Sumo: Nheyo Yokutanga

Kupindirana kwekodzero dzevanhu nemitemo inosarudzwa nemitemo kunoumba chibvumirano chehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Nhengo dzevagari vemo dzinotsigira kubatwa kwakaenzana uye rusununguko pakusarurana(nzi pfungwa dzinonzi dzinotevedzerwa pamutemo; hadzisi zvirevo zvinobvumirwa nomutemo zvinotsigirwa neMutemo weU. Mutemo weMitemo, wozopawo chirongwa chinobatsira kuti kodzero idzi dzirondedzerwe, dzichengetedzwe, uye dzimwe nguva dzikwikwikwikwidzirwe. Kunzwisisa kuti mativi maviri aya anoshandira pamwe chete sei kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanobhadhanyidzira. Nyaya ino inoongorora mavakirwo enhau, zvirongwa zvinokosha zvemitemo, kutsanangura kuoma kwetsika, uye zvinetso zvinogara zvinorondedzera ukama hwekodzero dzevagari vemo nemutemo muUnited States. Kuongorora izvi, tinowana mufananidzo zvakajeka kuti kubatana kwemabumbiro ose ari maviri emitemo uye kubatana.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakuvakwazve Kusvika Pakugadziridzwazve

Mavambo ekodzero dzevagari vemo muUnited States anodzokera shure kunguva yakagadzwa, asi Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanga rine kubvumirana kunonetsa pauranda nokuvhota. Chikamu chetatu chezvikamu zvinobatanidzwa (Mazita, Chikamu 2) chakaverenga vanhu vari varanda savatatu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvemimiririri, uye chitsama chomuranda avapoteri (Article IV, Chikamu 2) chaida kudzoka kwavaranda vanopukunyuka. Idzi gadziriro dzakaisa kusaenzana kwedzinza munhevedzano yepamutemo. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira paHondo yevagari vemo nenhambo yakatevera apo Dare remitemo rinopfuudzamisirira kupfuudza kushandura pamutemo kuti kutange kugadziriswa kwekodzero dzorudzi nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Reconstructs (1865) yakabvisa uranda nouranda hwokusazvidira, kutoti chirango. [[FLT:] 14] Amendment [1] (1865] yakabvisa uranda novuranda. [[FLT:]] 14th Amendment [1868]) yakabvumira kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States uye yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo negadziriro yakafanira. [[FLT:] 15] Chirango chemitemo [[FLT] [FLT] [5] [1870] kurambwa kworudyi kurudzi rwakavakirwa parudzi, kana kuti rudzi rwebasa rwapamberi mberi. Iyi inova yakaiswa maruramiro apamutemo nokuda kwezviito zvavo zvenguva yemberi, kunyange zvazvo zvichiramba zvichipfuutswa nokuda kwemitengwa namakumi amakore.

Kuvambira pakupera kweReconstruction kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi 20, Dare Rapamusoro raiwanzoganhurira kusvika kwedzidziso ye14 Amendment. [FLT]P] Pnety v. Ferguson [1896], Dare rakatsigira kusarudzwa kwedzinza pasi pe "kusiyana asi kwakaenzana", zvinobudirira kubvumira hurumende-pfuuregwa. Chisarudzo ichi chakachengeta mutemo wenyika kweanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore, chinoratidzira kuti kutsanangura kwemitemo kunogona sei kufambira mberi kana kuti kurwisanisa kodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 20. Naizvozvo Dare rekodzero dzavagari vemo raisa hondo kwete bedzi nokuda kweruramisiro yenzanga asi nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuenzeka kukuru kwemitemo.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomutemo Dzinodzivirira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kupfuura Kugadziridza Kugadzirwazve Kwemitemo, dzimwe gadziriro dzinoverengeka muBill of Rights uye gare gare kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu dzinoshanda sezvinhu zvinokosha pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwechitendero, rwokutaura, rwokubudisa nhau, rwegungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende.

Pedzisi Yechina, Yechishanu, uye Yechitanhatu

Iyi gadziridzo inodzivirira vanhu pahurumende mukuparwa kwemhosva. Idzodzi dzinodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo netsvina, Findrement inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro pamunhu amene, uye Sikisith Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kwapamhene, dare risingasaruri, uye zano rapamutemo. Idzi gadziriro dzine revo zvikuru mukunangana nedzisinganzwisisiki mutsika dzeruramisi yedzinza. Mata akafanana ne [FLT]] Mandav. Arizona[FL:2][FLT][5][5]][5] [5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechinai Nechigumi

Ninth Amendment inobvuma kuti maruramiro asingacherekedzwi zvakananga muBumbiro reMitemo achiri kuchengetwa navanhu. Ikoku kwave kuchishandiswa kutsigira maruramiro asina kunyorwa, akadai sekodzero dzokuva woga, iyo inoumba hwaro hwezvisarudzo mu [[FLT]][FLT][FLT][3][65] [[FLT] [mav] [magame] [masimba okudzora aiisa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu], ayo akamboedza kuisa kodzero dzevagari vemo] [[FLT].[FLT][7] [7] . [mapatocrect: 07] . masimba echikamu chegumi echibvumirano haaidzo kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu vashandukireidzirwe nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo, nguva dzose dzinodzo dzehurumende.[5]

Mitemo Yakazotevedzerwa

Kugadziridzwa kunoverengeka kwe 20 kwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzakakwirira. [[FLT: 0][FLT]19th Amendment (2020) yakarambidza kuvhota kwakavakirwa pavatano, kuwedzera kusarudzwa kuti kubatadziridze vakadzi. [[[FLT:]]24]Prefence [1964]]) yakabvisa mitero yokuvhotera, yakanga yashandiswa kubvisa kuvhotera, uko kwakanga kwaita kuti kuve kwakaderera nokuwana vatano nevoruzhinji. Hurumende yechiNgezi] [[FLT:]] [5] [7] [7]] [7] yakadzikisa zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18,5] (64]) (1944] (64]) munhambo yehondo yeVietnam. Iyi yose yehondo inoratidzira kubatana nokubatana kworudzi rwakaenzana, kunyange zvazvo yakatowedzera mutemo.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinoshatisa Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Dare repamusorosoro rakaita basa rinokosha mukutsanangura mutemo webumbiro remitemo kuti ukudziridze kana kuti uganhure kodzero dzevanhu. Mitongo yemapepa enhau yakaita serakanyorwa pasi apa yakaita misiyano inoramba ichirondedzera pamutemo. Pasi apa pane mitemo inokosha inorongwa nemusoro.

Kugumisa Rusarurano rweHurumende

Brown v. Board of Education (154]) zvichida chisarudzo chekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinopembererwa zvikuru munhau yeU.S. Dare rakazivisa kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakaputsa muganhu wePrefecte ye 14th Amendment, kuputsa "67 asi yakaenzana" dzidziso ye Pyv.. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kubvisa nokukurumidza zvikoro, asi chakagovera nheyo yemitemo yekodzero dzehurumende yekodzero dzevagari vemo nemitemo yakatevera seChibvumirano cheOvi yeT6464 nekodzero dzeMarudzi. Chibvumirano cha196565.

Kudzivirira Kuroora uye Kuvhiya Mhuri

Loval v. Virginia (67]) yakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano dzemarudzi akasiyana, ichiita kuti mitemo yakadaro iputse zvose zviri zviviri Dziviriro neNhevedzo yapamberi yaCrole. Inodokusvika hafu yezana ramakore gare gare, [FLT]][FLT]] Obergecreb v. Hot[FLT] [20:] [20:5] Kurangarira kwakafanana neP.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nemifanikiso

Kuvhota ikodzero yehwaro yevagari vemo. [FLT] Shelby County v. Hoker (2013]) yakarova gadziriro huru yeProto Act yeKodzero dzeHurumende yaida mitemo yakati nenhau yetsarudzo kuti itange kunyorwa pamutemo usati wachinja mitemo yokuvhota. Chisarudzo chacho chakaderedza zvikuru kutarisira kwehurumende kuchinja kuvhotera, kuchitungamirira kukudzorwa kweganhuriro itsva yemitemo yokuvhotera. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira kusawirirana kuripo pakati pekodzero dzehurumende yekodzero dzavagari vemo nehurumende pamusoro pezvisarudzo, kunyandukadza kwakavakirwa mumutemo.

Kuwana Dzidzo Nebanza Zvakaenzana

Nhau dzakafanana ne [[FLT: 0][FLT][FLT]] Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [7] [7] na [[FLT]] [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [5] yakatsigira kushandiswa kwedzinza sechinhu chimwe pakati pevakawanda, kududza fariro dzinofadza mumhatsa. [FLT:] [2003] [FT] [FT] [FLT] Act: FM] [8] [[FLT]] [4]

Kushandira Pamwe Nokutsigirwa Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Musoro unodzokororwa mukodzero dzavagari vemo nomutemo webumbiro remitemo inharo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Amendment yechi 14'S Expandment Accel ne'Mart Proces Claus inoganhura chiito chehurumende, asi ukuru hwechiremera chehurumende kumanikidzira maruramiro avagari vemo hwakapokanidzwa munhau yeAmerica yose. Mukati menhambo inogadziriswa, Congressssss arect of Civil Rights of 18666 ne Enctive Acts of 1870 ne 1871 kurwisa masimba masimba avachena. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusorosoro mu [[FFLT: 0][FLT][5]][5]][5][FLT]] [5] .[5]

Nguva yazvino uno yekodzero dzavagari vemo yakava nokutangwazve kwekuchengetwa kwehurumende pasi peCommunist Claus nePramendment yechi 14. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha1944, icho chakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose nemabasa, chakatsigirwa zvikuru neDare musimba rebhizimisi reCongress mu .[FLT]] [[FLT]] kuvhunduka kweAtlanta Motel v. United States[FL][FLT][FLT] [[FLT] [1964].] [1964]. Dare rekodzero dzepamutemo reHMFMFM] raitsaidzo ye15. Kunyange nhasi, kurukurirano dzinopfuurira kuvhotera , kuvhotera , puroso, uye nzvimbo yedziviriro muganhu worudzi. Uhretsiridza muganhu wemitemo pakati penyika yose yehurumende yamarudzi ose uye kuongorora mauto avanhu ndeye.

Zvinetso Zvinopfuurira Mukodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nomutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokufambira mberi kukuru, zvinetso zvakawanda zvinoramba zviripo pakupindirana kwekodzero dzevanhu nemutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Rusaruraganda Rwegadziriro Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Mapoka anopesana amadzinza mumapurisa, kutongerwa, uye kusungwa akanyorwa zvakanaka. Zvinetso zveBumbiro reMitemo zvinowanzonangidzira ngwariro parambidzo yeGadziriro yeChina yeChishanu yokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, kodzero yeSikisith Amendment yezano, uye chirambidzo cheSeth Amendment pazvirango zvoutsinye nezvisingawanzoitiki. Kuchinja kwetsika, zvakadai semiraudzo inoda kunzvera kwetsika neProfeskharatement of Justice, kutsamira pachiremera chehurumende asi kunoumbwawo nenheyo dzemitemo yehurumende neparadzano yemasimba.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kweshoko Neperero Yechisarudzo

Kutevera chisarudzo cheShelby County, nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa mitemo yeID inodzorwa nokuvimbika, dzinobvisa mifungo yapakuvamba yokuvhota. Iyi mipimo inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi, mari shoma, uye vakwegura vanovhota. kurukurirano yemitemo inonangidzira pamusoro pokuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa Test Leattion Claus nePremendment. Mutemo weFrederal seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Act unotsvaka kudzorera mutoo weProxament, asi kutenderwa kwayo kunoramba kunetsa nhau yegakava. matare anopfuurira kuwirirana nefariro dzemiteko inopesana mukutonga inorwisana nechisarudzo chakarurama kuvhotera.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nerusununguko Rworudzidziso

Pashure pa chisarudzo mu [[FLT:] , kurwira maruramiro avagari vemo kwakakudzwa kubatanidza dziviriro parusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanwo yavanhurume mumabasa, dzimba, uye pokugara kwavose. Dare Gurusa redare rinodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pa [FLT][3] County[[FLT] County [[FLT]][5]] [20]) raidavira kuti Zivi re VII rekodzero dzeChivi ramarudzi rweChirevo Act ya19464] rinodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa padate yevatano nechiratidzo chevatano. Zvisinei, pakati pekodzero dze Zvorudzidziso uye kutaura kworudzidziso dzakabuda, zvikurukuru pamusoro pemichamunamato yemichato yemishoni. Izvi zvinoedza mamiriro ezvinhu ezveni echibvumirano zverudzidziso pasi pemitemo inorwisana nemitemo yomutemo yokutanga.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nekukwana Kwedzidzo

Chisarudzo chazvino uno chakaratidzira chinjo huru mumutemo wekubvuma rudzi. Vatsigiri vemitemo yemavara emavara echivako yeboofu vanotaura kuti Ecult Protection Clausle inorambidza rudzi rupi norupi, nepo vatsigiri veruramisiro yedzinza vachipikisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira matanho akasanogadzirirwa kusimudzira sarurano nenguva yakapfuura. Kupfuura dzidzo yakakwirira, kusawirirana mumari inotambirwa yechikoro, chirango, uye kukwanisa kufunda zvakanaka zvinoramba zvichisimbisa kodzero dzekodzero dzevagari vemo dzemo dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo nemiraumbiso yehurumende seTit VI.

Basa Redzidzo Mukuzivikanwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Vose

Dzidzo ichiri chishandiso chinokosha chokusimudzira kunzwisisa kodzero dzevanhu nemitemo yepamutemo. Nokubatanidza misoro iyi muhurukuro yavose yechikoro, vadzidzisi vanogona kushongedzera vadzidzi nezivo uye unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakaoma hunodiwa kuti vatungamirire nhau dzepamutemo nedzenzanga. Dzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu inoshanda kupfuura kungodzokorora kudzokororwa kwezvinenge zvaitwa uye zviitiko; inokurudzira vadzidzi kuongorora nhau dzakaitika kare, kuongorora tsananguro dzinopesana, uye kufunga migumisiro chaiyo yenyika yezvisarudzo zvepamutemo.

  • Kukurudzira kuongorora nhau dzine mukurumbira uye kushanda kwadzo kunoramba kuchiitika.
  • Kukurukura pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nenhevedzano yavose.
  • Vakasimbisa mipiro yevatsigiri, magweta, uye vanhuwo zvavo vaiumba kufambira mberi kwekodzero dzevanhu.
  • Kutsigira tsitsi nokuongorora zvakaitika muupenyu munzanga dzakanga dzisina kutsiurwa.
  • Kukudziridza nzwisiso yavadzidzi yenzira yokubatanidzwa nayo negadziriro yapamutemo savatsigiri, vatongi, uye vavhoti.

Zvirongwa zvakadai se Consitutional Rights Foundation ne Féderal Judicial Center yedzidzo ye zvinogovera zvirongwa zvechikoro zvinobetsera vadzidzisi navadzidzi kunzvera idzi misoro. Kuwedzera, [[FLT]] project [ inopa mifungo yapamhetedzero nenzwi zvezvibvumikiso zveDare rapamusoro, zvichiita kuti mutemo wemitemo uve unosvikika zvikuru nokuda kwavasiri vatsvene.

Kupedzisa: Mutambo wokuchinja - chinja

Kupindirana kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nemutemo webumbiro remitemo hakurevi kumira. Kubva pakugadziridza Kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu kusvikira kumitemo yeDare Gurusa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa vose vari vaviri nhoo nebakatwa nokuda kweavo vanotsvaka kuchengetedza nokuwedzera kodzero dzevanhu. Asi zvitendero zvemitemo hazvizviparadzi. Zvinoda kuisa mitemo, uye kuvimbisa kwavose. Zvinetso zvourudzi, kuvhotera, uye kusarura mapoka zvinoramba zvakadzika midzikwa munzanga yeAmerica, uye matare ehurumende yoga yoga haigoni kuzvipedza. Chitendero chemitemo chinoziviswa nokunzwisisa mutemo nemhiko yemitemo yemitemo. Zvinoda kufunda fambiro mberi neyakakomba yazvinovapo, uye kubetsera vagari vemo vanogona kusimbisa chipikirwa chemitemo yemitemo yose.

nokuda kwokuravazve, kunzvera Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoziviswa neRaibhurari yeCongress pa Chipostigation [ uye Chikamu chaMarurami cheRevonition of the Department of the www.gov/crt.