Kunzwisisa Ukama Hwakaoma Kunzwisisa Pakati Pemapasi Asina Kubatanidzwa Nemari Yakashata Muzvisarudzo zveUnited States

Gadziriro yezvemari yeAmerica imharanza yemirairo, zvibudiso, uye masangano akavhengana ayo anowanzovhara manyuko echokwadi emari yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakati pamasangano anokakavadzana zvikurusa pane asingabatanidzwi neProvitial Action Committee (PACs) uye [[FLT]] makambani emarikemi emari anokosha kunzwisiswa kwepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno uye kurwisa kupfuurira kwemibato yezve yetsika, kuvamba kwavo kunoparira mukoto une simba wokushandisa kuisa zvisarudzo, muitiro, uye hurukuro yavose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vanonzwisisa kuti aya masimba maviri anoshanda sei kuti anzwisise pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwePACIS uye mari ine rima, kunzvera rondedzero dzadzo, mhindumupindu yapamutemo, mitoo yemharano, uye miuyo yedemocracy yokushandisa kwadzo kwakabatanidzwa. Tinosimbisawo nhamburiko dzokuchinja dzazvino uno uye tinopa murangariro unotarira mberi pamusoro penguva yemberi yokuoneka kwemari yenhimbe.

Ndeapi Mabhuku Asina Kubatanidzwa?

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi matare ezvamatongerwe enyika akanyoreswa neFederal Envotion Commission (FEC) iyo inosimudza ndokushandisa mari yakazvimirira kumunhu upi noupi, mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti rimwe sangano rakabatana. Kusafanana namaPaCs egamuchidzanwa anoumbwa namasangano avashandi, kana kuti masangano ezvokutengeserana uye masangano anoganhurirwa umo anogona kukumbira (861 CC) akasununguka kuunganidza mari kubva kumunhu upi noupi kana kuti boka pasina kubatanidzwa nomutsigiriri chaiye.

Idzi PC dzinogona kuita ndyiko dzakazvimirira (mutoo., kushambadzira kunotsigira kana kuti vanoshora) ndokupa zvakananga kuvada kuzoda kuenda, pasi peganhuriro dzehurumende. Panosvika 2024, PC isati iri inobatanidzwa ingapa $5 000 pasarudzo kudare rinoda kuteverwa uye inosvika $5 000 pagore kudare renyika. Zvisinei, simba ravo chairo riri mundyiko isina kuganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza PCS, iro riri rudzi ruduku rwePCs dzinobatanidzwa idzo dzinogona kukwira nokupedza zvitsamazarira zvisingaganhurirwi.

Kumuka kwePACIS kunotangira kuma1970 uye kuchinja kwapashure peWatergate, asi nhamba dzazvo dzakaputika pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reU.S. 2010 mu COUTN] United. FEC uye zviuru zveD.C. kutonga kwedunhu Spech zvino.org v.FEC, izvo zvinobvisa miganhu yemaganhu akazvimirira. Nhasi, zviuru zvePACIC zvinoshanda munyika yose, mabhiriyoni emari inotengwa.

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anowanzonangidzira ngwariro panhau yemasangano ebhizimisi, nhimbe dzepfungwa, kana kuti kutsigira chitupa chavapindi vamanikidziro vanowirirana nemirangariro yavo. Anogona kuva anopesana zvikuru nenhau yakadai sePCAC yakatsaurirwa kukodzero dzepfuti, chiito chemhoteredzo, kana kuti tarisiro dzoutano kugadziridza kwakafara, zvakadai saavo vanomirira masangano ebhizimisi kana kuti mibatanidzwa yepfungwa. Nemhaka yokuti havabatanidzwa nemutezo upi noupi, vanogona kufarikanya kuchinjika zvikuru muidzorwa mumashoko uye vanogona kupinda mu “kudzvinyirira kutenderwa kwoudzori hwepfungi” (zvinokurudzira nenzira yakakomba mavhotera kana kuti kupesana nomukwikwikwikwidza) kana kuti“ kutsigira masangano ezvenga apamutemo.

Musiyano mukuru: PAC] Asinganzvereki anofanira kunyoresa neFEC, mafaira mashoko okuzivisa enguva dzose anoronga vapi vanopa vanopfuura $200, uye anowirirana neganhuriro dzemipiro yokupa kwokupirwa kwakananga. Ikoku kunogadzira mwero wekujeka( asi sezvatichaona, kujeka ikoko kunogona kuderedzwa apo aya maPC anofambidzana namasangano emari akasvibira.

Kunzwisisa Kurongwa Kwemari Yakashata

“ Mari yemagariro evanhu” inonongedzera kukushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano asingadiwi nomutemo kuzivisa vapi. Shoko rinowanzoshanda kukupedza na 501(c)(4) masangano enzanga yenzanga[, [[FLT]] 501 [6] [6] masangano ezvokutengeserana [[FLT] [[FLT]] [3], uye [[FLT] 501] (c)) [3] mibato yemasangano (kunyangezvo zvokupedzisira zvakatarisana neganhuriro dzakasimba pamusoro pebasa rezvematongerwe enyika). Masangano aya angapinda mubato ezvematongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kuvhotera, kuvhotera, kunyange kuvhotera, uye kuzvipira kuzvimirira, sokusanoita basa rawo kwenguva refu.

Musiyano mukuru wapamutemo ndewokuti 501(c)(4) (c) (6) haidikanirwi kushuma pachena vapi vavo pasi pemirairo yeHunguriro yeMbiri yeMari yeProvice (IRS), uye vanohesvurwa zvikuru pazvinodikanwa zveFEC zvokushandisa kwakati. Ikoku kunobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye mubatanidzwa kupinza mari muidzi masangano pasina kuziviswa pachena. Muuyo wacho ibopedzo yemari ye “mazita” mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mari yakagadzirwa nerima yakawedzera zvikuru chifo Citizens United. Mukuwirirana ne OpenSET [, mari yakasviba yainyorwa nokuda kweinenge mabhiriyoni $1 $55 musarudzo dzehurumende mukati menhambo ye2020, na501(c) kuva motokari huru. Mapoka aya anowanzoita zviziviso zvinodudza nezita kana kuti kukurukura mutemo, asi nemhaka yokuti anomira kupfupikisa “majee mitauro ” yakajeka (so-inonzi“ inyunyuiadcovecvocvo)), anogona kudzivisa kunyandura zvinodikanwa zveFORC.

Mumwe muenzaniso wakashata kushandiswa kwe mapoka emari yakasviba yenyindi ayo anoumba ndokunyunguduka pashure pesarudzo imwe, achisiya chisaririra chiduku chamanyuko avo emari. Mapoka akadaro anowanzogoverana kero, mitezo yeboka, uye vashandi nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingaoneki, kuumba webhu yemasangano ane pesvedzero yakabatana iyo inoita kuti ive isina kuziviswa.

Nhevedzo inokosha: Haisi mari yose yakasviba isiri yapamutemo. Mitemo inodzora kuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika ibasa rakamanikana, uye masangano mazhinji anoshanda mukati memiganhu yapamutemo iripo. Chinetso hachisati chiri mapoka amene, asi mikaha mukuona pachena uko kunobvumira zvitsama zvikuru zvemari kupesvedzera sarudzo nenzira isingazivikanwi.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwakaita Mari Yerima

Mharadzano dzePACIS nenhimbe dzemari dzisiri dzine rima ndedzinowana kusaoneka kwemari yenhimbe. PACS − Zvikurukuru Sangano guru , zvinogona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kumasangano, mibatanidzwa, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe. Nepo Super PACS ichifanira kuzivisa vapi navapi vavo, pane chiwero chinokosha: vanogona kugamuchira mari inobva muna 501(c)(4) namamwe mapoka emari matema, ayo anosazivisawo vapinduri vavo vamene. Iyoyi inozivikanwa semari inopfuura nokupfuudza [1] kana kuti [FLT:].[FLT]

Somuenzaniso, mupi akapfuma uyo anoda kupesvedzera sarudzo asingazivikanwi angapa $11 miriyoni kusangano ra501(c). Sangano iroro, munyengedzero yegarikano, ipapo rinogovera mamirioni Z $1 imwe cheteyo kuSuper PC. Mushumo wePPAC’s uchati 501(c) (4) somupi (8) seanoramba akavanzwa. Nokudaro, Super PAC inooneka nemitemo yokuzivisa, nepo mupi chaiye asinganzverwi anenge awana nzverwa pachena.

Uyu muitiro wakapararira. Nzvero ne Brennan Center yeMutongi yakawana kuti vazhinji vemaSuper PAC vanogamuchira mari yavo yakawanda kubva kumanyuko akasviba emari. Mukati me 20222, maPUNI makuru maviri makurusa ebato rimwe nerimwe [[[FLT]] Sante Leadership Fund[ [[FLT]] na [[FFLT:]] Santate thity PC[FLT] [FLT]] [FFFF:5]] (DDROG])

Imwe mharadzano inoitwa apo PACIS dzinopinda mu “issue accoucy” isingasiyaniswi kubva pakuratidzira kunyora. A 501(c)(4) ingashandisa kushambadzira kunodenha chinyorwa chemutengi, nepo pari zvinobatanidzwa zvisina kubatanidza PC zvinosimudzira kushambadza mukwikwidza. Nemhaka yokuti 501(c)(4) haisati isati ichitaura zvakajeka kuti “kupesana,” inodzivisa kuratidzirwa kwechinjo yenhau yabatanidzwa inhimbe inoumba kuvhotera kuvhotera.

Mitemo yokugadza [ inowanzodudzwa sedzinodzima moto mukurwisana nebatira pamwe yakananga, asi mukushanda, vaichimbova vashandi, vatengesi, uye mapuranga anobatana akavanzika. FEC haina kutongoronda zviito zvokudzika pamutemo nokuda kwetsinhirano, ichisiya nzvimbo yachena zvikuru apo maPACI akabatana namapoka emari matema anoshanda mumibatanidzwa isina zvibvumirano zvetsika.

Pane dzimwe nguva, vanhu vamwe chetevo vanodzora zvose zviri zviviri 501(c)(4) nePACI. Somuenzaniso, mushandi wezvamatongerwe enyika angawana boka remari ine rima kuti apedze mari isingazivikanwi nePACI yakanyanyisa kuti iparadze. Masangano maviri anogoverana nzvimbo yehofisi, vashandi, uye unyanzvi, asi nemhaka yokuti akaparadzana pamutemo, mutemo unoabata saakasiyana. Iyi gadziriro inowedzera mano okuita kuti mari ishandiswe muPC isati yaziviswa isati yaziviswa.

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo yawanda. Americas nokuda kweUpwiringi nzanga, yakatsigirwa neKoch hama, inobatanidza 501 (c)(4) uye asingabatanidzwi zvikuru, inobvumira kusava nendyiko neyakasaipira. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:]] USA[[FLT]]] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [a Democ POC] uye [[FLT]] Majeri asingatsaunganidzwi.

Matambudziko Epamutemo uye Okutungamirira

Gadziriro yazvino inodzorwa zvisina kurongeka kubata mhesano yePACI dzisingabatanidzwa nemari yakasviba. FEC inovharwa negwenya rinodzorwa navanopandukira, navamiririri kazhinji kazhinji vasingakwanisi kubvumirana pamusoro pezviito zvokuchengeta. IRS, iyo inotarisira 501(c)(4) kuzviisa pasi, yakaganhurirwa zvikuru neganhuriro dzemari nedzokudzokorora kwezvamatongerwe enyika, inodokuva inorega kubatanidzwa kwemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika namapoka egarikano.

Mibvunzo yapamutemo inoverengeka inoramba isina kupedzwa:

  • Kuzivisa nokuda kwa 501(c)(4). Nepo IRS ichida aya masangano kushuma vapi vemitero yakavanzika pazvimiro zvemitero, hakuiti kuti mashoko iwayo ave pachena. Nhamburiko dzokuraira kuti kuziviswa kwavanhu kuve kwakadzorerwa muCongress.
  • Mitemo yokugadza pakati pePCs namapoka emari asina kubatanidzwa. Rondedzero yeFEC ye “kurukurirano yakamanikana” yakatetepa uye kazhinji kazhinji inokundikana kubata uchokwadi hwezvishandiso zvinogoveranwa namazano.
  • Zitendero dzeZikurusa dzeMarudzi. Matare anowanzorangarira kushandiswa kwemari yezvamatongerwe enyika sekutaura kwakadzivirirwa, kunyange kana kuchibva mumanyuko asingazivikanwi. Dare Gurusa re 2014 kutonga mu Mccheon v. FEC[FLT] yakaderedzazve ganhuriro dzemupiro, kukudza nomutoo usina kunanga rutivi basa rePACICS.
  • Kushambadza kwokupa mashoko nokuda kwe “kushambadza kworuvara". Vanoda kupiwa mazita. Pasi pomutemo wazvino, kushambadza bedzi kunoshandisa “mashoko ezvishamiso” (e., “kureva,” kunonyandura kujeka kwakazara. Addhi dzinokurukura chinyorwa chomutengi pasina mashoko iwayo anohesvurwa zvikuru, kunyange kana vavariro yacho iri pachena.

Mimwe miganhu yakapindira umo hurumende yehurumende isina. Somuenzaniso, California, New York, uye Illinois dzakagadza mitemo yorumano zvikuru nokuda kwamapoka matema emari anoshanda muvhoti dzehurumende. Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende unoputsa murairo wehurumende wenhimbe dzehurumende, naizvozvo idzi nhamburiko dzinoshanda bedzi munharaunda. Mitemo yemitemo inoparira munda wokutamba wakasiana uye inobvumira vatambi vesavvy kushandisa masimba akaneta zvikurusa.

Rimwe denho kukwira kwe masangano enzanga anoshanda zvikurukuru semichina yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mupimo weIRS nokuda kwa 501(c)(4) mugariro ndewokuti masangano anofanira kuva “akabatanidzwa zvikuru” mukusimudzira garikano yenzanga, kwete zvamatongerwe enyika. Mumadaro, mapoka akawanda anopedza inopfuura hafu yemari yawo pamibato yezvamatongerwe enyika uye haana miuyo. Kushaikwa kweIRS kwakashandura kuedza kwedonzo guru kuva tsamba yakafa.

Kunetsa Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Kubatanidzwa kwePACI dzisingabatanidzwi nemari yakasviba zvine miuyo mikuru nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inomirira. Apo zvitsama zvikuru zvezvisarudzo zvemari zvisingabvumiki, nheyo huru dzedemocracy dzinoverengeka dzinoparadzwa:

  • Kudzorwa nokuvhota kwakaziviswa. Vaongorori havagoni kuyera vavariro dziri seri kwokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana vasingazivi ari kuawanisa mari. Kudenha kwakasanorongwa kungabhadharwa nomupi mumwe akapfuma, fariro yokumwe (kune dzimwe nyika inorambidzwa kupa), kana kuti indasitiri inoedza kuderedza miraudzo yakashata(* asi pasina kuzivisa, vhotera vanosiiwa murima.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Kana wezvematongerwe enyika achibetserwa nemari yakasviba, kwakaomera vamiririri kuziva kuti ndeipi ingafarirwa newezvematongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunoparira kusavimba nehurumende.
  • Kuenzana kwomufananidzo. Kukwanisa kupedza zvisina zita vanhu vakapfuma zvikuru namasangano, kupedza zvinetso zvavagari vemowo zvavo. Seizvo musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Martin Gilens akaratidza, mirau inowirirana zvikuru nezvinodiwa navapfumi kupfuura izvo zvavanhu vose.
  • Kushandisa nokupesvedzera. Nepo ushati hwakapanikirwa hwakaoma kubvumikisa, nzwisiso youori inokuvadza. Mitezo yeCongress inopedza chikamu chinokosha chenguva yavo yokupa mari, kazhinji kazhinji kubva kumasangano mamwe chetewo emari asina kubatanidzwa. Izvozvi zvinoparira gadziriro umo kusvika kunotengeswa kumari yakakwirira zvikurusa.

Kushaikwa kwokuona zvakanaka kunogonesawo kudzongonyedza kwokumwe. Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzokumwe dzichirambidzwa kupa mipiro kuvhota kuU.S., vanogona kupinza mari kupfurikidza namapoka emari matema kupfurikidza nokuita mipiro kumasangano ezvisherekedzo akajeka ayo ipapo anopa kuPCs huru. Kunzvera kwakaratidza kuti masangano akaumbwa namamwe marudzi akashandisa uyu mutoo kupesvedzera zvitezo zvetsorororo yomunzvimbomo.

Kuedza Kuwedzera Kuchinja Zvinhu

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso zvacho, sangano rakasimba rokugadziridza mari yenhimbe rinopfuurira kutsigira kuziviswa kukuru zvikuru uye kuzvidavirira.

  • Mutemo weDSCLOSE (Chirevo Chinosimbiswa neChiedza paKushandiswa kwemari muNguva). Kutanga kusumwa muna 2010 uye kuwedzerwazve, iri gweta raizoda masangano ose anopedza anopfuura $10 000 panhambo yesarudzo kuzivisa vapi vanopa kupfuura $10,000. Yaizorairawo kuti maPACIPC namapoka emari matema azivise mapepa avo makuru muzvishambadzo zvavo. Chirango chacho chapfuura Imba asi chakatarisana negenebhuro muDare.
  • Mirairo inodzorwa nechiito chokutungamirira. Purezidhendi Biden akabudisa murairo mukuru muna 2021 anoraira masangano ehurumende kunzvera kujeka kukuru nokuda kwevagadziri vehurumende uye nokuda kwokushandisa musarudzo dzehurumende. Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) yakarangarira kuronga mutemo unoda makambani avose kuzivisa ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo pasina mutemo wokupedzisira wakagamuchirwa.
  • chinjo dzetsika. Uniteds dzakaita California, Connecticut, uye Maryland dzinoda mitemo inoda masangano asingapinduri mhindu anopedza pasarudzo dzehurumende kuti azivise vapi vavo. Iyi mitemo yakadenhwa mudare, asi mimwe yakatsigirwa. Rubudiriro rwechinjo dzehurumende dzinogovera muenzaniso wechiito chehurumende.
  • Masangano eGrassrootssssssssssss uye dzvinyiriro yavagari vemo. Masangano akadai se OpenSEC] [, Brennan Center ye Justice, uye Campagin Legin Center [[] inogovera nokudzikisa kufumura mibatanidzwa yemarimo yemarimo nokumanikidzira. Chishuvo chavose chakatungamirirawo kugoverana zvikarakadzo zvemari pamakambani anoraira kushamba.
  • . Vamwe vatsigiri, vaitungamirirwa namapoka se chipikirwa cheAmerican [, vakada kuti pave negadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo yokushandura [[FLT:]] Chitendero chinzwa United uye vatsigiri kuti mari haisi kutaura. Nepo chipikirwa chinotarisana nebako rakakwirira zvikuru, sangano rinochengeta chinyorwa chacho muziso ravose.

Basa redzidzo harigoni kunyanyotaurwa. Apo vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti maPaC nemari yakasviba zvinofambidzana sei, vanova vatengi vanonzwisisa zvikuru vamashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika uye vakabatikana zvikuru mukuraira chinjo. Kosishi dzinobatanidza mamome panhimbe, muuyo we Citazens United, uye basa rePCs rinoparira muvhozhokeri anozivikanwa anogona kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazviwane mutoro.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Kusimbisa Kunzwa Uchidya uye Kumanikidza

Kuti kuchinja kunokosha kuitike, kuchinja kunoverengeka kwokuumbwa kunodikanwa. Chokutanga, Congress inofanira kubudisa mutemo unobatanidza zvose unovhara chidimbu chinobvumira 501(c)(4) uye mamwe mapoka emari asina kujeka kuvanza vapi. Kungoda kuti aya masangano azivise zvaanenge ashandisa pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungava nhano huru.

Chechipiri, FEC inofanira kuchinjwa kuti irege kuoma rutivi rwayo rwazvino uno.

Chechitatu, IRS inofanira kupiwa zviwanikwa nenhungamiro kumapurisa mibato yezvamatongerwe enyika yamasangano anobvisa mitero. Kudzorera kunzvera kukuru kwa501(c)(4) uye kubvisa mutengo wemitero yaavo vanoputsa nenzira yakarongwa muedzo wokutanga wedonzo raizoodza mwoyo kutangwa kwamapoka egarikano yakashata.

Chechina, matare anofanira kurangarirazve ukuru hwe CHACITIENUUN . Nepo chisarudzo chimene chisingabviri kuputswa nokukurumidza, matare maduku anogona kuganhurira kusvika kwaro kupfurikidza nokuda kuziviswa semugariro wokushandisa.]

Pakupedzisira, vavhoti vamene vanogona kukumbira kuoneka nokutsigira vanovimbisa kuramba mari ine rima uye kupfurikidza nokushandisa maturusi akafanana naOpenSecrets “mupanguri wesimba r". Kutevera mari. Dzvinyiriro yavose inobva kuvagari vemo vakasanoumbwa kazhinji kazhinji ndiyo inoparira chinjo hurusa.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kwePCAC nenhimbe dzemari dzisiri dzerima kunomirira rimwe ramativi anodenha zvikurusa emari yemishandirapamwe yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza negadziriro, iyi mharadzano inobvumira upfumi kupinda mune zvamatongerwe enyika pasina kujeka kukuru, ichisekesa nheyo yokuti vavhoti vanofanira kuziva ari kuedza kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvavo. Bva kunzwisisa aya mabasa iri nhano yokutanga kukurukura navo.

Vadzidzisi vane mukana wechienzi wokushongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera zivo inodikanwa kufamba-famba, uye pakupedzisira kuchinja nzvimbo inonetsa. Nokudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti basa rePCs risingabatanidzwi, kuti mari inosviba sei kuzivisa, uye kuti mapoka maviri anogadzira sei mibatanidzwa ine simba yakavanzika, tinokurudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza nokuvimbisana kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane utano hwakanaka, kuoneka kwapamberi hakusi kwoumbozha; inheyo. Kurwa kunopfuurira kuvhenekera makona akasvibira echirongwa ihondo yokutsigira kuvimbika kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, tinorumbidza kunzvera pfuma inopiwa ne vhura mapeji e Mari yeKare-rima , [[FLT:] Brennan Center’s Money muPrototics, uye [[FLT] FREDAL] Ecomment commission [ nokuda kwemishumo yehurumende yePCC Recuitts neReficiograph.