Ukama pakati peyamuro yokumwe nekodzero dzevanhu ndezvose zviri zviviri kudzorwa nekusagadzikana. Hurumende, masangano ezvemari enyika yose, uye masangano asiri ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa yamuro senzira yokufambisira mberi nayo kodzero dzavanhu, bva migumisiro inotsamira zvikuru pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika, mashoko omunzvimbomo, uye kurongwa kwepurogiramu dzokuyamura. Nyaya ino inoongorora kushanduka kwenhau kweiyi mharadzano, nzira dzinoyamura nadzo kodzero dzavanhu, uye zvinetso zvinovapo. Nokuongorora nhau dzenhau nenharo dzenguva ino, tinovavarira kugovera nzwisiso yakajeka yeyamuro yeyamuro yokumwe mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti fambiro mberi.

Kuchinja Kworubatsiro Rwokumwe Sechishandiso Chekodzero Dzevanhu

Yamuro dzokunze dzakatanga zvikurukuru sechishandiso chegadziriro yezvokutengeserana mukati meHondo yaMasimba makuru, namasimba makuru anopa betsero kuvatsigiri pasinei zvapo nezvinyorwa zvavo zvekodzero dzavanhu. Pashure pemwaka wa19990 yakava nechinjo kukubatira kuyamura kwakabatana kukutonga nekodzero, zvikurukuru sezvo vapi vekuMadokero vakagamuchira "kudzora kwakanaka" chirongwa. Vienna World Conference on Human Rights catalyzing for Human Rights Ageanism Agenda ,[FLG1] yakabatanidza zvakajeka kufambiswa kwekodzero dzavanhu, uye Mireniyumu Develo yeD. Muzana ramakore rechi21, Kubudirira kwaMamirire Edzo nenhando dzeMatanho dzakafanana nemhindu dzakaita se [[FL:] Aid Effective Exption Agency kurust Agenda [FGN] [FLD]]

Nhasi, yamuro dzokumwe dzinobatanidza kwete bedzi zvipo zvezvikwereti nezvikwereti asiwo mipiro yakawanda kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank, uye mabhangi okubudirira kwenharaunda. Nenzira inowedzera, vapi vanoyamura pakuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzavanhu, kubatanidza rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kubatwa kwamapoka anoderedzwa. Bva vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuva nomugariro wakadaro kunogona kushandiswa nenzira isingawirirani, kuratidzira fariro dzinoratidzira fariro panzvimbo pedziviriro yekodzero dzechokwadi.

Kutama Kubva Pamugariro Kukuva Mubatira Pamwe

Kutanga kuyamura kwakavakirwa pakodzero kwaiwanzova nechimiro chokuranga: kusapa betsero kusvikira hurumende inogamuchira yasangana nezviratidzo zvakati. Uku "zviti" zvinosvika pane dzimwe nguva zvisingawirirani, sezvo hurumende munyika dzinodzvinyirira dzingagona kunyandura murangariro worudzi mukuvhiringidzwa kwenyika. Mumhinduro, vapi vazhinji vakasundira ku "mijekisero", vachipa zvikarakadzo zvakadai setsigiro yemari, yamuro yezvounyanzvi, uye zvisarudzo zvebhizimisi nokuda kwenyika dzinoratidzira fambiro mberi. Euan Union yeChiko chamagariro chezvinodikanwa zvenyika dzakawanda+, somuenzaniso, vanopazve kuwanika kwezvokutengeserana maruramiro makuru avanhu, vachigovera mubayiro unogamuchirwa unonzwika nokuda kwokuteerera.

Michina Yemigariro Yeyamuro: Macarot, Matangi, uye Zvomene Dzezvamatongerwe enyika

Aidicicic inoshanda nomumikoto minoverengeka. Chakananga zvikurusa ndi yapamutemo inotsamira pawirirano , yakaronzeswa muzvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano kana kuti mirau yamarudzi akawanda, umo mari inotsamira pakuwirirana nemipimo chaiyo yekodzero dzavanhu. Somuenzaniso, United States Foreign Act Act inobatanidza gadziriro dzinoganhurira nyika dzine mitoo inodzorwa nemitemo yamaruramiro avanhu, kutoti yatoti yaiswa muchetura wezvikonzero zvochengeteko. Nomutoo ya World Bank’s Bank inobvumira nzanga kudenha zvinangwa zvinokundikana kuremekedza kodzero.

Yakavakirwa pamitemo inotsamira pa inoshandisa mari inotsigirwa pakushanda: vapi vanogovera chikamu cheyamuro yakavakirwa pamitemo inodzorwa nekodzero. Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), sangano reU.S., vanosarudza nyika dzinobatira pamwe dzakavakirwa pakushanda kwavo pazviratidzo zvemiitiro 20, kubatanidza "Civil Liberaries" uye "Maruramiro Akaisvonaka" . Manyika anosvitsa mipimo yakakwirira, makore akawanda nokuda kwokuderera kwourombo, fambiro mberi inotusa panzvimbo pokundikana.

Zvisinei, izvi zvinowanzokanganiswa nokufunga nezvezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsigiri vakanaka, vakadai seEgypt kana kuti Pakistan, vanowanzogamuchira yamuro pasinei zvapo nezvinyorwa zvekodzero dzavanhu dzine urombo nemhaka yezvokuisa zvinhu panzvimbo yokutanga kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati meHondo yeUTROG, vamwe vapi vakawedzera yamuro kuhurumende dzinobatira pamwe dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinodzvinyirira, vachiparira kusawirirana pakati pedzikamo yenhambo pfupi nekodzero dzenguva refu. Mugumisiro wacho inzvimbo yakakamukana uko mamiriro ezvinhu anotsamira panzvimbo anoshatiswa zvisina kufanira, zvichideredza uvimbiko hwayo netapuro.

Kodzero Dzemari Nedzenzanga: Kupesana Kwakanga Kuchingotarisirwa

Yakawanda yekurukurirano yemaProgramu anotsamira pakodzero dzevagari vemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika ($8) maruramiro ezvisarudzo, kuedzwa kwakarurama, uye rusununguko rwegungano. Asi yamuro yokumwe inoumbawo mari, magariro, uye maruramiro etsika, zvakadai sekodzero youtano, dzidzo, uye dzimba dzakakwana. Zvirongwa zvokuyamura zvikwereti, somuenzaniso, zvinogona kusunungura zvishandiso zvehurumende nokuda kwokushandisa mari yenzanga, nepo mapurogiramu okugadziridza magadziridza matendere akaisa nenzira yenhau kuganhurirwa uko kukwanisa kusvika kumabasa anokosha. Chitengodzo chemari chapashure, chakadai seIMF's Resilience and Suctive Truzation Trust, anovavarira kudzikanisa chirango chemari neyamutemuwedzero, asi mabhizimisi asara.

Nzvero Dzemhosva: Apo Aid Yetera mberi — kana kuti Mumiriri wePrimes — Kodzero Dzevanhu

Nyaya Yakabudirira: KuEastern Europe

Pashure pokuwa kweIron Kirasi, vapi vemitemo vakashandisa kushandura kwedemocracy negadziridzo dzamaruramiro avanhu muCentral neEastern Europe. European Union ye inowirirana [ inoda nyika dzinoda kuti dzigamuchire mipimo yeCopenhagenha, kubatanidza masangano akatsigiwa anovimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kubatanidza kudzorwa kwomutemo, uye kodzero dzavanhu. Nyika dzakafanana nePoland, Hungary (pamberi pokumadaro pakudzoka kumashure kwegore), uye nyika dzeBaltic yakawana yamuro huru yakasungirwa kugadziridza dare, rusununguko, zviteshina zvokudzivirira. EURO zveEUS zvaiva nesimba nemhaka yokuti mibayiro yehurumende yaidzo yakafadza uye yaidiwa. Pakazosvika 2004, nyika gumi dzakaita kuti pave nokuna kugadziriswa zvakanaka, dzinonyatso kuoneka zvakanaka.

Migumisiro Yakavhengana: Rwanda neEthiopia

Rwanda yakagamuchira yamuro yakabva kuvapi vemigove vari kubatira pamwe vachichengeta udzori hwakasimba panzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga yavagari vemo. Vadzori vanowanzoruramisa tsigiro inodudza kukura kwezvemari kunoorora nefambiro mberi muuremu hwechikadzi nemwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yemimimireza yavakadzi munyika yose. Zvisinei, masangano amaruramiro avanhu akatsigira kudzvinyirirwa kwavapanduki, ganhuriro parusununguko rwokutaura, uye kushandiswa kwemibatanidzwa yemari. Chino chacho chinosimbisa kuti pane dzimwe nguva sei miuyo yokukura pakodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kutsinhanhanisa nenzira inobudirira imwe kodzero dzavanhu nokuda kwomumwe.

Ethiopia pamberi pekuvhurwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwa2018 yakanga iri nhau yakafanana: yamuro huru mukugadzirwa kwegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvemasangano namasangano enzanga anotsigirwa nehurumende apo inoisa mutorongo vatori venhau uye mapato anorambidzwa. U.S. neEU yakapfuuridzira yamuro kunyange sezvo mapoka ekodzero akabudisa aramuso. Pashure perwisano yeTigray, vapi vakaregwa tsigiro, vachienzanisira kushandiswa kwakatsigiswa kwekutsamira pamigariro. Chidzidzo ndechokuti vapi vanopa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa kuva necheteko mukati menjodzi huru, vachibvumira kuputswa kwenguva refu kupfuurira.

Kuedza Kwakakundikana: Aid and authoristism muUganda

Uganda yave iri mugamuchiri mukuru weyamuro yokumwe, zvikurukuru kubva kuUNICEF, iyo yakatsigira mari yeutano, dzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvinorwisa urombo. Vapi veUganda vakatsigirawo basa reUganda mukuchengeta rugare munharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo pasi paPrezidhendi Yose Musevenii, hurumende yawedzera kuganhurira rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika, yapfuudza mitemo inorwisana neLGBTQ, uye ganhuriro yenhambo. Pasinei zvapo neyamuro yenhambo nenhambo nenhambo neyamuro yemari yeUK yakatsigira muna 2012 pashure poruzvisaririra chemariro chamazarudzo-yamupidhinga yakaramba yakakwirira. Muenzaniso weUganda unoratidzira kuti mauto asingawanzochinjiki, mamiriro ezvinhu ane revoko, sezvo hurumende inogona kutora kurasikirwa nenguva pfupi neyamugoveri inopa pasi peya yayo.

Basa Remasangano Nemasangano Akawanda

Masangano akawanda anoumba yamuro nexus nenzira dzakasiyana. United Nations inoshanda kupfurikidza namasangano ayo chaiwo (umh., UNICEF, OHCHR) uye anoisa maruramiro avanhu mukurongwa kupfurikidza nekodzero dzavanhu neIndaneti (HGB). UN Peace Fund inobatana kuyamura kuyamurazve kodzero dzavanhu negadziriso. Panguva ino, World Bank] World nemhoteredzo yakabatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvayo, kunyange zvazvo yakazvidzwa neyati yakabva kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Muboka razvo renyika dzinogovera nyunyuto nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavanhu.

Masangano ehurumende (NGOS) akadai seAmnesty International, Human Rights Watch, uye mapoka enzanga avanhu anoshanda semawadhi, kunyora kusashandiswa zvakanaka uye kutsigira nokuda kwekodzero. Mamwe NGOSwo anopawo yamuro zvakananga, kupa basa "rokutsiva kwekupedzisira" apo hurumende dzinokundikana kudzivirira vagari vemo. Humbarudzo-Dwerometic-Pace Nexus inoda kuti vatambi vose vabatate maruramiro avanhu mumapurogiramu avo. Zvisinei, kubatira kunoramba kuri makwikwikwikwidzano, zvikurukuru munyika umo masangano anotsamira pakubatira pamwe chete.

Masangano Ezvitendero Zvomunhu Oga Nemasangano Amarudzi Akawanda

Yamuro dzokunze dzinofambawo kupfurikidza namasangano, zvikurukuru muzvirongwa zvemasangano anotsigirwa nezvikwereti zvezvikwereti zvinotsigirwa nezvikwereti zvemabhinya kana kuti zvizhinji. Zvirongwa izvi zvinogona kuparira ngozi dzekodzero(land inotakurwa, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwevashandi, kuvadziko yemhoteredzo (kana zvisina kuiswa zvakafanira). Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights kushanyira hurumende kuti dzidzore mufambiro webhizimisi, asi mabasa anopiwa neanoshairwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haaro mitoo yokuzvidavirira yakasimba. Gakava remisiriro remisiripo pamusoro peBelt ne Roadtificie (BRI) rinoratidza kuti kubudirira kubatira chikwereti apo kudzivirira maruramiro ebhizimisi.

Kuyera: Tinoziva Sei Kana Rudzi Ruchifambira Mberi Pakodzero Dzevanhu?

Kusarudza kana yamuro yakavandudza zvirokwazvo kodzero dzavanhu kwakaoma zvikuru. Yamuro inoyerera nezviratidzo zvamaruramiro se House yeFreedom [ kana kuti ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOTARINGANGWA ZVOKUDZODZORWA KWECHIDZORONI ZVIMWE] dzimwe nguva zvinoratidza miuyo yakaisvonaka nokuda kweyamuro yedemokasero, asi miuyo inobatanidza:

  • Mugove[: Zvinhu zvizhinji zvinopesvedzera maruramiro avanhu, kubatanidza masangano enzanga, dzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose, uye vhiringidziko dzemari. Kuparadzanisa tapuro yeyamuro yoga kunodokuva kusingabviri.
  • Nguva inononoka kupera[: Kuchinja kodzero kunowanzotora makore kuti kuitike, nepo zvikamu zveyamuro zvipfupi (makore 29-5). Vaiti veyamuro vangakurumidza kutaura kuti vabudirira kana kuti vakundikana.
  • [ Tsitsi dzinodzorwa[[FLT: 1]: Hurumende dzingagamuchira chinjo dzapamusoro(kutanga basa rekodzero dzavanhu renyika yose risina simba, somuenzaniso “‘ zvikurukuru kuvhura mari, pasina chinjo yechokwadi.
  • Kuwanira mhaka kwezvakanakira: Vapi vemari vanowanzorondedzera budiriro inoshandiswa mibatanidzwa yavo vamene, kufuratira nzwisiso dzomunzvimbomo dzekodzero. Somuenzaniso, kunyanyofunga nezverusununguko rwevagari vemo kungafukidza kodzero dzemari dzinoiswa pakutanga.

Vanzveri vanotsigira nzvero dzakavhengana zvikuru, kubatanidza mashoko egiramu yemacantinaritie nebasa reminda rediviti yemaritia nemugamuchiri. CD Development Komiti yeRuzivo rwekubetsera (DAC) inopa nhungamiro dzokubatanidza kodzero dzavanhu mukuyera, asi kupinza mibato kwakasiana. Pasina wirirano yakakomba, batano pakati peyamuro namaruramiro inosara yasimbiswa panzvimbo pokusimbiswa.

Nharo Dzapanguva Ino: Aid, Mari Yemamiriro Okunze, uye Kodzero Dzevanhu

[1] .Iyamuro inoda vagamuchiri kutenga zvinhu kana kuti mabasa kubva kunyika inopa . inoramba yakapararira pasinei zvapo namakumi amakore okutsoropodza. Inowanzopfuudza mari yebasa ndokushatisa zvinhu zvinokosha, uye inogona kumanikidza hurumende dzinogamuchira migariro inoderedza kodzero dzomunzvimbomo, zvakadai semiraudzo yedzidzo pamishonga. UK neSweden dzakasunungura zvikurusa yamuro yavo; dzimwe, kufanana neUS, dzinopfuurira kubatanidza zvikamu zvikuru, zvikurukuru yamuro yezvokudya. Actixhis mapoka akadai seOxfam akadana nokuda kwechirambiso yenyika yose payamuro yakabatanidzwa, achiiramba ichiputsa pamutemo kurukudziro.

Mari inodzorwa ne ndiyo nzvimbo inokura nokukurumidza zvikuru yebetsero dzamarudzi ose, ine vimbiso dzinosvika mabhiriyoni $100 pagore. Bva maruramiro avanhu anowanzoiswa mumitemo yenzvimbo, zvikurukuru mwero mukuru wesimba rinobvisa nzvimbo kana kuti gadziriro dzokuchengetedza masango dzinobvisa vanhu vemo. [FLT:] Climate Fund (GCF)[FT:3] rakagamuchira nzvimbo inochengeteka neProgrammagame yenzanga, asi rinocherekedza kuti kushingaira kwakafanira kwakaneta mukushanda. Seyamuro yeyamuro yemamiriro okunze, inoidzika mirangariro nekodzero dzavanhu zvichava denho huru.

yamuro yokuvandudza yemapikicha [[FT:1]].

Zvinokurudzirwa Vaiti Vemitemo Nevatsigiri

Zvichitsamira paufakazi, kurongeka kunobudirira zvikuru kweyamuro dzokumwe namaruramiro avanhu kunoda chinjo dzinoverengeka mukushandiswa:

  • . Kupfuura mawirirano ane makwara kuukama: Panzvimbo pezvisungo zvinodzika zvinotsamira pamigariro, vapi vanofanira kushanda nehurumende nenzanga yavagari vemo kugadziriro dzokuisa maruramiro ehurumende pamwe chete, kusimudzira kuva muridzi weimba. Global Prevenalip for Explovement Cooperation (GEDEDC) inogovera gadziriro yokuzvidavirira kune vose.
  • Simbisai maruramiro avanhu kushingaira kwakafanira: Zvirongwa zvose zvokuyamura zvinofanira kugamuchira miuyo yekodzero dzavanhu, kwete bedzi sedziviriro asi sechishandiso chokupfuudzira miuyo yakanaka. DANIS Institute for Human Rights uye ] CHR[[FLT][FLT]]
  • Nhamba dzinobatanidza vapi : Apo vapi vanoita chiito choga, hurumende dzinogona kuvavhiya. Kubatana, kusvika kwakawanda (kufanana nokushandiswa kweEU ye ] maruramiro avanhu Regime[[FLT]]] pamwe chete neyamuro chaiyo inowanika. Nzanga yenyika yose inofanira kutanga chikuva chavose chokutarisira mashoko nemhinduro dzinobatanidzwa.
  • kubatanidza maruramiro ezvemari neenzanga zvakaenzana[: Kunangidzira ngwariro yakaganhurirwa pamaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuparadzanisa hurumende dzinogamuchira ndokukundikana kupedza zvisakiso zvikuru zvourombo. Vashandi vanofanira kuyera uye kutusa fambiro mberi pautano, dzidzo, dzimba, uye maruramiro avashandi, kuparira kutenga kwakafara.
  • Mireza yakazvimirira: Masangano echikwata chavagari vemo akabatwa nemari uye vadziviriri vekodzero dzavanhu kazhinji kazhinji vatsigiri vanobudirira zvikurusa. Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzinofanira kubatanidza mari yakatsaurirwa nokuda kwokutarisira kwomunzvimbomo, kushuma, uye betsero yapamutemo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuputswa kwamaruramiro kunonyorwa uye kushandiswa.
  • Ita zvirongwa zvokubuda nokuda kwemavhesi akare akakwirira: Apo yamuro isingagoni kufambisira mberi kodzero uye ingatoita zvisakafanira, vapi vanofanira kugadzirira kubvisa kana kuti kubatsirazve vatambi vasiri venyika. Gadziriro yokubuda ine chokwadi inogona kuderedza kuvadziko nokuchengeta kuvimbika.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kweyamuro dzokunze nekodzero dzevanhu hakusi chinhu chinongova nyore chinogona kubviswa kuti pave nokuvandudza. Inzvimbo ine simba, inokwikwikwidzana apo fariro dzematongerwe enyika, vavariro dzokubudirira, uye nheyo dzekodzero dzinopesana. Chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti yamuro inogona zvirokwazvo kusimudzira fambiro mberi yekodzero dzevanhu (apo migariro inenge yakarurama, mamiriro ezvinhu anotsamira pamunhu anogona kubvumwa, uye vatambi vemo vanogona kusimbiswa. Asi zvinoratidzirawo kuti yamuro inogona kubvisa nokusaziva hurumende dzinodzvinyirira, inokanganisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo, uye inoparira kuputsa kodzero itsva.

Kuwedzera bviro dzakanaka, vapi vanofanira kugamuchira kusvika kwakajeka, kunozvidavirira, uye kwamaruramiro pakati pomunhu zvinoyera muuyo nokutendeseka, zvinodzidza kubva mukundikano, uye nzvimbo dzavanhu vakatapurwa pakati. Zvinangwa zvinobudirira, nedanidzo yavo yapasi pose yokusasiya munhu, inofanira kugovera gadziriro inobatanidza kuyamura kukura kwamavara ose avanhu. Kuwana chiono ichocho kuchada kwete gadziridzo dzoruzivo rwounyanzvi asi musengwa wechokwadi kuti vadzorere ukama hwesimba hunosimbiswa mubetsero yokumwe nyika.

Sezvo nzanga yamarudzi ose inonangana nedenho itsva — kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kusvikira kuchinjo yemiitiro yokudzokera shure kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji — kunokosha kuwiriranisa yamuro nekodzero dzavanhu kuchakura bedzi. Basa racho rakaoma, asi nokuronga kwokungwarira nokuzvidavirira kukuru, yamuro yokumwe inogona kuramba iri chishandiso chinokosha, chinochinja nokuda kwokufambisira mberi ruramisiro, chiremera, uye rusununguko munyika yose.