Sumo

Chibvumirano chegumi namana cheMitemo yeChibvumirano cheUnited States chinomira seimwe yegadziriro dzinoguma nemhesano hurusa munhau yemitemo yeAmerica. Ratisimudzwa pana July 9, 1868, mukati mekugadziridzwazve kwenyongano yeNguva, iyi gadziridzo inopfuudzira zvikurukuru mamiriro enzvimbo yogaro uye ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nenyika. Zvikamu zvayo zvine simba (* Chiganhu chaClause, neGumbidzo yeChibvumirano chaCreace Claus, uye Nhlangano yaMarudzi Clausce (at Legote Protement Claus) zvakabatira sechinhu chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweinodokuva maruramiro makuru ose avanhu anopfuura makore 150 apfuura. Kubvisa kupesana kwedzinza kukuita roorano, chibvumirano che145 Creast Reformation protection syst Claus yetsikation nokuda kwemitemo yeAmerica yose.

Chibvumirano chacho chakagadzirirwa zvakananga kuputsa Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857] chisarudzo, umo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakazivisa kuti vagari veAmerica vakanga vasitongori uye vaisagona kuva vagari veU. kupfurikidza nokutanga kuva mugari wemo wemo nedziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, Idmerfection yechi 144th Demendment yakagadzira gadziriro itsva yebumbiro remitemo iyo yakatambanudzira dziviriro dzaMarudzi ose, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, uye yakaita hwaro nokuda kwenzanga inobatanidza vanhu vose uye isingasarumbi.

Nhoroondo yeMitemo Yechigumi Negumi Yakare

Kuti tinzwisise zvizere kukosha kweKirend Amendment ye14th, zvinokosha kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu enhau akatungamirira kukuumbwa kwayo. American Civil War (1861-1865) yakanga yagumisa kutangwa kwouranda kupfurikidza neHwendedzero ye13, asi mugariro wemamiriyoni mana eAfrica yakanga ichangobva kusunungurwa wakaramba usina chokwadi zvikuru. Mitemo yokudzvinyirira yakakurumidza kuisa mitemo inozivikanwa seBlack Confectives, iyo yakaganhurira zvakakomba rusununguko rwavatema, kubatanidza kodzero yavo yokuita zvinhu, kupinda muzvibvumirano, kupupurira mudare, uye kufamba norusununguko.

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha186 chakanga chiri kuedza kwokutanga kweCongress kukurira idzi nhano dzinodzvinyirira kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vakanga vari vagari vemo uye vane maruramiro edziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo nerutyo kuti Dare renguva yemberi ringachinja kungatungamirira kuchisarudzo chokupinza idzi nheyo muBumbiro remitemo rimene. Idrumentedth Amendment yakabuda sechigadzikiso chemitemo chakakwana, ichivimbisa kuti dziviriro yokuva mugari wemo haigoni kubviswa nyore nyore nyore nechiito chemitemo.

Nguva Yokuvakwazve Nehondo Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kugadziridzwa kwakarongwa neJoint Committee on Reconstruction, dare chairo resangano rakaumbwa kuti ripedze zvinetso zvokudzosa nyika dzeMadokero kuUnion. Muitiro wacho wakanga uri wezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, nekurukurirano pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende, kodzero dzenyika, uye revo yokuenzana. Readerracrates yakatsigira vimbiso yehurumende yakasimba yekodzero dzevanhu, nepo Republican neDemocrates vakatsvaka kuchengetedza mwero wakati wesimba rehurumende.

Rugwaro rwokupedzisira rwechigadziridzo rwaimirira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, asi kunyange zvakadaro rwakatanga nheyo itsva dzebumbiro remitemo. Kutenderwa kwadzo kwaida mvumo kubva kumativi matatu mana enyika, muitiro wakanga wakazara negakava. Nyika dzokuMadokero dzaidikanwa kururamisa kugadziridzwa semamiriro okunyoreswa kuUnion, kuvamba simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakaumba nzira yeconcon kwamakore aitevera.

Kudavidza KumaKodi Matema

Mitemo yeBlack Codes ya1865-1866 yakabatira sechinhu chakananga chinoparira Kugadziridzwa kweMitemo kweChigumi Negumi. iyi mitemo yaisiyana - siyana kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende asi yaiwanzobatanidza gadziriro idzo:

  • VaAmerica veAfrica vakawana nzvimbo yokuva nenzvimbo kana kuti kurenda kunze kwenharaunda dzakarongwa
  • Kumanikidza vanhu vechiBlack kupinda muzvibvumirano zvebasa izvo zvakavandudzazve nenzira inobudirira migariro youranda
  • VaAmerica vomuAfrica vakarambidzwa kodzero yokupupurira mudare, kubatira padare ramatare anobetsera vatongi, kana kuti kuvhota musarudzo
  • Zvirango zvakakomba zvakaiswa nokuda kwokusasununguka, izvo zvakashandiswa kumanikidza vanhu vechiBlack kupinda mubasa risingabhadharwi

The Expament Protection Clause, zvikurukuru, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa hurumende kupa mutemo wokusarura waisarudza mapoka akati kuti kuti abatwe nenzira yakasiyana - siyana.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi

Mutezo weKinai weFindment unoumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu, asi chikamu chokutanga chine zvikamu zvitatu zvinopesvedzera zvikurusa zvakaumba mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda basa rakasiyana mukudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga uye kuvimbisa kuva nomwero pasi pomutemo.

Kuva Mugari Wemo Claus

Chivitity Claus, chinowanwa muChikamu 1, chinoti: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Iyi gadziriro yakadzosa zvakananga Drid Scott chisarudzo uye varavi voudangwe senheyo huru yomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Chikamu ichi chakadudzirwa kupa kuva mugari wemo kunenge munhu ari wose akaberekerwa muU.S., pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokutama yavabereki vavo. Mhaka yechiratidzo United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) yakasimbisa kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvabereki vokuChina vakatamira aiva mugari wemo weU.S., kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende panguva yakaganhurirwa kubuda kweChina nokuzvimirira. Iyi nheyo younzi ugari hwemo, inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]] maris , inoramba iri rutivi runozivikanwa nomutemo wevagari veAmerica uye wavemo rwezvamatongerwe enyika unoramba uri musoro wekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

Dare reChiitiko chaClaus rinopa kuti pasava nehurumende icha "nopa munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Chitsama ichi chine makunhu maviri akasiyana: muitiro wakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inoda kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura maruramiro avanhu zviitwe kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoruramisira neyakagadzwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, kunzwa, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye banza rokupa ufakazi. Muitiro wezvakafanira wetsika unoshanda mumativi akawanda, kubatanidza kutonga kwoutsotsi, zviitiko zvokutarisira, uye kuziviswa kwevagari vemo.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yapamberi pechinhu chakafanira itsananguro inomutsa nharo zvikuru nehuru inodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati kubva mukudzorwa nehurumende, kunyange kana hurumende ikatevera miitiro inoruramisira. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa mutoo wakafanira kudzivirira maruramiro akadai sekodzero yokuroora, maruramiro okurera vana, kodzero yokushandisa kudzivisa kudzivisa kubata pamuviri, uye maruramiro okuzvidzora. Uyu mutemo weCURT Clausce ave pakati pemitemo yemafaunzi kubatanidza Roe v. Wade [777]]) uye 073].[FL:]

Kudzivirira Claus Zvakaenzana

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus kunoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi mukati mayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Iyi murairo ihwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwomutemo unorwisana norusaruro uye yakakumbirwa muzvinoitika zvisingaverengeki kudenha kubatwa kusina kuenzana kwakavakirwa padzinza, kuva murume kana mukadzi, chimiro chevatano, uye mamwe mavara.

Dare Rapamusoro Rakatanga Rudungwe Rwokuongorora Kutaura Kunowirirana Kwokudzivirira:

  • Strict [ inoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, uye maruramiro makuru. Mumupimo uyu, hurumende inofanira kuratidzira fariro inogombedzera uye inoratidza kuti mutoo wayo wakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo.
  • Kunzvera kweIntermeterte[[FL:1] kunoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa pamavara echirume neasina kunyorwa. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongwa kunobatira fariro inokosha yehurumende uye ine chokuita zvikuru nefariro iyoyo.
  • hwaro hwekudzokororwa hunoshanda kuzvimwe zvirongwa zvose. Hurumende inoda bedzi kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kune chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende.

Ichi chirongwa chakashandiswa muzvinoitika zvinovambira parusaruraganda rwedzinza kusvikira kurusaruro rwechikadzi kusvikira kumurairo wezvemari, kuita Ecult Protection Clause imwe yegadziriro dzinogaropiwa muBumbiro reMitemo.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Imwe yemipiro yeKinaith Amendment inosvika kure zvikurusa kumutemo weAmerica idzidziso yokubatanidza. Kupfurikidza neGuta Renyika rinonzi The Battle Process Claus, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende, richichinja zvikurukuru dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.

Pamberi peKinaith Amendment, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kuva inoganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende. Mhaka yepane imwe Barron v. Baltimore (133) yakanga yataura zvakajeka kuti Bill of Rights yakanga isingashandisi kumabasa ehurumende. Iwechinaith Amendment yakachinja simba iri kupfurikidza nokurambidza nyika kunyima munhu upi noupi we "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo."

Munhevedzano yenhau kuvamba muzana ramakore rechi 20, Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kududzira Gwaro reChuroro Claus serinobatanidza gadziriro dzakananga dzeBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Muitiro wacho wakanga uri pashoma napashoma uye mhaka nenyaya, Dare rinobatanidza:

  • Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment yekutaura, mapepanhau, rudzidziso, gungano, uye chikumbiro mu Gitlow v. New York (1925) uye nhau dzinotevera
  • Gemende Yechina inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari mu [[FL:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
  • Mukana weFirefement weshanu unopesana nokuzviparadzanisa mu Malloy v. Hogan (1964)
  • Gadziriro yeTsvudziro yekodzero yekupa zano mu Gideon v. Wainwright [ (1863)
  • California (1962)

Nhasi, inodokuva dziviriro dzose dziri muBill of Rights dzakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nenyika, zvichiita kuti Hurumende yeKineth Amendment ive motokari huru iyo kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandiswa pahurumende nomunharaunda.

Kutapura Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Mutongo weKinaith Amendment wave uri chombo chikuru chapamutemo muanodokuva sangano guru rekodzero dzavagari vemo riri rose munhau yeAmerica.gadziriro dzawo dzakadudzwa mumhaka dzeDare Gurusa idzo dzakaputsa mitemo yokupa mhaka uye dzakakudza ukuru hwokuenzana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Zvichida kushandiswa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kweFlimate Protection Claus kwakauya Brown v. Board of Education, umo Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuzivisa kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakanga kusina kupesana. Dare rakaramba "kubatana asi kwakaenzana" dzidziso yakatangwa mu Preby v. Ferguson[ [1866], rikabata nzvimbo idzodzo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzana dzakanga dzisingawiriraniswi uye rakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana. Ichi chisarudzo chakabatira sechisakiso chekodzero dzavagari vemo dzakakura zvikuru uye chakatungamirira kunzvimbo dzinoitirwa vanhu vose muUnited States.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Mu yokwata v. Virginia, Dare Rapamusorosa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza, ichirangarira kuti mitemo yakadaro yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira kwakaenzana neGuva ReProce Claus. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu uye haagoni kudzorwa neHurumende." Chisarudzo ichi chakarerutsa mitemo inodzivisa kudzivirira mamimiscegen’a mumitauro 16 uye chakasimbisa kuti Hurumende ye14 inodzivirira maruramiro okuroora.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Kwenguva yokutanga, [[FT:0] yakapiwa mu [[FT] v. Reed, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa dziviriro inoenzana Clause kuputsa mutemo waitsaura pahwaro hwevatano. Mhaka yaibatanidza Idaho yakapa varume chisarudzo chaivapo chokuda vakadzi mukutarisira nzvimbo. Dare rairangarira kuti kuda kwomutemo kwavarume kwakaputsa dziviriro inoenzana naClause, kuchiisa hwaro nokuda kwerusaruro rwazvino uno rwevatano.

Kukudzwa Kwazvino Kwe Amendedzero Yegumi Nemana

Nheyo dzaro dzinoda kutevedzerwa muzviitiko zvinobatanidza kuenzana kweroorano, kodzero dzokuvhota, rusununguko rwokubereka, uye mutemo wokutamira kune dzimwe nyika, dzinoramba dzichitaurwa nezvadzo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu Dare rakawana kuti maruramiro okuroora anokosha anodzivirirwa ne, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti Iwenath Amendment inoda kuti nyika dzizive roorano dzevatano imwe cheteyo uye kuita roorano nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Dare rakawana kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa neChiitiko cheClaus uye kuti varoorani vorudzi rumwe chetevo vanodzivisa kuroora kana kuputsa dziviriro yaClassionale. Iyi chisarudzo yakaratidzira kukura kwakatanhamara kwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzeLGBTQ neAmerica uye yakaratidzira simba rinogara re145 Demendment totaura zvimiro zvitsva zvokusarura.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Ne Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

Geneth Amendment yave iri chinhu chikuru kuhondo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota. Chikamu 2 chekugadziriswa chinogovera kuti kana hurumende ikaramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo upi noupi wechirume pazera remakore 21, kumirira kwayo muCongress kuchaderedzwa zvakaenzana. Nepo iyi gadziriro isingawanzomanikidzirwa, Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaSangano kwave kuchishandiswa kudenha mitemo yeID, kuvhota magariro edzinza, uye dzimwe ganhuriro dzokuvhotera dzinotapura zvikuru vagari vemo vorushoma. Matsoro akadai se [[FLT:] County v. Shel Counter[FL:] [FLT] [20] [20]), yakabvisa gadziriro huru yeKodzero yeLegistions Post Actrectrence ya1965]

Kodzero Dzokuberekana Nekuzvigadzira

Dare Rapamhene reMitiro Claus reMitemo ye 144 Demendment rave riri pakati pegadziriro yapamutemo yakapoteredza maruramiro okubereka. Mu Rooe v. Wade [177]), Dare Gurusa raidavira kuti kodzero yokuva woga, yakadzika midzi muGumo reCENT Ex Programme Claus, inodzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu [[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi Varity Organization [[FLT:] [202], Dare rinotonga [[FLT] [[FLT]] pamutemo [[FLT]] pamutemo.[FLT] inodzivirira maruramiro anokosha.[FLT]

Kutama Uye Kuberekwa Nenguva Yakakwana

Chisangwa chavana Claus ye 14th Amendment chinoramba chiri chiteshi chikuru munharo dzemiitiro yokubuda. Vamwe vanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaraira kugumisa kuva mugari wemo nokuda kwavana vakabva kunzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa, vachiramba kuti mashoko okuti "kuzviisa pasi pesimba rawo" anobvisa vana vakadaro. Zvisinei, kududzirwa kwapamutemo kwakapararira, kunotsigirwa ne United States v. Wong Kim Ark[ uye muitiro wakagadzwa, unotaura kuti anenge munhu ari wose anoberekwa muU. ivhu igwema. Nhambu ipi neipi yokuganhurira uvanzi hwenhaka ingatarisana nedenho huru dzemitemo pasi peKirdemya ye14.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo rehwaro mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica, Ivhu Repasi Rechigumi Nezvina rave riri nhau yegakava rinopfuurira.

Kudavira Mashura Kunopesana Nezvakasikwa.

Murangariro uyu, Kuenzana Kudzivirira kwakarongwa kwakarongwa kwakarongwa kunoitwa kuti kugadziridze mamiriro ezvinhu echiNgezi neapenyu emitemo inosvika ku 14th Amerekandment. Vatsigiri vezvokuchinja vanofanira kuturikirwa maererano nerevo yavanhu vepakutanga yorugwaro rwavo panguva yokuwedzera. Pamurangariro uyu, Kuyera Kudzivirira kwakaitwa kuti kugadziridze kusarurana kwemarudzi eAfrica asi hakurevedzeri hako mamwe marudzi orusarura, akadai seaya akavakirwa patsika dzechirume kana kuti dzevatano. Mabumbiro emitemo, anopesana, anopikisa kuti nheyo dzapamutemo dzakafara dzinofanira kushandura zvimiro zvitsva zvokusaenzana nokusaruramisira. Iyi kurukurirano ine chokuita kuti matare ashande kugadziriswa kwenhau dzenguva ino.

Chiito Chinosimbisa uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Kushandiswa kweSangano Rokudzivirira Claus kutendera mapurogiramu kwave kuchikakavadzana zvikuru. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke (1978), Dare Gurusabvuta kuti mipimo yedzinza mumitemo yeyunivhesiti yakanga isingawirirani asi kuti rudzi rungagona kurangarirwa sechinhu chimwe pakati pavazhinji. Mumisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, mu [[FLT:]] zvikamu zveFair Adgicts v. Harvard[FLT:] [20]), Dare rakava nechiito chirevo chapa paHarvard neYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina, rina miitiro inopesana nenzvimbo inodzo huru yetsika dzetsika dzakavakwamukamuka. Ichi chakamutsa kupesana pamusoro pekufanana nerevo.

Kudzorerwa Kwemari Ne Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi20, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakashandisa Nhevedzo yeChirongwa chaClaus kuti ripedze mitemo yemari, kubatanidza mitemo yemari shomanene nemitemo yeawa yakapetwa, munguva inozivikanwa se Lochner zera. Dare gare gare rakasiya iyi nzira muma1930 na 1940, kutora chimiro chakakomba zvikuru kumira kumira mberi kwezve kwezvemari. Zvisinei, vamwe vanotsoropodza vanoramba kuti zvisarudzo zveDare zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinodzivirira kodzero dzezvinhu nerusununguko rwezvemari pasi peBasamende reBasaunzi Claus Calaus rinogona kuratidzira kumutsidzira jitaro yema1930 [[FLT]] juctrective. Iyi inhau yenharo inopfuurira pakati perusununguko nehurumende pasi pekudzodzo yehurumende.

mhedziso

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment unoramba uri simba rinokosha uye rine simba mukurwisa kuenzana neruramisiro kunopfuurira muUnited States. Gadziriro dzawo dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vose uye dzinobatira sehwaro hwefambiro mberi yomunguva yemberi mukodzero dzevanhu. Kubva pamavambo awo pashure peHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira pakushanda kwayo munharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, kuenzana kweroorano, uye rusununguko rwokubereka, Idmerfement yechi14th Amendment yabvumikisa kuva chimwe chezvishandiso zvinochinjika zvikurusa uye zvine simba mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica.

Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kunangana nenhau dzenzanga dzakaoma, Iwenath Amendment pasina mubvunzo ichaita basa guru mukuumba pamutemo. Kana kupfurikidza neSangano rePurection Claus rekudzivirira Claus kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, Kudzivirira kweCHENGETSCHES Claus kwekodzero dzinokosha, kana kuti kubvumirwa kwaClaus kuva mugari wemo wenhaka, kugadziriswa kuchaita mutemo kuti pave negadziriro yemitemo yokugadzirisa zvinetso zvitsva asi uchitsigira nheyo huru yokuti vanhu vose vanofanira kudzivirirwa nemitemo yakaenzana. Iwe 1450th Amend Amend haisi haisiwo chinyorwa chenhauwo zvayo; igwaro mhindu mhenyu inopfuurira kurondedzera zvazvinoreva kuva muAmerica uye zvinoreva kuti ivei muteveri pasi pomutemo.