Kupindirana kwekodzero dzeroorano nemitemo yokuchengeta vana inzvimbo yakaoma yemitemo yemhuri yakashanduka - chinja zvikuru muzana ramakore rapfuura. Kunzwisisa kuti idzi nzvimbo mbiri dzapamutemo dzinobatira pamwe sei kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzisi, uye mhuri dzinofamba nenhau. Nepo roorano yapakuvamba yakaumba gadziriro yapamutemo yapamutemo yekodzero dzomubereki, kutsunga kwazvino uno kunonangidzira ngwariro nenzira inowedzera pagarikano yomwana pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yeroorano. Nyaya ino inonzvera midziro yenhau, nheyo dzapamutemo, zvinoitika zvazvino uno, uye mirangariro inoshanda yeiyi mhesano, zvinogovera mutengo wakakwana nokuda kweiyi nhau dzinowanzova dzinopa ngwariro mundangariro yendangariro.

Nhoroondo Yeroorano Nemitemo Yokuchengeta Mwana

Nokuda kwenhau huru yapamutemo yokuMadokero, roorano yairangarirwa sechibvumirano chapamutemo pakati pomurume nomukadzi, murume achitora chiremera chapamutemo pamudzimai wake. Mudzidziso yomutemo yavose yeEngland yokuvanda, mukadzi akaroorwa akanga asina kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwapamutemo; zvinhu zvake, mari, uye kunyange vana vake zvaidzorwa pamutemo nomurume wake. Mitemo yokuchengeta mwana mukati menhambo ino yaiwirirana neiyi gadziriro yamadzitateguru — baba vakanga vane maruramiro anodokuva akakwana kuchengetwa kwavana vavo vapamutemo.

Chikamu che 19 chakatanhamara “dzidziso yamakore okufara” yakaratidzira chinjo inoshamisa. Matare akavamba kurangarira kuti vana vaduku zvikuru, zvikurukuru vacheche, vanofanira kuramba vanamai vavo, pakavakirwa pachitendero chokuti tarisiro yaamai yakanga iri madikanwa mukati mamakore okuumbwa. Iyi rondedzero yaipfuura kazhinji kazhinji kodzero dzababa dzemitemo, kunyange zvazvo yakanga ichiri inoganhurirwa kuvana vezera duku. Pazana ramakore rapakati-20, dzidziso duku yakashanduka kuva “fariro dzakaisvonaka zvikuru dzomwana, ” kunyange zvazvo mai vakapfuurira mumipimo mizhinji kutozosvikira ma 1970. Gadziro yapamusoro nechinjo hurusadzodzo dzakanyandura kubatira mitemo yokugamuchira vatano nevatano. Somuenzaniso, nhevedzano yemhuri ya19727 yakaramba zvakajeka mirangariro ipi neipi yakavakirwa patsika yevatano, inoteverwa nokukurumidza.

Nhasi, inenge hurumende iri yose yeUnited States yakabatanidza mupimo wakanakisisa wefariro, ichibvisa zvisarudzo zvechirume. Zvisinei, nhaka yavana munhau yechisarudzo chaamai inopfuurira kupesvedzera chisarudzo chokutonga nekariro dzenzanga mukakavadzano dzekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kwakaoma nemhaka yokuti inoratidza kuti kodzero dzeroorano — dzaichimbova bedzi dzinoganhurirwa kunzira yomubereki yapakati iyo inoshanda zvakaenzana kuvabereki vakaroora uye vasina kuroora.

Nheyo Dzapamutemo Dzinobatanidza Roorano Nekodzero Yokuchengeta Mwana

Kufunga Nezvevabereki Muroorano

Imwe yenheyo dzemitemo dzinogara zvikuru dzinobatanidza roorano nekodzero yokuchengeta vana i “kurangarira kuva pamutemo” kana kuti“ kurangarira kuva mubereki.” Pasi pomutemo wavose nemirau yazvino uno yakawanda, mwana anoberekwa kumukadzi akaroorwa anofungidzirwa kuva mwana womurume wake. Iyi rondedzero ine revo huru: inopa murume kodzero dzomubereki, kubatanidza kodzero dzokutsvaka kuchengetwa kana kuti kushanyirwa, pasina kuda chiito chepamutemo. Vitue Paretage Act (UP), inogamuchirwa muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana, inobatanidza iyi pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, UPA (207) inotaura kuti “murume anowanzonzi mubereki womwana kana... mwana akaberekwa kumukadzi uye murume wacho anoberekwa mukati nhambo yakati kuti yomukadzi.

Murangariro uyu unoshanda kwete bedzi muchatanuro asiwo muzvinoitika zvorufu kana kuti kuparadzana. Zvisinei, kunogona kupokana. Murume anogona kudenha murangariro wacho kana achigona kubvumikisa kuti haasati ari baba vokubereka — somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokunzvera DNA. Nenzira yakafanana, baba vanofungidzirwa vangatsvaka kubvisa kubereka kusingabviri kana roorano yacho yakanga isiri hwaro hwokunambwa kwomwana. Muzvinoitika apo chatanuro dzavaviri, murangariro unodzivisa kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro okuchengeta mwana: dare rinotoziva vose vari vaviri savabereki vapamutemo, naizvozvo sundo dzokuchinja zvakananga kugoverwa kwavabereki.

Chatanuro Nekodzero Yokuchengeta Mwana: Mupimo Wakanakisisa

Apo vabereki vakachatanura, matare anosarudza kuchengetwa kwemwana nemhaka yefariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana. Uyu mupimo unochinjika namaune, uchibvumira vatongi kuyera zvinhu zvakawanda. Kazhinji kazhinji, izvi zvinobatanidza chisungo chemirangariro pakati pomubereki mumwe nomumwe nomwana, mano omubereki mumwe nomumwe okugovera musha wakatsiga, zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo noutano, uye nhau ipi neipi yemasimba masimba omumba kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvinodhaka. Mitemo yakawanda yoruwa inoronga zvinhu izvi zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, California Contectal Code 3011 inodudza kurangarira kwakadai se “utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yomwana” uye“ mamiriro ezvinhu emwana neonano yevatano navabereki vose vari vaviri.”

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinovhengana neiyi nhevedzano munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, mugariro weroorano umene hausati uchitongova chinhu chinodzora — mupimo unonyandura zvikurusa unoshanda zvakaenzana kuvakwanyina veroorano navabereki vasina kuroora. Zvisinei, vabereki vakaroora kazhinji kazhinji vane nzira iri nyore zvikuru yokugadza nayo vabereki vapamutemo (sokwataurwa pamusoro apa). Chechipiri, dare ringarangarira dzikamo yemusha weroorano namano avabereki okubatira pamwe, izvo zvinorangarirwa zviri nyore zvikuru mumugariro woukama hweroorano hwaguma. Chechitatu, kana mubereki mumwe ave ari mutarisiri mukuru mukati meroorano, kuti mubereki angava nenhau yakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwekodzero yokuchengeta muviri, pasinei zvapo nemipiro yemari yomumwe mubereki. Iyi ndiyo rovedzo yazvino unova kushandiswa ye “muchengeti wepokarorirwo”, iyo inobuda muna 1970 sechipfupinotora rutivi rwechifanani.

Chinochinja chinokosha ikombamiro inokura ku “kurera vana.” kana kuti“ kodzero yokuchengeta mwana.” Iye zvino nyika dzine pfungwa dzinotevedzana dzokuti nguva youbereki yakaenzana zvikuru iri mufariro yakanakisisa yomwana, kutoti ufakazi hukaratidza neimwe nzira. Somuenzaniso, Minnesota Egstimetic Chikamu 518.17 inopa kuti “dare risada mubereki mumwe chete pahwaro hwevatano yomubereki wacho” uye rinokurudzira gadziriro dzinoti“ kuwedzera nguva inopedza mubereki mumwe nomumwe nomwana. ” Iyi nhambo inoratidzira kunzvera kuti vana vanobetserwa nokupfuurira, kubatanidzwa navabereki vose vari vaviri pashure pechatanu.

Kutapurwa Kweroorano Yevatano Yakafanana

Kutendeutswa kwapamutemo kweroorano youtere muUnited States kupfurikidza nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]) (2015) kwakachinjwa zvikurukuru pamutemo wekodzero yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Pamberi pa ] Obergefell[, varoorani vorudzi vamwe navamwe vakatarisana nokusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekodzero dzevabereki, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavabereki vasiri vanodzidza nezvetsika. Kunyange mumashoko anozivikanwa kuti roorano dzevatano yetenzi kana kuti mahumwe, kurangarirwa kwomubereki, kazhinji hakuna kushanda kuroorano youbereko nemhaka ye “murume” nemhaka yokuti mutauro wakanga uri munhurume. Somukadzi akabereka mwana mukati muchato wapamutemo angarangarira kuroorana kwake.

Obergefell aida kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano dzevatano, asi hakuna kungopa mavambo evabereki kuva vakwanyina voutevedzani. Mitemo yakawanda yagara ichidzokorora mitemo yavo yevabereki kuva yavanhurume nevakadzi, kubatanidza zvakananga vakaroorana vevatano imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, Tsika dzemhuri dzeCalifornia zvino dzinogovera kuti “mubereki anofungidzirwa kuva mubereki womwana kana... mwana akaberekerwa kumukadzi uye munhu wacho akaroorwa nomukadzi” (Sayemuro 75). Mutauro uyu unoshandisa “papo kuti afukidze.

Imwe nhau inodzokororwa inobatanidza vana vakanambwa kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokubereka runoshandiswa (ART) mukati meroorano imwe cheteyo youtevedzani. Kana vakwanyina vakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vachishandisa mupi wembeu kana kuti kuberekera mumwe pamuviri, mukwanyina akaberekwa navabereki vanobereka angada kuita mamwe matanho apamutemo — akadai semwana wokurera mwana wechipiri kana kuti mutongo womubereki — kutanga mubereki womubereki wapamutemo. Pasi padaicho, mukwanyina angava asina kumira kuti atsvake kodzero dzokuchengeta mwana kana vaviri vacho vakaparadzanisa. Matare asvika mhedziso dzakasiana. [[FLT: 0] [Miller-Jenkins] murukins [FLT] [FLT: 1], VaVer Suprum Court vanotsigira kodzero dzokugara nhaka mubatanidzwa kwomuchato wavagari vemone, zvinoteveneidzo dzakaitawo. Chikamu chapashure chino chinotaura chitsaro chateveri pashure pedzero. Mite. Miteoteoti iyi ino. Miteoteoteoteote

Kubatanidzwa pakati pekodzero dzeroorano nekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana nokuda kwevakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kunoramba kuri nzvimbo inokurumidza kugadziriswa. Vanamazvikokota vemitemo vanofanira kuramba varipo pamirau yose yehurumende nezvisarudzo zvehurumende kuti vape zano nenzira inobudirira. Nokuda kwemimwe mirayiridzo ine udzame, zviwanikwa zvinobva kumasangano akadai se National Center for Lesbian Rights [[ ne[FLT]American Comment Comment

Kufambira Mberi Kwemitemo Kwemisi Yazvino Uno

Miitiro inoverengeka yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakagadziridza kuwiriraniswa kwekodzero dzeroorano nemitemo yokuchengeta vana. Chokutanga, project Law Commission ya2017 yakadzokororwa yeVidence Paretage Act (UPA 2017) yakananga kurongera kuvana vakaberekwa neART nerog, uye inogamuchira mutauro wechirume necheninoutal muse. UPA 2017 yakagamuchirwa munyika dzakawanda, kubatanidza Washington, Vermont, naRhode Island. Urongwa hwayo hunojekesa kuti apo mwana anoberekwa kuroorano, vose vari vabereki vapamutemo, pasinei zvapo neukama hwemakemiitiro kana kuti mavara.

Chechipiri, matare akaziva nenzira inowedzera maruramiro avabereki vanowirirana nemwana — vakuru vakava neukama hwakafanana nohubereki nomwana asi vasina kuroorwa nomubereki akabereka kana kuti wokurera. Mune dzimwe nyika, mubereki wokurera angakwaniriswa somubereki anorasa kunyange pashure pechatanuro kana ava noukama hwakagadzwa nemwana. Ichi chinoitika chinodzikamisa muganhu wegamuchidzanwa pakati pamaruramiro eroorano akavakirwa pavabereki uye zvisungo zvomwana. Somuenzaniso, mu Mune Reparents . (2005), Washington Court yeWist Court yaiti kuti mukwanyina mumwe cheteyo wevatano uyo akaita semubereki angagona kuchengetwa pasinei zvapo nokushaiwa ukama hwemhuri kana kuti idikane.

Chechitatu, mitemo yehurumende yakadai seRhale Against Women Act (VAWA) neVictal Leavery Jurisdition and Enictment Act (UCJEA) inobatana nekodzero dzeroorano. UCCJEA, inogamuchirwa munyika dzose, inogadza mitemo yehurumende ine simba rokusarudza kuchengetwa kwemwana. Apo vabereki vakaroora ndokutamira kunyika dzakasiana, iyi mitemo inogona kutapura miuyo yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Mukuwedzera, VAWA’s anobvumira vapukunyuki vemasimba masimba omumba kutora nzvimbo isina chirango, vachiziva kuti chengeteko yomubereki — kazhinji kazhinji chengeteko mukati roorano inofanira kuyerwa nokungwarira.

Chinjo dzehurumende dzakaitikawo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita “kugovera kuva mubereki” pfungwa dzinoda nguva yakaenzana yokurera vana, nepo vamwe vakabva papfungwa dzakadaro dzakavakirwa pakunzvera pamusoro pemhuri dzakakwirira. Muna 2023, Kentucky akapfuudza mutemo unoda matare airaira kurangarira“ kuva mubereki” uko kunowedzera nguva yomubereki mumwe nomumwe, zvichiwirirana nekomba yenyika. Munguva ino, zvakafanana naColorado yakagamuchira “kurangarira nguva inotendwa kwechiNgezi” nhungamiro dzinobatanidza kuonana navabereki vose vari vaviri, dzinova dziviriro nokuda kwavana.

Mabhuku Anobatsira uye Mashoko Anonyanya Kunetsa

Kupindirana kwekodzero dzewanano uye mitemo yokuchengeta vana ine migumisiro chaiyo kumhuri.

Vabereki Vasina Kuroora

Apo vabereki vanenge vasina kuroora, mai vanongoerekana vava namaruramiro okuchengeta mwana apamutemo neokunyama pakuberekwa kutoti baba vachitanga kubereka. Kana baba vachida kuva navabereki vokurera, vanofanira kunyora chaizvoizvo chiito chokubereka, icho chingada kuedzwa kweDNA. Kunyange kana vakaroorwa nomumwe munhu, vanogona kunzi mubereki wapamutemo kana zvisungo zveroorano zvikabvumikiswa. Kushaikwa kweroorano hakuganhuri chengeteko, asi kunomanikidzira mutoro womuraudzo. Vazhinji vanotaura kuti “muitiro wokubvuma kwokuzvidzora kwechipo. Kuedza kwoumba kwemwana kunoitwa navabereki vasina kuroorwa kunogona kusaina chipatara, uko kunopa kodzero dzapamutemo pasina murairo wedare. Zvisinei, uku kubvumira ikoku kunogona kudenhwa mukati nhambo yakati.

Kurambana uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Pashure pechatanuro, mirairo yekodzero yokuchengeta mwana haisati iri yechigarire. Mubereki mumwe nomumwe anogona kukumbira kuchinja kodzero yokuchengeta mwana yakavakirwa pa “chinjo isingadzorwi mumigariro.” Kodzero dzeroorano dzingaparira: kuroorazve kunogona kurangarirwa kuva chinjo, zvikurukuru kana kuchitanga mubereki wokurera mutsva anoda kubetsera netarisiro. Zvisinei, mupimo wakanakisisa wetsinhano unoramba uri mukuru, uye dare richanzvera kuti kuroorazve kunotapura sei dzikamo yomwana noukama nomubereki mumwe nomumwe.

Vabereki Vevatano Nevatano Nekurera Vana

Nokuda kwavakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo veroorano, kurera kwechipiri kunorumbidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kuvimbisa vakwanyina vose vari vaviri kuva nekodzero dzapamutemo. Kurera kwakarairwa mukati meroorano kunotanga mubereki wapamutemo uyo anopukunyuka chatanuro. Pasina iyi nhano, mukwanyina asiri wedzinza angakuwana kwakaoma kuwana maruramiro okuchengeta mwana, zvikurukuru kana vaviri vakaroorana vakarambana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew York neCalifornia, dzakaita kuti “vabereki vagova nenzvimbo inochengetedzwa zvitendero izvo zvinogona kudzivirira mubereki asiri wedzinza uyo abatira somubereki.

Nhau Dzenyika Yose Dzokubatana Nedzisiri Dzomubatanidzwa

Kodzero dzeroorano dzingasiana apo vabereki vanogara munyika dzakasiana kana kuti nyika. UCCJEA inogovera mitemo nokuda kwokusarudza udzori hwehurumende yemusha, asi kubatwa kwavabereki vanotsamira paroorano kunogona kusiana. Somuenzaniso, mugariro usingazivi roorano imwe cheteyo yohuhuhuhuhumwe (kunyange zvazvo iyo iri pamutemo isingabviri pashure pe yakapaza ) ungaedza kuganhurira maruramiro evabereki omukwanyina mumwe cheteyo wevatano. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, kutenda kwakazara neCreaus kunoda kuti izivise roorano kubva kune dzimwe nyika, asi mirairo yechengetero ingangova ichiri inoshatiswa. Kukakavawo kumwe kubatanidzwa kwekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, sezvo dzimwe nyika dzose dzisingazivi kukuranisa kukura kwoukwa. Mirayiro yemitemo yemhuri inofanira kukumbira kutendeka mumirayiro yemhuri.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pekodzero dzeroorano nemitemo yokuchengeta vana hunopfuurira kuva hwechinjo, hunoratidzira mipimo yetsika yetsika yokuenzana negarikano yavana. Nepo roorano yakambopiwa pedyo nekodzero dzavabereki dzinoshandiswa, mutemo wazvino uno unonangidzira pafariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana, kuisa mupimo wakapfava unorangarira migariro yechienzi yemhuri imwe neimwe. Kuitwa kwapamutemo kweroorano imwe neimwe, kugadziridzwa kwemitengo yetsika kuUNITED Paresalgative, uye chinjo dzehurumende dzose dzakawedzera kuzivikanwa kwezvivako zvemhuri zvakasiyana-wirirano. Kunzwisisa uku kunobetsera kuvimbisa kururamisira mhuri dzose uye kusimudzira migumisiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwavana. Sezvinopfuurira kuchinjwa kwemipimo yapamutemo, kuchengetwa namashoko akakurumbira — zvakadai se [FLD:] BrealvelGration Gatew Gatew [1] uye masangano anokosha, uye vabereki vacharamba vachidzodzatevedzanisa.