Hwaro hweHurumende yeUnited States

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanorongwa iyo inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akaparadzana: chirongwa chemitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa separadzano yemasimba, yakabatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Framers, inonyora pamusoro pemabasa eMontesquieu nezvinoitika zvavo vamene zvehurumende, yakagadzira gadziriro apo bazu rimwe nerimwe ringava nemitoro yakasiyana nepo rikada kubatira pamwe kuti ribate zvinobudirira. Kupfuura gadziriro yenhau inovimbisa kuti hurumende ibatire basa rapachena nokudzikanisa mutoro. Bazu reRepavi rinoita kuti mitemo igove yaronde, uye bazi rinotonga rizvinyoresa. Apo aya mapazu anotonga pamwe chete, anoumba hurumende inokwanisa kubetsera kubetsera nyika yakasiyana - siyana.

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yeAmerica hunova kwete bedzi mukuparadzana asiwo muukama hwemapazu. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yecheki nedzikamo, bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mano okuganhurira masimba avamwe. Iyi rondedzero yakarongedzerwa kudzongonyedza zvisarudzo zvechimbichimbi, kukurudzira kurangarira, uye simba kubvumirana. Somuuyo, hurumende inoramba ichigamuchira vanhu apo inodzivisa udzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu matatu anoshanda pamwe chete kunokosha sei nokuda kwokugona kurava nokunyora nokunyora uye kuonga simba risingagumi rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.

Mapazi Ane Mitemo: Kugadzira Mitemo Yorudzi

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa pasi peChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, iboka guru rokuita mitemo rehurumende yehurumende. Rinozivikanwa seCongress, isangano rebhimeyal rakakamuraniswa kuva Dare neImba yaVamiririri. Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rine masimba nemabasa zvakasiyana izvo zvinoratidzira chishuvo choMuvambi chokudzikamisa fariro dzenyika navagari vemo vose pamwe chete.

Dare

Dare rinoumbwa navatongi vane 100, vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe, vanobatira mashoko anozunguzirwa amakore matanhatu. Iyi gadziriro yakaitirwa kugovera dzikamo nenhambo refu mukudzora. Dare rine simba rakakwana rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi . Yakadai sekabhineti, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume (nenzi) kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano nevoruzhinji vaviri. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinotonga pashure pokunge Imba yaunza popomero. Sanator dzinomirira nyika yavo yose uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinotora basa rokuva bhishopi, dzinonangidzira panhau dzemiitiro nenhau dzokunze dzamarudzi akawanda.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiriri inoumbwa nemitezo 435, inogoverwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiaita kuti vazvidavirire zvakananga kuvasarudzo kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzinoitika. Imba ine simba rimwe rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari (mutero nemari inoshandiswa) uye kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti mitezo yayo inoratidzira ganhuriro dzavagari vemo, Imba inowanzogamuchira zvikuru murangariro wavose panhau dzomumba. Matare ayo (8-Hos neMiteo, Jadicary, uye Appropary (pauros) apo basa rakakwana rokugadzira mutemo rinoitika.

Kushanda Kunoita Bazu Rinotonga Pachena

Congress inoshumira vanhu nokushandura zvinodiwa nevavariro mumitemo. Izvi zvinotanga nezvinoita kuti vanhu vatange kunetseka, mapoka ezveurongwa hwevana anokurudzira kuchinja, kana kuti vagadziri vemitemo vanozivisa zvinetso zvenzanga. Bills anosumwa, anoendeswa kumatare, anoitirana nharo, anotenderwa, uye anovhota. Murwendo urwu, kunzwa netsinhiro dzavose zvinobvumira vagari vemo nenyanzvi kuti vataure zvavanofunga. Bazi remitemo rinotarisirawo bazi revakuru kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunzwa, uye simba rechikwama chemari chemubatanidzwa chehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokutungamirira, Dare rinovimbisa kuti masangano ehurumende ashandise mitemo yemitero uye kubhadhara mitero nenzira inovanzira mari.

Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, bazi remitemo rinotapura chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pazvoutano nedzidzo kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo. Somuenzaniso, Affordal Care Act, Clean Air Act, uye Areversel ine Dicculture Education Act zvose zvakatangira muCongress. Kupfurikidza nokumirira mibato yakasiana--- siyana yemibato inokwikwikwidza, bazu rewiro rinoita basa rinokosha mukuratidzira kuda kwavanhu.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Nokushandisa Mitemo

Bazu ravakuru, rinorondedzerwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress uye kutungamirira kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende yehurumende. Pamusoro paro pane Purezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira sedzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Bazu racho rinobatanidzawo Vice Purezidhenti, Complete, uye masangano makuru ehurumende namasangano anoita mibato yakananga.

Purezidhendi Nedare

Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, mufambiro wokumwe, anogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye anovimbisa kuti mitemo “inoitwa nokutendeka.” Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo simba rokupa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru .Nyangwa dzinotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende(* uye kupa kukanganwira. Konquisi yedare, inoumbwa nevakuru vedhipatimendi rinotungamirira 15 (yakadai seDefe, State, Catence, uye Health and Human Ser Services), inopa zano Purezidhendi uye inotarisira masangano avo akasiana. Madhipatimendi aya anoshandisa miitiro yenhau pamusoro poutano hwenyika yose.

Federal Armatics uye Utongi Hwehurumende

Kupfuura Kabhini, mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano akazvimirira, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende anoita mabasa chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inomanikidzira mirau yemhoteredzo, Federal Reserve inoshandisa gadziriro yemari, uye Social Security Administration inotungamirira kurumbidzo dzekurega basa. Masangano aya ane chiremera chokugadza mitemo, kureva kuti anogona kuita mitemo ine simba, inoda kudzokororwa neDare reHurumende nematare.

Kushanda Kunoita Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Pachena Paruzhinji

Bazu guru rinotarisira vanhu kupfurikidza nokupa mabasa, kuchengeta nhevedzano, uye kupindura njodzi. Rinodzora miganhu yenyika, rinoita basa repositi, rinopa njodzi, uye kunzvera mari. Kukwanisa kwaPurezidhendi kuita nokukurumidza munguva dzenjodzi. Kwakadai senjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kuti kuderera kwoupfumi kunowedzera basa rinokosha rokuchengetedza garikano yavose. Mukuwedzera, masangano anotungamirira mashoko, kuongorora, uye kubudisa mashoko anobatsira vagari vemo kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva, kubva panhungamiro dzezvezvekubudirira kuti vachengetedze mamiriro okunze.

Nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, kudzivirirwa nevatengi, uye mipimo yokuchengeteka kubasa, bazi guru rinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwomuAmerica ari wose. Department of Justice inotonga mhosva dzoutsotsi, Dhipatimendi reDzidzo rinotarisira yamuro yavadzidzi yehurumende, uye Department of Transportation rinovimbisa kuchengeteka kwepfuma. Nokuita mitemo nokutendeka, bazi rinotungamirira rinotsigira mutemo uye rinovimbisa kuti zvipikirwa zvinoitwa neCongressmendiners zvinova chaizvoizvo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo Nokuraira Ruramisiro

Bazu redare, rakatangwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, rine mutoro wokududzira mitemo nokushandisa ruramisiro. Rugadzi rwedare rehurumende rune Dare rapamusorosoro, matare ezvikumbiro, matare oruwa, uye matare anoverengeka akananga. Vatongi vanosarudzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, uye vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuvimbisa kuzvimirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwebvumirano isingasaruri.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa idare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika uye rine chiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzedudziro yebumbiro-mitemo nemutemo wehurumende. Inonzwa kukwirira mumatare echiduku uye inosarudza chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau rimwe nerimwe, zvikurukuru izvo zvinobatanidza nheyo dzemitemo yebumbiro-mitemo, rwisano pakati pematunhu, kana kuti mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende. Chisarudzo chakadai se [[FLT: 0] Brown v. . [1] [1] [1] Horo yeDzidzidzo [[FLT:] .[FLT] [2] [4] , [4] .[5]

Matare Echibharo

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatanidza matare 94 oruwa (matare edare redare redare) uye matare 13 edare redare rekodheni anonzwa mhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, nepo matare ezvikumbiro achihwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa. matare anokosha, akadai seDare reInternational Trade neThecos Court, anotonga nhau dzakati. Matare aya anovimbisa kuti nharo dzinopedzwa nguva dzose uye dzakarurama, achigovera chibvumirano nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye hurumende kuti atsvake kutsiva.

Kubatira Kunoita Bazu Rokutonga Paruzhinji

Bazu redare rinobatira vanhu kupfurikidza nokutsigira mutemo, kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga, uye kupedza rwisano norugare. Matare anodudzira mitemo, anohwirudzura zviito zvesangano, uye anosarudza kuzvibata kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, vanogovera cheki pamamwe mapazu ndokudzivisa kubatwa. Vagari vemo vanogona kudenha mitemo kana kuti zviito zvinoputsa rusununguko rwavo, uye matare anobatira somubati wezvokusatora rutivi. Bazu redare rinotonga rinodzorawo gadziriro yokunzvera kwehurumende, rinobata nhau dzokuwandisa mari, uye rinotarisira zviito zvechisiko.

Somuenzaniso, kutonga kwedare pakutsvaka nokudzivirira kunoitwa nomutemo kunodzora mashandiro anoita mitemo yemitemo yemhoteredzo. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo yemitemo yezvakatipoteredza zvinoumba miitiro yeindasitiri. Nokuchengeta gadziriro yeruramisiro yakanaka uye inosvikika, vatongi vanovimbisa kuti mutemo unoshanda zvakaenzana kune vose.

Gadziriro Yemakemikari Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

Mapazu matatu haasi masilos ari oga; akarongedzerwa kubatira pamwe nomugadziriro yakaisvonaka yecheki nedzikamo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi okuganhurira simba ramamwe, kusimudzira batira pamwe nokudzivisa udzori. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova rine simba zvikuru uye kuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • VETO KUSHAYA: Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • [ Chiteshi: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi weSanihedrini, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye Dare rinoitisa kutonga kwacho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubvuma neRevo: Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kumadhipatimendi edare redare nerevakuru vakuru.
  • [ Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora kushandiswa kwemari kwehurumende uye inogona kudzivisa kutsigira mari kubva kumiitiro yavakuru vakuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera uye Kuedza: matare eCongress anogona kuisa magwaro epoena nechipupuriro chokunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Simba reVeto: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira kuuita.
  • [ Mirairo neDirective: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kubudisa mirairo inoumba mashandisirwe emitemo, pane dzimwe nguva ichidzivisa kuita chiito.
  • Kuronga Zvikamu chaizvo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuronga Congress kuti apedze nhau dzokukurumidzira.
  • [ Pradente anogona kupa mhaka nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, achinzvera tongero dzehasha kana kuti dzisina kururama.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

  • [[FUT]Judicial Review: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende, zvinobudirira kuzviparadza.
  • [[FT:0] Dare rinotsanangura mirau isina kujeka, richitapura kudzorwa kwemitemo.
  • Kurangarirwa kweZviito zveAgency:[[[FLT: 1] matare eFederal anohwirudzura mirau nezvisarudzo zvamasangano anotungamirira kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti anowirirana nevavariro yeCongress.

Mienzaniso Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Munhau Dzapfuura

Kudzora kwazvino uno kunogovera mifananidzo yakawanda yechekedzo nedzikamo. Muna 2012, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira chirevo chomunhu oga cheAffordal Care Act somutero asi rakabvisa kukura kwaMedicaid sechinonyanyowirirana(a muenzaniso wetsika wokunzvera dare rose riri maviri nerePurezidhendi. Muna 2020, Imba yakasaidzira Purezidhendi Trump nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba uye kudzongonyedzwa kweDare, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakasunungura. Nhaunda dzakashandisa mabhii kumisa mitemo, sema Purezidhendi Obama’s sevetoto gweta rinobvumira kurwisana neSaudia Arabia remaa kana kuti adzorwe. Izvi zviito izvi zvinoratidza kuti bazi harisimudziwi muboka rimwe nerimwe; asi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kukurukura nemamwe mabhina.

Kushanda Kunoita Mapazi Pamwe Chete Kushumira Paruzhinji

Donzo guru rokuparadzana kwemasimba nechero nedzinoyera nderokubatira voruzhinji. Apo mapazu anoshanda mutsinhirano, hurumende inoshanda zvikuru, inoonesa pachena, uye yakarurama. Betsero dzavose mumitemo inosanorangarirwa, inourawa zvakanaka, uye inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Iyi batira pamwe haisati iri nguva dzose yakapfavisa jeko rematongerwe enyika nerwisano yemagariro inogona kunonotsa fambiro mberi.

Kubatanidzwa Nokubatanidzwa Pachena

Vagari havasi vacherechedzi vasingashandi. Kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kunyorera vamiriri, kutora rutivi mukutonga kwavose, uye kuunza matare, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kupesvedzera mapazu ose matatu. Bazu remitemo rinopindura dzvinyiriro yemitemo; bazu guru rinoita tsinhiro dzavose pamiraudzo; bazi rinotonga rinonzwa nhau dzinounzwa navanhuwo zvavo. Ruzivo uye runoita kuti vanhu vapiwe. Zviwanikwa zvakadai se .gov rinogovera mashoko okuonana navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, uye [[FLT:] Dare rapamusoro-soro] rinogovera kumiganhuro nezvisarudzo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Tsika Inogara iripo

Nhasi, mapazu matatu anotarisana nedenho itsva: kukunda vakuru vakuru, kudzora kwemitemo, uye kuisa mitemo mudare. Kunyange zvakadaro, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba. Nharo pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi, kushandiswa kwemirairo yezviremera, uye basa rematare mumuitiro wenzanga rinopfuurira kuedza tsika. Bva nzvero nedzino zvakaenzana zvinoramba zvisina kukuvadzwa, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe rinopfuurira kusimbisa maruramiro aro. Kunzwisisa kwavanhu simba raaya kunokosha kuchengetedza utongi hwehurumende hwehurumende yehurumende.

mhedziso

Mapazu matatu ehurumende anoshanda pamwe chete kubatira vanhu kupfurikidza negadziriro yakagadzirirwa zvakanaka yemasimba akaparadzana nokunzvera. Mitemo yebazu yemitemo inoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvavose; bazu guru rinoshandisa mitemo iyoyo nokubudirira uye tsitsi; bazi rinotonga rinotsanangura ndokuvimbisa ruramisiro yavo. Uku kubatira pamwe, nepo pane dzimwe nguva kunoitirana nharo, kunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, kunosimudzira zvakanaka, uye kunotsigira mutemo. Kupfurikidza nokuonga kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinobetsera sei uye kuti rinobata sei, vagari vemo vanogona kubatira zviri nani nehurumende yavo uye kutsigira utungamiriri hunobudirira, hunozvidavirira. Kubudirira kunotsamira pakuedza kweAmerica kunotsamira pairi chiyero chakushanda kwavanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve paBumbiro reMitemo nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, shanyira .gov’Statution Anongedzerwa uye National Archives[ nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvikuru.