Kuwiriraniswa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nemasangano Okutonga Kwenzanga

Kurondwa kwekodzero dzevanhu neruramisiro muUnited States kunomirira zvinopfuura muunganidzwa wezviitiko zvenhau; inhau inoramba ichichinja yebasa reboka rokusaenzana. Nepo masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akaisa munhau pakuwana dziviriro dzapamutemo nemitemo yemitemo yokudzivirira mapoka anoganhurirwa, masangano eruramisiro anokurukura kuenzana kwakafara kwedzinza, dzinza, boka, vatano, uye mano. Kunzwisisa uko idzi hova mbiri dzinoungana dzinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatsigiri avo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuoma kunzwisisa kuenzana kunopfuurira kweAmerica. Apo aya masangano eruramisiro anokurukura kuenzana kwakafara mudzinza, anoita kuti rimwe nerimwe rive nechiono chinooneka chizere chenzanga chakakwana.

Kubva panhimbe dzokuparadza maruramiro avagari vemo neruramisiro yenzanga yezana ramakore rechi 19 kusvikira kukurongwa kwebasa kwezana ramakore rechi 20, vashingairi vakaziva kwenguva refu kuti ruramisiro yedzinza, ruramisiro yemari, uye kuenzana kwevarume zvakabatanidzwa zvikuru. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambo enhau eaya masangano, ichienzanisa vanhu vakuru vakavhara zvisakiso zvakasiana, ichinzvera mirangariro yazvino uno yakadai seBlack Live Matter neMeToo munhlangano, uye inogovera mitoo inoshanda yokudzidzisa idzi nhau dzakabatanidzwa.

Nhoroondo Yemasangano Ane Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Vatungamiriri Vevaviri Vapakuvamba

Hwaro hwesangano razvino uno rekodzero dzavagari vemo hwakatangwa kare kare pamberi pama1950. Masangano akadai se jap[FLT], akavamba muna 1909, akaisa denho dzapamutemo mukurwisana nokubvisa maruramiro. Chinyorwa cha 1954 Brown v. Board of Education chisarudzo, icho chakazivisa kuparadzanisa zvikoro zvavose zvinobatanidza zvikoro, chakanga chiri mugumo wamakumi amakore ezvigadziko zvinotungamirirwa nezviverengero zvapamutemo zvakafanana naCharles Houston neThur Marshall. Panguva ino, zvisakiso zvakadai seNhaviko na “Uchengenge Nhando dza19191919 yePUNGAS kunoratidzwa kuti kushandira kwechipo kwechipo chenyika chenyika yeAmerica nemunzanga yeAfrica yaito renyika dzenzanga neyamagano yezve.

Chivil Rights Era (1954 -1968)

Ukuru hwegamuchidzanwa hwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo hunowanzoiswa pakati pama1950 kusvikira kumugumo wema1960. Zviitiko zvikuru zvakanyandura ngwariro yenyika nechiito chokumanikidzira chewiscial regional:

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (19585-1956):[[FLT] Yakavhiringidzwa nokuramba kwaRosa Park kurega chigaro chake, uyu mukomana wezuva 381 akatungamirira kurudungwe rwezvifambiso zvavose uye akakwidziridza Martin Luther King Jr. somutungamiriri wenyika.
  • Greensboro Sit-Ins (1960): Vadzidzi vana vekoreji vakatanga fungu rokuramba kurwisana nezvikamu zvezvokudya zvapanguva yemasikati zvisina masimba masimba, kuchitungamirira kukuumbwa kweDare reMudzidzi Nonlivhorth Coordinating (SNCC).
  • March paWashington (1963):[[FLT] [[1] Apo Mambo akataura “Ndine Chiroto”, uku kuratidzira kukuru kwakadzvinyirira Dare kupfuudza mutemo wamaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • Mutemo weChibvumirano Chamaruramiro avagari vemo (1964):[[FL:1] Uyu mutemo wakatanhamara unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi, uchigumisa paradzano munzvimbo dzavose uye uchirambidza rusaruro rwemabasa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Murayiro weVoting Rights (1965):[[FLT: 1] Pashure pokufora kwamasimba masimba kwe “Svondo” muSelma, Alabama, Congress yakapa mutemo wairambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, rukundo rukuru mukupesana.

Kusimbisa kwakaita sangano iri kusateerera hurumende kusiri kwechisimba kwakakurudzirwa naMahatma Gandhi uye netsika dzechiKristu dzokupupurira nezvetsika.

Kuganhurirwa Nebhizimisi Risina Kupedzwa

Nepo zviito zvakaparadza muganhu wehurumende wa1946 na 1965 hazvina kugumisa kusaenzana mudzimba, dzidzo, kana kuti pfuma. Kuurawa kwaMartin Luther King Jr. muna 1968 kwakaratidzira nhambo yokuchinja, uye kumuka kweBlack Power kwakatevera kwakasimbisa zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuzviparadzanisa kwemari uye rudado rwetsika kuti kuchinja pamutemo kwoga hakungagutsi. Nguva inowo yakava nokuwedzera kuziva kuti rudzi rwakabatana sei neboka neboka, kugadza mwero wegadziriro huru dzeruramisiro dzenzanga.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga Yakapararira

Kodzero Dzevakadzi Nokuzvidzosa

Kufamba kwevakadzi kwemazana emakore echi19 neapakuvamba kwezana remakore rechi20 kunowanzobatwa sechitsauko chakasiyana, asi vatungamiriri vayo vaiwanzoshandisa mashoko okurambidza uye mazano. Frederick Douglas akanga ari mutsigiri akatanhamara wevakadzi, uye Seneca Falls Convention ya 1848 yakabatanidza zvakajeka kurwira kodzero dzevakadzi kurwisa uranda. Zvisinei, sangano racho rairwisanawo negakava redzinza: pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chaMarudzi, vamwe vakadzi vechichena vaidzidzisa vaifanirwa nevhoti yaidiwa zvikuru nevarume vechitema vachangobva kusunungurwa, vachizivisa miganhu yokubatana. Demendey Demeter (1920) risina kudzivirira kodzero dzevakadzi vechitema muSouth kusvika kuMagariro eOcro a1965 kusvika kuMaganhuro eO.

LGBTQ+ Ganhuriro Yamaruramiro

LGBTQ yazvino uno , yakanyorwa na 1969 Stonewall Riots muNew York City, yakatungamirirwa navakadzi vemavara akasiana vakadai seMarsha P. Johnson naSylvia Rivera. Basa ravo rakabatanidzwa zvakananga nerwisano dzavagari vemo, sezvo vakatarisana noutsinye hwamapurisa nerusaruro rwakafanana neizvo zvakawanwa neAfrican America. Kombishi yacho yapakuvamba inonangidzira ngwariro pakubvisa ungochani hwevatano yevatano nerusaruro rwebasa zvakawirirana namazano apamutemo eNaACP. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kurwira kuenzana kuenzana maruramiro eroorano (kuenzana norudzi rwavanhu muna 2015 ne [FLD:]].[FLD]berge.[FLD1]) yakava nenhau yapamhenge yapamhindi dzinova dzinova dzinovakwanwa navanhu pasi pomutemo.

Ruramisiro Yezvemari Nemasangano Evashandi

Kurwisa kweruramisiro yezvemari kune mavambo makuru musangano ravashandi, kuvambira muna 1886 Haymarket kusvikira kudambwa kwa1937. Muma 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. Akaramba akatarira kushaiwa, kutanga Mubato weProfessis People muna 1968 kuraira kodzero dzavanhu vemari nokuda kwevagari vose veAmerica, pasinei zvapo nedzinza. Iye akarangarira kuti kodzero dzechokwadi dzevagari vemo dzaida mari inotambirwa zvakanaka, dzimba dzakaisvonaka, uye kukwanisa kutarisirwa kwezvoutano. Nenzira yakafanana, United Farm Works, inotungamirirwa naCearcio Cavez naDolores Huerta, yakabatana basa rokuronga nekodzero dzavagari vemo, kupfurikidza nokufamba kuti dzichengetedze zviri nani nokuda kwavashandi vokurima vakakurumbira. Nhasi, masangano nokuda kwemari inotambirwa mari shomanene yepasi pose.

Kurwa Kunonyanyisa uye Kusimba

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nebasa Ravakadzi

Mukati mama 1960 na 1970, vashingairi vazhinji vekodzero dzavanhukadzi vakakangaidzwa nokutsigira vatano mukati memasangano esangano. Vakadzi vakafanana naElla Baker, Fannie Lou Hamer, uye Septima Poinette Clark vakatanga gadziriro dzoutungamiriri idzo dzakasimbisa vakadzi vechiBlack, uye zvinoitika zvavo zvakaisa nheyo nokuda kwesangano rechipiri rekodzero dzavakadzi muHouston pachena. 1977 National Women’s Conference yakagamuchira nzvimbo yakabatanidza kutsigira kodzero dzavanakadzi, rusununguko rwokubereka, uye kusimbiswa kweSuperture Rights Amecial Rights Amecity Confection (ERA), kuratidzira kuti ruramisiro kwevatano yavakadzi yakabva sei pangwariro duku kunzvimbo yedzinza neupfumi yakabatanidza kuenzeka.

Kusiyana Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Pakurarama

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo Kimberlé Crenshaw akatanga shoko rokuti mu 1989 kurondedzera kuti kuva netsika dzenzanga kunochinjirwa sei munzanga (kwakadai sorudzi, dzinza, kirasi, uye vatano) uye zviitiko zvevatano (kuwedzera zvinoitika zvechienzi zverusarurano neropafadzo). Iyi gadziriro yazova inokosha kuti inzwisise nei kufamba kwemotokari imwe chete yemotokari kunowanzokundikana kukurukura zvinodikanwa zvezvinodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, mukadzi mutema anotarisana nechinetso chevatano munzvimbo yebasa angabatira zvisina kufanira nesangano rinonangirira pazvinoitika zvavakadzi vechichena kana kuti maruramiro avagari vemo anonangi anonangidzira pazvinoitika zvavarume vechitema. Kupapatika mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu anovimbisa kuti munhu wose ari panzvimbo yokukamuranisa.

Zviverengero Zvinokosha Zvakavhara Misangano

Vatungamiriri vanoverengeka vemifananidzo vanoenzanisira mhesano dzekodzero dzavanhu neruramisiro yenzanga kupfurikidza nokuzvipira kwavo kwoupenyu hwose kuzvisakiso zvakawanda. Hezvino zviverengero zvishanu zvine basa rakadarika miganhu yegamuchidzanwa:

  • Martin Luther King Jr. - Nepo zvichizivikanwa zvikurusa nokuda kwokutungamirira Civil Rights Movement, makore apashure aMambo akanangidzira zvikuru paruramisiro yemari, kushora Hondo yeVietnam, uye kutanga Nhimbe yaVarombo. Iye akawana batano dzakajeka pakati pechiuto, urudzi, uye urombo, achisimbisa kuti rugare rwechokwadi rwaida ruramisiro yenzanga.
  • Fannie Lou Hamer - Acropper naSNC murongi, Hamer akabatanidza Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party muna 1964 ndokupupurira nesimba pamusoro poutsinye hwamapurisa uye kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti paDemocratic National Convention. Akashandawo pamibatanidzwa yezvokudya nePhead Star, achikurukura urombo senhau yekodzero dzevanhu.
  • MUCHOKERA - Somumwe wengochani dzakasarudzwa pachena vakuru vakuru muUnited States, Mukaka wakarwirawo LGBTQ nekodzero apo waitsigirawo kubatana kwevashandi, mapoka maduku edzinza, uye dzimba dzinotengwa muSan Francisco. Kuurawa kwake muna 1978 kwakanyandura kodzero dzengochani uye kwakasimbisa kudikanwa kwemibatanidzwa yemasangano.
  • Dolores Huerta – Co - akatanga weUnited Farm Works neCesar Chavez, Huerta akapedza makumi amakore achitsigira nokuda kwamaruramiro avatami, kodzero dzavakadzi, uye ruramisiro yemhoteredzo. Iye akaumba kutaura kwokuti “Sí, se puede” (Hungu, tinogona), uko gare gare kwakava chikumbiro chinonyandura nokuda kwekodzero dzokutama uye nhimbe yeObama.
  • Marsha P. Johnson[[FLT: 1] - Mutsigiri wezvemari, Johnson akanga ari munhu mukuru mukumukira kweStone Wallall uye akaparira Transvestate Action Revolutionries (STAR) kutsigira LGBTQ+ pwere. Basa rake pamharamendo yezivikanwo yechirume, urombo, uye utsinye hwamapurisa zvinokarirwa nhasi.

Masangano Azvino Uno: Kuomerera uye Chinjo

Upenyu Hwevatema Hune Basa

Yakavambwa muna 2013 pashure pokusunungurwa kwaGeorge Zimmerman mukuuraya Traevon Martin, Majee Emilife Confect (BLM)[FLM 1:1] yakawedzera kuva mubato wenyika yose mukurwisana noutsinye hwemapurisa uye urudzi. BLM yakasiyana kubva pa 1960 yemasangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo mukuita mabasa ayo akanaka, kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye kubatanidzwa kwakajeka kweLGBTQ+ nemitezo yavakadzi. Sangano racho rakakurudzira kuchinja mamiitiro semabharaki, kutungamirira kwemapurisa, uye degring mapurisa kudzorera kodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu mumabasa omunzanga. BLMFM inosimbisawo [[FFF:], kuti vanhu vechiBK], vasingazivi kuti upenyu hwechiBlack; Black Line, uye kuti varwise vanhu vaBK, uye kuti varwise vanhu.

Kufambawo Kwangu

Yakavakwa naTarana Burke muna 2006 sebasa rinotapurwa netsandanyama kuti vatsigire vapukunyuki vemasimba masimba evatano, Me Too yakaputika kuva chiitiko chenyika yose muna 2017 pashure pemhesvedzo dzeHarvey Weinstein. Musangano unosimbisa kuti kunetsa muvatano nokudenha kunobata kworuvara, vashandi vemari yakaderera, uye kuparadzira vanhu. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa masimba evatano senhau yenzanga panzvimbo penhau yapachivande, Meo akaparira chinjo dzemitemo, uye kurangarira kwapamhene nemasimba makuru.

Ruramisiro Yomugariro Wemhoteredzo Seruramisiro Yenzanga

Njodzi yemamiriro okunze nenzira isingadzoreki inotapura nzanga dzinosvika mari shoma nenzanga dzeruvara, idzo dzine bviro huru yokugara pedyo namaindasitiri anoshatisa uye kushaiwa pfuma kuti dzichinjike. Kufamba kworusamisiano rweruramisiro , kunotungamirira namapoka akadai seInvironmental Environmental Network neSun Movemental, zvinobatanidza zvakajeka kushata kworudzi rwemhoteredzo nervemental reconstruction, kubatana kwapamhikanwa kuti masangano enzanga a nhasi anoratidzira kuti masangano enzanga anozivikanwa zvikuru kupfuura nguva dzose kuti adikanwo, maruva netsungidziro echiduku enguva yemberi anowedzera kukurukurirana kupfuutsa kurukurirano yokusarirana kukura zera zera zerano.

Kudzidzisa Kupindana Kwacho: Zvirongwa Zvevadzidzisi

Kusvika Kwamapikicha

Kudzidzisa kuwiriraniswa kwekodzero dzevanhu neruramisiro yenzanga kunoda kufamba kupfuura kuverengwa kwenguva kwakapfava kwezviitiko. Vadzidzisi vanobudirira vanoshandisa mazano anotevera:

Matambudziko uye Kufunga Kwavanoita

Kudzidzisa nhau kunogona kukwikwidzana. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kugadzira nzvimbo dzakakotsekana dzekurukurirano, kubvuma mirangariro yomunhu oga, uye kuva vakagadzirira kutaura kukuvadziko yavadzidzi. Kunokoshawo kudzivisa kufamba kupi nokupi sechinhu chapakati; panzvimbo pezvo, kusimbisa nharo dzomukati nenyanduko. Somuenzaniso, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rinobatanidza vose vari vaviri vakabatana (se Mambo) navanoparatairs (seMalcolm X pamapfundo akati), uye LGBQ+ mutambo padzimwe nguva unova nenharo dzetsikano dzinova nenzwi. Chibvumirano chapachokwadi neiyi tsvete neiyi tsvete youvedzeriso chavanhu chinogadzirira vadzidzi nokuda kwemhizha yezviito chaizvoizvo zvenyika.

Kupedzisa: Rwendo Runopfuurira Rwokururamisira

Kupindirana kwekodzero dzevagari vemo nemasangano enzanga kunoratidza kubatana kukuru, rwisano, uye kukura. Kubva kuvadzori vaitsigira kodzero dzavakadzi kuBlack Live Matter vanokwidziridza zviitiko zvinotevedzana, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinovakira zvidzidzo zvenguva yakapfuura chichipindura kuzvinetso zvitsva. Basa rokuita nzanga yakarurama haritongopedzi. Kukunda kwemitemo kunofanira kudzivirirwa, uye kusabatana kwezvivako kunoda kurongwa mukutarisana nenzvimbo dzakawanda. Vadzidzi vanodzidza nezvemharadzano idzi dzenhau vanowana zivo kwete bedzi asiwo pfungwa yesangano rokubetsera kurwendo runopfuurira. Chitsauko chinotevera chenhau chinoti chichange chanyorwa naavo vasina kurwisana nechinhu chimwe chete.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute paStanford ne .Zin Education Project[, iyo inopa manyuko makuru nenhungamiro dzokudzidzisa pakodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro yenzanga.