Sumo: Hwaro Hwokururama

Muitiro unowirirana ibasa retsika yemitemo yeAmerica. Mukuita murairo webumbiro remitemo, chipikirwa chebumbiro remitemo chokuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu chisina nhevedzano. Chinopinzwa muMitemo yeFita neMitemo yeMitemo yeChishanu neMinei 4, iyi nheyo inodzivisa chiito chehurumende chekuzvidira uye inovimbisa kuti munhu ari wose agamuchire kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Mumiitiro youtsotsi, muitiro unodikanwa uchaita kuti simba guru rehurumende rive rakarongwa, muitiro unoshuviwa. Inoda kuti mitemo ishande nguva dzose, kuti vapomerwi vapiwe mukana une revo wokuzvidzivirira, uye kuti migumisiro ive yakavakirwa paufakazi panzvimbo yechinhu. Pasina muitiro weruramisiro unoda kubvisa chishandiso chidzvinyiriro chokudzvinyirira; pamwe chete, gadziriro inosimudzira kururamisira kuti igova nezvose zviri zvakarurama.

Mavambo Enhau Egadziriro Yakafanira

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira unotevedza mavambo awo kuChitsauko 39 cheMagna Carta (1215), icho chakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo kana kuti kubviswa maruramiro kunze kwe “kupfurikidza norutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Iyi vimbiso yapakuvamba yakashanduka kupfurikidza nomutemo weEngland, ichipesvedzera maruramiro ehurumende ehurumende nezvinyorwa zvehwaro yenheyo zveUnited States. Findmferandment, yakatenderwa nomutoo unogamuchirwa muna 1791, zvakajeka kurambidza hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi wo “upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo."." Pashure peHondo yeHondo yeChizvarwa, Kudzivirira kweGenesaretanu zvakatamba iyi kumabasa ehurumende, ichi chinosimbisa muitiro wapamutemo worudzi rwose.

Zviitiko zvokuratidzira zvakadai se Hurtado v. California (1884) uye kuwirirana v. New Jersey [[FLT] [196] (1988) zvishoma nezvishoma yakaumba dzidziso, asi yakanga iri zana ramakore rechi20 rakaona ruvara rwayo rwakazara. Dare reWarren Court mu [FLT:]4] Gideon v. Wainright[ [6] [193])] — ichivimbisa rudyi kupiwa zano nokuda kwemifungo yavanhu. — [FLT] na[FL:] v.[5] [196]

Cornell Law Information Institute inogovera kupetwa kwakakwana kwemhindumupindu yenhau uye gadziriro yedzidziso dzazvino dzemuitiro wakafanira.

Kuratidza Kufanira Kwakaita Kururamisira

Muitiro wakafanira wetsika unodzora marobhoti ayo hurumende inofanira kuita nawo apo inotsvaka kuganhurira maruramiro omunhu. Mukuita utsotsi, ikoku kunoshandura kuva nhevedzo yamatanho akarongwa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro, kujeka, uye kururama.

Ziva Mukana Wokunzwiwa

Pamavambo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti mukwiridziri agamuchire ziviso yakakwana yepomero nebanza rapachokwadi rokudzikwidza. Cherekedzo inofanira kuva yakananga kuti ibvumire kugadzirwa kwedziviriro, uye kutongwa kunofanira kuva kune revo — kwete muitirowo zvawo. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa ikoku mu Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust.[FLD:1] [1950], rina mashoko iwayo anofanira ku “kurangarirwa nenzira ine mufungo, mumigariro yose, kuzivisa mapoka anofarira chiito."

Kodzero Yezano

Chisarudzo chechiratidzo mu Gideon v. Wainwright chakasimbisa kuti maruramiro eSixth Amendment okupa zano anoshanda kuhurumende kutonga mhaka kupfurikidza neKine8th Amendment. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mukwiriri upi noupi anotarisana netongero yetongero yejeri anopiwa maruramiro kugweta, uye kana vasingagoni kutenga imwe, hurumende inofanira kugovera imwe. Kurura kunopfuura kuidzo kukutsoropodza kutongwa, kubatanidza kudzorwa kwedare nekurukurirano.

Kodzero Yokutarisana NeZvapupu uye Ufakazi Hwazvino

Kupesana kwaClaus weSixth Amendment kunopa vakwirirwi kodzero yokupupurira pamusoro pavo. Iyi haisati iriwo zvayo mitoo inopesana asi chishandiso chine simba chokufumura tsvuturo, kuchinja, kana kuti nhema chaidzo. Kupa iyi ikodzero yokupa uchapupu hwomunhu amene, izvo zvinosanganisira kudana zvapupu, kusuma magwaro, uye kupupurira kana mupomeri akasarudza. Kodzero idzi dzakasimbiswa mu Cawford v. Washington[FLT:] [2004]), izvo zvakaganhurira kushandiswa kwemashoko okubuda munze-countrea "regint" kunze kwokunge mukwidziridziridzi anowanika nokuda kwokuongorora.

Kururama Kudare Risingasaruri

Gadziriro yakafanira inoda muiti wechisarudzo chokusatora rutivi. Vatongi vanofanira kuzvipomera vamene kana vane mirangariro yomunhu oga kana kuti fariro yemari mumuuyo. Munhau dzoutsotsi, Sixte Amendment inovimbisa vatongi vezera rako, vachibva mudindi renzanga rakaenzana, uye vatongi vanofanira kurairirwa pamusoro pokunzi havana mhaka uye mutoro woufakazi pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Kodzero Yokuramba Wakanyarara uye Uchidzivirirwa Pakuzvishora

Chikomborero cheFindre Amendment chinopesana nokuzviparadzanisa. Miranda — kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara, nyevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mudare, kodzero kugweta, uye kodzero yokuva nomumiririri akagadzwa — zvino yava tsika mukubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kureurura kunoitwa nokuzvidira uye kuti vapomerwi vanoziva dziviriro dzavo dzemitemo vasati vataura kumutemo.

Gadziriro Yakafanira: Icho Choruramisiro

Nepo muitiro wekuisa mashoko panzvimbo yazvo uchinangidzira ngwariro pamutoo, muitiro wakafanira unonzvera chibvumirano [ chemutemo umene. Inobvunza kana mutemo wakarurama zvikuru uye kana uchidzongonyedza kodzero dzakadzika midzi kwazvo munhau yeAmerica zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzivhara pasina ruramiso inogombedzera.

Kodzero Dzinokosha Dzinozivikanwa Mugadziriro Yakafanira

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaziva chiverengero chakati chamaruramiro makuru anodzivirirwa nomutoo wakafanira, unobatanidza:

  • Kodzero yokuroora
  • Kodzero yokuva nevana ndokuvarera sezvinooneka vabereki
  • Kodzero yokuperera mumuviri uye kuramba kurapwa
  • Kodzero yokuva woga, kubatanidza maruramiro okushandisa kudzivisa kubereka uye kubvisa pamuviri (miganhu yakagadzwa nemitemo yazvino)
  • Kodzero yokufamba wakasununguka muUnited States

Munhau dzoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unomanikidzira icho hurumende inogona kuita chitsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mitemo iyo inoita mugarirowo zvawo — zvakadai sokupindwa muropa nemirimo — yakaparadzwa seyaiputsa Robinson v. (1962), Dare rairangarira kuti mutemo waiita kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka utsotsi wakanga usingawirirani nemhaka yokuti wakaranga mugariro panzvimbo pechiito.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuita Zvisinganyatsoonekwi

Matare anosvika pamuitiro wakafanira wekuzvidira anotaura nokungwarira, achiziva kuti vatongi vasina kusarudzwa havafaniri kupfava zvisarudzo zvemitemo yechipiri. Mupimo wokuhwirudzura mitemo inotapura maruramiro makuru ndiwo [ . mutemo unofanira kubatira fariro yehurumende uye kugadzirirwa zvishoma kuti isvike fariro iyoyo. Nokuti mitemo isingatapuki pakodzero dzinokosha, mupimo wacho wakaderera zvikuru — kuedzwa kwehwaro yehwaro [, uko bedzi kunoda kuti mutemo ugove une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nedonzo rehurumende. Iyi mipimo miviri inodzivirira maruramiro makuru anodzivirira maruramiro asingavaki nokuda kwemitengi yomutemo.

shopu yemishumo yeDare Rapamusorosoro [ inopa kunzvera kune udzame kwezvisarudzo zvikuru zvegadziriro yakafanira, kubatanidza mhindumupindu yekodzero dzakavanzika.

Kufambira Mberi Kunofanira Panhanho Dzose Dzoutsotsi

Dziviriro dzemuitiro wakafanira hadzina kuganhurirwa kukutonga kumene. dzinomhanya mumuitiro wose woutsotsi weruramisiro, kubva panguva yokusungwa kusvikira kuzvikumbiro zvapashure pokukwirira.

Kusungwa uye Kuoneka Pakutanga

Kusungwa kunofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira — zvikonzero zvine mufungo zvokudavira utsotsi zvakaitika uye kuti anonyumwira akahuita. Nokukurumidza pashure pokusungwa, kunyumwira kunofanira kuunzwa pamberi pamejasitiriti pasina kunonozeka kusati kuri madikanwa nokuda kwechisakiso chinobvira. Ichi ndicho Gerstein[ kunzwa (kwakapiwa zita ra [[FLT:]]GERTESTEN v. Pugh[FLT]]], 1975, uko kunovimbisa kuti vanhu havabatiri mutorongo nenzira yokusazvidira.

Kutanga Kwebasa: Kuzvidzora, Kuzvidzora, uye Kuwana

Dare Remisi yeMitemo Resere rinorambidza bheraidzo yakanyanyisa, asi muitiro wakafanira unodawo kuti zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuchengetwa kusati kwaitwa zvive zvakavakirwa pakuyera kunoitwa kwomunhu oga kwengozi yokubhururuka nengozi kunzanga. Mukati morutivi urwu, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okunzwa kwokutanga kuedza ufakazi hwacho hwakakwana, uye vane maruramiro okuwana ufakazi hwemupupuri — muitiro unodzorwa ne Brady v. Mary [1963], unoda kuti hurumende itendere ufakazi hupi nohupi hwokunzvera.

Kutongwa uye Kutongerwa

Pakutongwa, mukwirirwi ane maruramiro okukurumidza kupfuurira, maruramiro okuvapo, uye maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzinotongwa nokuda kwemhosva dzinorangwa neinopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu. Kupomera mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Pashure pokupwiswa, muitiro wakafanira unopfuurira kushanda pakupa mutongo: mukwiridziridzo anofanira kugamuchira ziviso yamaidi api naapi ayo mutongi acharangarira, mukana wokukwikwidza, uye rondedzero inorangarirwa nokuda kwomutongo wacho. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu [FLT: 0] Appndi v. New Jersey [2] [2] [FLT:] [12]

Kukwirira uye Kuongorora Nguva Yakapfuura

Kodzero yokukwirira pachayo haisati ichivimbiswa neBumbiro reMitemo, asi kana hurumende yangosarudza kuita gadziriro yokupa murairo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti iitwe nenzira yakarurama. Vakwirirwi vasina mhaka vanofanira kupiwa mapepa okukwirira negweta pakukwirira. Habeas corpus inoramba iri dziviriro yokupedzisira, ichibvumira vasungwa kudenha kuchengetwa kusiri kwapamutemo mudare rehurumende.

Migumisiro Yokuputsa Migumisiro Yakafanira

Apo hurumende inokundikana kutsigira muitiro wakafanira, miuyo yacho inogona kuva yakakomba — nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vakwirirwi vamwe navamwe uye nokuda kwokuvimba kwavose mugadziriro yeruramisiro.

Kudavira Zvakaipa

Muuyo une ngwavaira zvikurusa ipwiso yomunhu asina mhaka. Chifo cha 1989, vanhu vanopfuura 3 600 vakasunungurwa pasina mhaka muUnited States, vazhinji nemhaka yokuputswa kwomuitiro wakafanira: kureurura kwokumanikidzira, ufakazi hwokupa mhaka, kunyimwa kusingashandisi betsero yezano, kana kuti miitiro yokuona nayo yakashata. The Innocence Project inoshuma kuti ufakazi hweDNA hwakasunungura pamutemo mazana avanhu vakapiwa mhaka isina kururama, vamwe vavo vakapedza makumi amakore vari mumutsetse worufu.

Kutonga Kusina Kururama Nokudzorerazve

Apo mutongi anotonga kana kuti muchuchisi anoputsa kodzero dzomukwiridziridzi dzakakodzera, muuyo ungava kutongwa kusina kururama. Pakukwirira, zvitendero zvinochinjwa kana mhosho yacho yakanga isingakuvadzi — ndiko kuti, kana pane bviro ine mufungo yokuti yakatapura chisarudzo. Nepo kuchinjwa kunogona kuonwa somutoo wokuzvidavirira, ivo vanoisawo ndyiko pavanyajambwa, zvapupu, uye vanhu, uye vanogona kunonotsa ruramisiro kwamakore.

Kuparara Kwechivimbo Chevanhu Vose

Zvichida kuvadziko yamanomano zvikurusa kuderera kwechivimbo mutsika yapamutemo. Apo nzanga dzinonzwisisa kuti mutoo wakafanira unoshandiswa zvisina kufanira — somuenzaniso, apo mapoka maduku edzinza anonyimwa bheray kana kuti kutongerwa zvakaipa — batira pamwe nemitemo inoderera, uye kuva pamutemo kwematare kunopanikirwa. Nhau huru dzomufambiro wakashata wemuchuchisi, dzakadai sokuvanza ufakazi mu Brady[, kukuvadziko inotemesa. Kuvimba kunoda kutevedzerwa kwemipimo yakafanira yakafanira nokuzvidavirira kune revo.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Kufambira mberi kuripo kunofanira kunge kuripo panguva imwe chete; kunofanira kuenderana neruzivo rutsva rwekugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu, uye kugadziridza kunzwisisa kururamisira.

Kushandisa Madhigirii uye Kuva Woga

Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemichina yokuongorora — kunyora serura, kuziva chiso, maalgorith anodzora anodeya kuonekwa — kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro peGadziriro yeChina uye muitiro unotarwa. Mu Carpeenter v. United States (2018), Dare Rapamusoro rairangarira kuti hurumende inoda pamutemo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yesero renhau, ichiziva kuti kuongorora kwemichina kunogona kufumuranisa udzame hwepedyo hwoupenyu hwomunhu. Sezvo ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu hunova hunobatanidzwa zvikuru mugadziriro yemapurisa uye kunyange zvisarudzo zvokutonga, matare achafanira kusarudza kana muitiro uchida kuoneka nokutarisana nemukana kwenhau.

Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Nemabhii Etsika

Nzvero inoratidzira nguva dzose kuti vakwirirwi veBlack neHispanic vanotarisana nokubatwa kwakashata zvikurusa panhambo iri yose yegadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi — kubva pamwero yakakwirira yokusungwa nokuchengetwa kusati kwaitwa kusvikira kumitsetse mirefu. Nepo rusaruro rwedzinza rwakajeka rusingawanzowaniki, kusarurana kwakakwana uye kusaenzana kwegadziriro yegadziriro. Dare Gurusa rinodzivisa kubvuma “kupesana kwechiito chogaro chemitemo, asi vatsigiriri nenyanzvi dzinoramba dzichitaura kuti muitiro wakafanira unoda kuongororwa kwemitemo inoparira kupesana kwamarudzi kwakaenzana.

Mikaha Yemanyuko Nedziviriro Yavose

Pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo Gideon[[FT:1], gadziriro dzenhevedzo dzavose munyika dzakawanda dzinoramba dzichingotyiswa. Kosi dzinopwanyiwa, kuongorora kushoma, uye vakwiridzi vanowanzoona magweta avo kwamaminiti bedzi pamberi pokuvigwa. Iyi chipikirwa chinogona kusekesa betsero ine revo yezano iro muitiro wakafanira unoda. Kupomera kunoverengeka kwakaedza kumanikidza masangano kugovera zviwanikwa zvakakwana, nebudiriro yakavhengana. Kusvikira mukaha pakati pefariro yemupimo yebasa rakafanira nechinhu chaichoicho chokuripira mari zvapfigwa, chipikirwa cheruramisiro chicharamba chisiiwa pasina kuzadzika nokuda kwavazhinji.

Mupeto: Kutsungirira Kunodiwa Kwegadziriro Yakafanira

Muitiro wakakodzera hausi unyanzvi kana kuti mhinganidzo kurongedzero yomutemo inoshanda zvakanaka. Chirongwa chetsika nechapaduku chinoita kuti simba rehurumende rive rapamutemo nerakarurama. Kubva muvimbiso yakare yeMagna Carta kusvikira kudziviriro dzazvino uno dzinosimbiswa muchiteshi cheDare Gurusa redare, muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anorangwa pasina mukana une revo wokuzvidzivirira amene, kuti mitemo haisati iri inodzvinyirira kana kuti inodzvinyirira, uye kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro inoraira kuremekedzwa kweiyo inobatira. Kuchengeta iyi nheyo kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, uye kuzvipira kudarika mhaka ipi neipi kana kuti gakava. Sezvicho nzanga inofanirawo kutsanangura uye kushandiswa kwakafanira — nguva dzose nevavariro yokupa ruramisiro munhu ari wose anouya.

[ Tsananguro yeAmerican Bar Association yomuitiro wakafanira mudare inogovera mashoko akapoteredza anoshanda nokuda kweidzi nheyo dziri kushanda.