Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Nokudzivirirwa Kwezvisaririra

Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeUnited States chinovimbisa kodzero yevanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro inopesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Iyi dziviriro yematombo inotambanukira kutsamba dzakavanzika netupurudziro dzokupa, matare ayo ave achizivikanwa kwenguva refu se “pepa” uye“ zvinoshanda. Sezvo chinyorwa cha 1877 [[FLT:] Exte Jackson[, Dare Rapamusoro rakabata kuti tsamba dzakasimbiswa netubhiza mutsamba zvinoiswa pasi pezvinodikanwa zvakafanana semusha kana kuti motokari. Mutemo uyu unoreva kuti mutemo unowanzosagona kuvhura kana kuti kuongorora tsamba kana kuti matura pasina rugwaro emunhu oga anobudiswa neasingatori, inotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvakatonge zvichingopfuurwa.

Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvinoraira zvokunzvera tsamba nemakapu kwakakomba nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vagari vemo vanotsvaka kudzivirira kuva kwavo voga navakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo vanoedza kuita nzvero dzapamutemo. Mitemo yacho haisati iri yakananga nguva dzose iripo, uye mitoo yokupa nayo yazvino uno yakatanga vhiringidziko itsva. Nyaya inonzvera kunzvera kwapamutemo kwetsamba dzapachivande nepoto, zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvokuwana maruramiro, zvinozivikanwa, uye miuyo nokuda kwokuvandika munhambo yekurukurirano yemichina yetsika nengarava zvenyika yose.

Muitiro Wapamutemo Wavatsvaki

Chibvumikiso chokunzvera imurairo wedare unobvumira mutemo kunzvera munhu akati, nzvimbo, kana kuti chinhu. Nokuda kwetsamba neposvo, rugwaro runofanira kuwanwa kumutongi kana kuti majaji rugwaro rusati rwavapo, rusati rwavapo. Iwechina weFimendement inoisa zvinodikanwa zvitatu zvikuru nokuda kwebvumiro ipi neipi inoshanda: chisakiso (chinodikanwa), chimwe zvacho (chikuru), uye mhiko kana kuti kusimbisa (chibvumirano).

Chisakiso Chinowirirana Chinodonongodzwa

Chisakiso chinovapo apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kune chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi akarurama nemigariro, kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa uye ufakazi ihwohwo hwoutsotsi huchawanwa mutsamba kana kuti pasuru kuti hunzverwe. Iyi nhevedzo yakakwirira kupfuura nyumwirowo zvayo asi yakaderera kupfuura chibvumikiso chisingapanikiriwi. Somuenzaniso, kana mishonga inodzivisa kunzvera imbwa ichiita kuti ingwarire pasuru munzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu, iyo yakasvinurira, yakabatanidzwa nezvimwe zviratidzo zvakadai sekero inonyumwirwa kana kuti nzira yokubhadhara nayo, ingasimbisa chisakiso chinobvira. Dare rinonzvera nenzira yakakodzera pahwaro hwuri hwemigariro, richirangarira mashoko anowanika kumukuru mukuru mukuru panguva yokushandisa.

Chisakiso chinobvira chinofanira kupa maidi chaiwoiwo, kwete bedzi kutaura kwokubatanidza. Affidavit chaiyo ingabatanidza udzame pamusoro penzvero inopfuurira yemirimo yokutengesa, nzvero, tsinhiro dzinozivisa idzo dzakatsigirwa, uye zvinyorwa zvinoratidza zvinhu zvinogara zvichioneka kubva kumanyuko anozivikanwa ezvinhu zvinodzorwa. Kana affidavit inovimba nerevo yakavanzika, mukuru mukuru anofanira kugadza kuvimbika kwenzvero yezivo pasi pe Aulpellig [[FLT: 1]], kunyange zvazvo mativi mazhinji zvino anotevera hwerengedzo yakapfava yapachipanyuko kubva [FLT]

Chinodikanwa Chakananga

Geza reChina Refusion rinoraira kuti “zvikurukuru rirondedzere nzvimbo inoda kusechwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa.” Kuti tsamba netunzira zviwane chinhu chakananga / somuenzaniso, pasuru yakavharwa ine nhamba yakati inotevedzerwa, yakanyorerwa munhu ane zita panzvimbo yakati, uye inofungidzirwa kuva ine mirimo isiri yapamutemo. Rondedzero dzakadai se “zvipo zvipi nezvipi zvinonyorerwa John Doe” zvinofanira kuparadzwa sedzinopfuura nokwenguva dzose. Chinodikanwa chaicho chinodzivisa mukuru mukuru mukuru, kunzvera ndokuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru havapindiri mutsamba yose yomunhu panzvimbo inochengetedzwa.

Mumashoko akapoteredza epasuru dzakaitwa neFed Ex, kana kuti UPS, rugwaro runofanira kududzawo nzvimbo yokutsvaka kwacho . zvakadai senzvimbo yakati yokuparadzira kana kuti motokari yokuendesa. Ikoku kunogona kuva kwakaoma apo mapaketi anenge ari muudzori hwakawanda, sezvinobvira kudikanwa kwetsinhirano pakati pezviremera zvomubatanidzwa nehurumende.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvine Simba

Kuti awane rugwaro, mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anofanira kuisa chitupa chakapikirwa kumutongi kana kuti mutongi. Mutongi anoonesa maidi anotanga chisakiso chinobvira ndokurondedzera zvinhu zvinofanira kuongororwa nokubatwa. Mutongi ipapo anohwirudzura affidavit, angabvunza mibvunzo, uye kusarudza kana achapa rugwaro rwacho. Kana rugwaro rwacho rukapiwa, runofanira kuurawa mukati mechikamu chakati chenguva, (* 10 kusvikira kumazuva 14, zvichitsamira padare rokudzosera pamutemo (*) uye kudzokera kudare neakatapaunzi yezvinhu zvakabatwa.

Affidavit igwaro rakakomba. Kana ine kutaura kwenhema kunoitwa nouzivi kana kuti nokusangwarira zvokwadi, murairo ungaregwa pasi pe Firank v. Delaware mupimo, uye ufakazi hupi nohupi hunogona kudzorwa. Kunzvera kweposi nepasuru kunowanzobatanidza mashoko okuronda, matanda, zvigadziko, zvingwa, uye kutaura kubva kuzvapupu kana kuti vazivi.

Kugamuchira Zvinodikanwa Zvinoparadza

Nepo chinodikanwa chomutemo chiri chisakafanira, matare akaziva kusava kwapamutemo kunoverengeka kunobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunzvera tsamba kana kuti mapasuru pasina mvumo.

Kubvuma

Kana mutumwa kana kuti mugamuchiri anodiwa akabvuma nokuzvidira kusechwa kwepasuru, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, munhu angabvuma kunzvera kwetsika apo zvinhu zvinotumirwa munyika yose, kana kuti muridzi weposi angabvumira muongorori weposi kuzarura pasuru inonyumwirwa. Chibvumikiso chacho chinofanira kupiwa nokuzvidira, kwete chibereko chokumanikidzira kana kuti chokunyengera. Vakuru vakuru havadi kurayira munhu worudyi rwavo kuramba kubvuma, asi hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kuti kubvuma kwacho kwakanga kuri kwokuzvidira.

Migariro Yakaoma

Masangano anopa tyisidziro iri pedyo kuupenyu kana kuti ruparadziko rwoufakazi anogona kururamisa kunzvera posi kana kuti mapasuru pasina pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kana pasuru ichiratidzika kuva ine bhomba uye ichifungidzirwa kuva nebhomba, vakuru vakuru vangaivhura pasina kumirira pamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, kana kuchengetwa kwomutemo kune chisakiso chokuti pakiti rine ufakazi hunopera nokukurumidza kana kuti hunoparadzwa. Yakadai semirimo ingagona kubviswa nokukurumidza kana kuti kuparadzwa. uye hapana nguva yokuwana pamutemo, migariro yakakomba ingashanda. Matare anonzvera mamiriro acho ose ezvinhu, kubatanidza kurumidziro yemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuwanika kwavatongi (zvinova zvino zvinokwanisa kuwanikwa norunhare kana kuti mitoo yemagetsi nokuda kwezvibvumikiso).

Kuongorora Mucheto Wenyika Netsika

Pamiganhu yenyika dzakawanda nezvinoshanda, hurumende ine chiremera chikuru chokutsvaka tsamba netupepa pasina rugwaro. Iyi ndiyo “kutsvaka kwemiganhu,” kwakavakirwa mukodzero yechitongi kudzivirira miganhu yayo. Vakuru vakuru vetsika vangavhura tsamba dzenyika yose, mapasuru, uye mabhureki okunzvera nokuda kwokudzosa, zvinhu zvakarambidzwa, kana kuti zvinhu zvinoiswa pamabasa. Dare repamusoro redare rakava necherekedzo kuti muganhu wemuganhu une mufungo musiri weC5ern Amendment, kunyange zvazvo kunzvera kuri kwakakwirira zvikuru kuchida nyumwiro ine mufungo. Kupinda muUnited States yeBattleal , Postal Service and Custom and Bority Protections and Borivertection (CP) zvinonzvera tsamba nezvinogara zviripo, kazhinji nezvinoongororwa nezvinoiswa mumichina yeXreaireai.

Kusiiwa Nedzidziso Yechitatu Yezvikamu

Kana munhu akasiya pasuru yechitatu (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuisiya mutsvina yavose inogona kana kuti kukundikana kuitaura pashure pecherechedzo(Hyne Amendment haisati ichaidzivirirazve. Kuwedzera, pasi pedzidziso yechitatu, mashoko akatendeudzirwa nokuzvidira kuboka rechitatu (zvakadai somufambiri wokutakura) angarasikirwa nokutarisira kwayo kune mufungo kwokuvandika. United States v. Van Leeuwen [1970]), Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kuchengetwa kupfupi kwepasuru apo vakuru vainzvera kwakanga kune mufungo, zvikurukuru apo pakanga pasina kuputswa kwechidhindo. Zvisinei, dzidziso yechitatu haisati ichipa mvudzo yakavhurika, kupfurikidza nokupiwa mashoko anopiwa mashoko kupfurikidza nokupiwa kupfurikidza nokuteverwa kwamashoko (mutevedzeri).

Zvirongwa Zvokuongorora Nezvokuongorora Zvinoshandiswa Nevashandi

Zvimwe zvirongwa zvokutarisira zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwemapaketi pasina kukodzera mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Somuenzaniso, Department of Agriculture inogona kuongorora zvirimwa nemhuka kuti zvisaparadzike.

Kunetsa Kuva Woga uye Matambudziko Emazuva Ano

Kuwedzera kwekukurukurirana kwemichina, kuwedzera kwemabasa okutumira mabhuku, uye kuwanda kwemasangano epasi pose kwemakombiyuta nezvinotumirwa zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekudzivirira mapepa netsamba zvinonzi Ecommerce yeChina Sunday Constration nokuda kwepaundi.

Tariro Yokuva Woga Kwezvinhu

Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti pasuru yakavharwa mutsamba ine kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga. Mu United States v. Jacobsen (19984), Dare rakatonga kuti mushandi anenge ari oga akavhura bhokisi rakakuvadzwa uye akawana mirimo aisagona kugona kuzoshandiswa gare gare somumiririri wehurumende pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, kana pasuru yacho yavhurwa nebato rapachivande (g., mushandi anonzvera kurasika) uye kuroverera mutemo kunongoita bedzi kuedza pachinhu chacho, Repution yeChina ingasagona kunzi isati isati isati isati iri mhaka nemhaka yokuti kuvhotera kwakabva pachiito chapatomuto.

Iyi nheyo ine revo huru nokuda kweindasitiri yepasuru. Makambani akadai seAmazon, USS, naFEEC anowanzoshandisa X-rey uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuongorora nokuda kwechengeteko nemitemo. Nepo izvi zvipikiriso zvingaratidza zvinhu zvisaitiki zvepasuru, matare anowanzotaura kuti kunzvera kwakadaro kunoitwa namasangano ehurumende hakuiti kuti aongorore. Asi kana mufambi akagovera migumisiro nemitemo, nhau yeD5 Amendment ingamuka kana kugoverana kusingatsigiriki nokushanda pamwe chete.

Matsamba Nematsamba

Kudzivirira kweTree Amendment ye “mapepa” zvino kunotambanukira zvakajeka kukurukurirano dzemipimo, kubatanidza email. Ex parte Jackson, Dare rakanamwa kuti risimbise mabhii kuti risimbise. Munhambo yemitauro, kurangarira kumwe cheteko kunoshanda kuzviri mumaemail. Zvisinei, Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo (18:U.S.C. 2701 et seq.) inogovera chirongwa chemitemo icho chinowanzoda pamutemo kuti hurumende imanikidze kutumira maimeyili kuti izivise zviri mumaimeyili zvakachengetwa kwemazuva ari pasi pe1. Nokuda kwemaemail kana kuti mazuva anosvika 180. Mametameters, maammappea), dare rokunzesero repamusoro kana kuti rivene.

Kupindira Mutoro Nevanotakura

Vatakuri pane dzimwe nguva vanovhara mapasuru nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo. United States v. Van Leeuwen, Dare rakatsigira kunonozeka kupfupi (maawa 29) emapasuru maviri apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vainzvera, nemhaka yokuti kunonoka kwakanga kuri kuduku uye mapaketi akanga ari muchengeteko yomufambi. Njodzi dzinotevera, dzakadai se [[[FLT:] United States v. La France[FLT] [199], yakarangarira kana kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kana kuti “kudzorwa kwaparidzoro. ” (papo mutakuri anoendesa mupiro pasi pechito) inosvitsa kubvutira kuraira.

Ruzivo rwazvino uno runowedzera idzi itiro hanya dzakavanzika. Gadziriro dzokusarudza, poto yepasuru, uye mashoko anoiswa navatakuri zvinogona kuzivisa zvakawanda zvikuru pamusoro pemibato yomunhu kupfuura nakare kose. Somuenzaniso, Postal Service Control yeMail Control yePost Service uye Kuroramura purogiramu inonyora mifananidzo yokunze yeposi yose yakagadzirwa nejere ramabhirioni 160 pagore. Kuwana kwomutemo kusvika kumashoko akadaro pasina pamutemo kunosimudzira mibvunzo inokosha yeDramendement yeChina, kunyange zvazvo matare akapa hurumende nzvimbo yakafara kwazvo kuti ishandise metameter.

Matanho Anoshanda Okushandiswa Kwomutemo uye Vanhu

Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanoona nezvemitemo vachitsvaka pasuru, kosi yakakotsekana ndeyokuwana gwaro rokunzvera panguva ipi neipi inobvira. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera pasuru noururami, udzame chisakiso chinobvira chakavakirwa pamaidi, uye dudza nzvimbo. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kunyora migariro ipi neipi inokatyamadza kana rugwaro rusingagoni kuwanwa, uye vanofanira kuyeuka kuti “mumhanyi nokutaura” anofanira kukumbira kuzvipira zvirokwazvo.

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe vanoitira hanya kuva kwavo voga muzvinhu zvakatumirwa nengarava, mapfundo anotevera akafanirwa nokucherechedzwa:

  • Kushandiswa kwechiputiso chakanamirwa, chakajeka [ kunobetsera kuchengeta kariro ine mufungo yokuvandika. Mitaro inojeka kana kuti inoburitsa ingakoka nzvero kupfurikidza navatakuri vezvinhu kana kuti tsika.
  • Kupinza muInternal Postal Service yeU.S. kunoparira dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzeGadziro yeChina pakuzarurwa kusina kufanira kupfuura vatakuri vepoto, nemhaka yokuti Postal Service isangano rehurumende. Vanotakura vanhu havasungirwi neRemendement yeChina ivo vamene, asi kana vakashanda somumiriri wokuchengeta mutemo, ganhuriro dzinoshanda.
  • Retting rest ikodzero yebumbiro remitemo. Kana mutemo uchikumbira kuzarura pasuru, une maruramiro okuramba kutoti yabudisa rugwaro kana kuti yakasiana ichishanda.
  • [ Kutaurirana kwechidhigita kunofanira kunyorwa panobvira, uye magwaro anotapurika anofanira kutumirwa kupfurikidza nemikoto yakachengeteka. Nepo mutemo uchiri kupeta, kunyorwa kwamashoko kwapakarepo kunogona kugovera imwe dziviriro inoshanda.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvokunzvera tsamba dzapachivande nezvinopiwa zvinoratidza dzikamo yokungwarira pakati pezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokunzvera nekodzero dzakavanzika. Iwechina Amendment inoraira kuti mutemo uchengetedze rugwaro rwakavakirwa pachikonzero chingabvira nerondedzero yakati usati wavhura tsamba yakanamwa, usati warega kusiiwa. Iyi gadziriro yakadzivisa zvinetso zvokuchinja kwemichina yezvokugadzira zvinhu uye inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha. Zvisinei, sezvo masangano anoendesa zvinhu achava amarudzi ose namabasa omunhu oga, matare achapfuurira kutsanangura izvo kariro dzine mufungo dzechivande dzinoreva munyika umo pasurudzo ingaiswa, ihonge yadzorwa, uye inochengetwa namasangano avanhu vakavanzika akawanda. Vagari vose vari vaviri vanobetserwa nokunzwisisa zvakajeka mitemo inosaririra zviri pamutemo zvinobetsera uye zvisingashandukiri pamutemo pasina mitoo inodikanwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Penzura yeChina pa [[FLT: 1] Cornell Information Institute, chisakiso chinobvira mu Chisakiso chinobvira[[[FLT:], uye chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu United States v. Vanuwen.[FLT]]