro dzemitemo isina kujeka, inokura zvinobudirira. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro pautongi [[FLT:] [FLT]] mu [FLT:] Bright Exter in [FFF:] v. [FLT] v. Raimplect:] [20]), akabata matare iwayo anofanira kushandura rutongeso urwu.

Kuramba uye Kuongorora Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kutsvaka chirongwa chokupedzisira chebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nomutungamiriri anonyanyokwidza. Imba inogona kuvhota kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji nokuda kwe “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru,” uye vasungwa veDare nembiri dzezvitatu, vachibvisa purezidhendi. Mupimo wacho wakakurukurwa: vamwe vanoipikisa kuti inofukidza mufambiro weutsotsi, vamwe vanoraira kuti utsotsi hushande. Mapuresi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump (tice) vakashorwa nedzimba mbiri neDare. Donald Trump akapomerwa mhaka yokunyandura kupandukira pashure paJanuary 6, 2021, akaratidza kuti kuvimbika kweboka ramasangano anowanzo kunzvera, kusimbisa mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mupeto: Simba Rinoramba Richingopiwa

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pechiremera namamwe mapazu ibasa guru uye rinokwikwidzana. Mienzaniso yenhau kubva pakurevererwa kwaLincoln kwehabeas corpus kusvikira kuSixon’s Respect nehondo dzapamutemo dzaTrump dzinoenzanisira kuti ganhuriro dzechiremera chavakuru vakuru hadziwanzogadziriswa; dzinochinja munjodzi, mutemo, uye kududzirwa kwedare. Gadziriro yenzve nedzikamo inotsamira pabazu inotsamira pabazu rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira panzvimbo yaro nereshiviriro pasimba raro rehurumende. Inoramba iri madikanwa nokuda kwezvipo, ganhuriro yechiremera kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, uye kurangarira miganhuro yemitemo yemitemo. Sezvicho nzanga inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva nemhesano yechadenga, kana kuti mamiriro okunze enzvimbo yebasa anoramba kupfuurira.