Yamuro yokunze yave iri chishandiso chinokosha kutsigira kukura kwezvemari, utano, dzidzo, uye mafariro munyika dzinogamuchira. Mumakumi matanhatu amakore apfuura, mamirioni emadhora akachinjwa kubva kumarudzi anopa uye masangano akawanda kuenda kuhurumende muAfrica, Asia, Latin America, uye Middle East. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichiitika, migumisiro inowanzova duku. Pazvikonzero zvinoda kuitwa zvisingaperi zvinenge zviri uori. Pamari yeyamuro inobviswa, mabasa, zvikoro zvinonyangarika, mishonga inonyangarika, uye kuvigwa kwavose. Mberi dzeyamuro dzokumwe nyika nedzero dzinorwisana neuori nokudaro hazvisi chinhu chingoriwo zvacho chinhu chinodikanwa chazvo kuvimbisa kuti mari iri yose isvike vanhu vanoishaiwa zvikuru.

Ukama pakati peyamuro nouori hwakaoma uye hunoramba huchidzorwa. Uori hunogona kuderedza kushanda kweyamuro, uye yamuro isingashandi inogona kuita kuti pave nemhoteredzo umo uori hunobudirira. Kuputsa iyi denderedzwa kunoda nzira yamaune, inoumbwa nemhesano iyo inobatanidza kujeka, kuchinja, kutsamira pauriri. Nyaya ino inonzvera denho, unyanzvi hwakaratidza chipikirwa, uye mabasa avatambi vanokosha vamarudzi ose, kunyora mienzaniso chaiyo yenyika kuenzanisira zvinoshanda nezvisingashandurwi.

Denho Youori Muyamuro Yokumwe

Uori mumashoko eyamuro yokumwe hachisi chinetso chimwe chete. Hunooneka sechiokomuhomwe, kubhadharwa, kubiridzira, kubhadharwa, uye kubatwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Munyika dzakawanda, zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvisina kusimba uye zvisaririra zvapashoma napaduku zvinoderedza mabhiriyoni ezviremera kuti zvive nyore kutsausa mari. Mushumo weU.S. Ubhadharo hweHurumende hunofungidzira kuti uori hungagona kuderedza simba rebetsero yokumwe kunze kwenyika neinenge 25 muzana mune mamwe makamu. World Bank, iyo inotengesa mabhiriyoni gore rimwe nerimwe muzvirongwa zvokubudirira, yakawana kuti kubatanidzwa kubetsera ichinhu chikuru mukukundikana kwebasa.

Kukuvara kwacho kunopfuura kurasikirwa nemari. Apo yamuro inobiwa mupurogiramu yenhomba, vana vanofa. Apo zvibvumirano zvokuvaka zvinoiswa mumichina, migwagwa inoputsika. Apo mari yedzidzo inonyangarika, makirasi anova zvivako zvezvipo. Izvi zvinoparira kutsoropodza voruzhinji uye zvinogona kudzongonyedza hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Uyezve, uori hunoparira kutenderera kwokuzvidzora: vapi vangazengurira kutsigira mamwe mabasa, hurumende dzinoziya nenzara dzinokundikana kuendesa mabasa, uye vagari vemo vanorasikirwa nokutenda mubvumirano yenzanga, zvichiita kuti vatapurirwe nepfuunziro yehurumende.

Uori hunokanganisawo kuparadzirwa kweyamuro munyika dzinogamuchira. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mari yakaitirwa nzvimbo dzine urombo zvikurusa inowanzoguma iri munzvimbo dzinodzorwa nevakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nzvimbo haisati ichingokundikana bedzi kuderedza urombo asi inogona kuderedza kusaenzana kwenharaunda nerwisano yepeturu. Denho, ipapoka, haisati iri bedzi kutumira mari yakawanda, asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti mari inopfuura nomumiitiro inodzivisa shatiso.

Kubudirira Kunoita Uori

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nhamburiko dzokudzivisa uori dzichisaparadzaniswa neyamuro dzokunze dzinobudirira, kunobetsera kuronda nzira umo uori hunoderedza miuyo. Chokutanga, uori hunowedzera ndyiko yokupa yamuro. Apo fufuro dzinodikanwa kubvisa tsika kana kuti mvumo dzakachengeteka, mutengo wechokwadi webasa unogona kuwedzera, kumanikidza kutemwa muuwandu kana kuti kunaka. Chechipiri, ushati hunoshatisa kusarudzwa kwemabhizimisi: Zvirongwa zvinofarirwa nezvamatongerwe enyika zvingawanwa mari pamusoro pedzimwe simba, kupambadza pfuma yenzo chena. Chechitatu, ushati hunoodza bhizimisi remunhu oga, zvose zviri zviviri bhizimisi nerokumwe, kupfurikidza nokuita bhizimisi risina kutendwa. Pakupedzisira, uori hunobvisa bhishoro mubato wavanhu uyo unokosha nokuda kwekubudirira kwenguva refu yavose, uye vagarika vagari vemo vomunyika vanobva muupenyu.

Kuongorora kwakaitwa muna 2018 neInternational Monetary Fund kwakaratidza kuti nyika dzine mwero yakakwirira youori dzinoda kuva nemwero yakaderera, kusaenzana kwemari yavanowana, uye mabasa avanhu vose. Kuti vabatsirwe kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo, zvinofanira kuva zvimwe zvenhamburiko huru yokusimbisa utongi. Uku kuziva kwakabvisa zvirongwa zvokupa mari kubva pakutsigira basa renhando kunoitwa kuti pave nokuvhara zvikanganiso zvinobvumira uori kuti hubudirire.

Zvirongwa Zvokurwisa Uori

Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, vapi uye hurumende dzinogamuchira vakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuderedza uori.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Chiedza chezuva chinorangarirwa zvikuru sechinouraya utachiona. Kuvhota, ndyiko dzavose, uye kunzvera kwokuzvimirira zvinogadzira nzira yepepa inoita kuti uori huve hwakaoma kuvanza. Masangano akawanda anopa zvino anoda kuti hurumende dzigamuchirirwe zvino dzibudise mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemarongedzero akagadzirwa, kubatanidza mabhajeti, zvisarudzo, uye marongerwo ezvirongwa zvokupa. Zvikuva zvemari zvakadai se [[FLT: 0] pepeta Iwe mari .] Nhimbesando yeInternational Aid Transficification yakaita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwavagari vemo navarindi kuti vatevere mari. Pazvinenge zvabatanidzwa nezvirongwa zvemapepanhau uye zvenzanga zvinoshanda, kuoneka zvikuru zvinogona kukwidza mari yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusimbisa Zvirongwa

Uori hunobudirira apo masangano akaneta. Kuvaka mitumbi yakasimba, yakazvimirira kuti itarisire kugoverwa kweyamuro nokushandiswa imari inobhadhara mibayiro yenguva refu. Ikoku kunobatanidza mahofisi anorwisana nouori, mahofisi ezvokunyora, masangano edare, uye sangano risingasaruri. Vagadziri vamasangano vakadai seUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID) uye European Union yakaisa mari yakawanda muchivako chebasa, kubva kurovedzo vatongi kuti vagadziridze mibato yezvere upfumi. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwemasangano kunoda kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika; sangano rinosanosaidzwa rinobetsera risingashandisiwi basa kana vatungamiriri varo risingapiwi simba rokutonga vapari vezvirongwa zvakakwirira.

Yamuro Yakakodzera Nokushandisa Kwakavakirwa Pabasa

Kubvisa yamuro kuzviratidzo zvakati zvokudzivisa uori kunogona kuparira kurudziro dzine simba dzokuchinja. The Millennium Challenge Corporation, sangano reyamuro rokudzimwe nyika reU.S. rinoshandisa nomutoo wakakurumbira musero wokusarudza wakavakirwa pazviratidzo zvokudzora. Nyika dzinofanira kuratidzira fambiro mberi munharaunda dzakadai sokudzora uori, mutemo, uye mutoro wemari pamberi pokugamuchira rupo rukuru. Nepo kutsamira pako hakusati kuri kusina gakava nenharo yemakwikwi. $5)Millenniumcrity ichiri kutaura kuti chinogona kuva chiteshinadzo uye chinodzongonyedza kuva chinhu chomunzvimbomo chavanhu. [It] Yakabudisa kuvandudzwa kusingadzorengwi munyika dzakadai seGhana neSenegalgal.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokuzvidavirira Munzanga

Zvichida nzvero inobudirira zvikurusa pauori kuvimbisana kwevagari vomunyika. Kutarisirwa kwemasangano evoruzhinji akadai semasangano evadzidzisi nevadzidzisi anoongorora bhajeti dzechikoro kana kuti matare ezvoutano omunzanga anoongorora mishonga yemunzanga, zvaratidzwa kuderedza kudonhedza. Bhanki re World's kuzvidavirira kwemunhu [[ mapurogiramu anogovera zvirongwa nokurovedza kuti mapoka omunzvimbomo achengetedze vakuru vakuru. MuUganda, kuedzwa kwakadzorwa kwakajeka kwakawana kuti kunzvera utano kwenzanga kwakavandudzwa zvikuru nokuderedza kuba zvinodhaka. Kubatanidza bhajeko remari, kunoshandiswa mumaguta kubva kuRokito Alegre kusvikira kuNairobi, vagari vanopa kudzorwa zvakananga chikamu chemari, kuderedza mikana yokubatanidza.

Basa Remasangano Emarudzi Akawanda

Masangano enyika dzakawanda ane nzvimbo yakasiyana pamhatsa yeyamuro neuori. Anogadza tsika, anogovera unyanzvi hwezvishandiso, mari yomukoto, uye anowanzobatira savarevereri pakati pavapi navagamuchiri. World Bank[[, somuenzaniso, akakudziridza udzori hwakakwana negadziriro inorwisana neuori izvo zvinobatanidza zvishandiso zvokunzvera, mirangariro yeperero, uye zvibvumiro zvemafemu anobatanidzwa mukubiridzira. STOLENSTED (STAR), inoshanda pamwe chete neUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crigues, inobetsera kuwana nokuwana zvinhu zvinopambwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vane uori.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) inotsigira nhamburiko dzokudzivisa uori kuburikidza nepurogiramu yayo yenyika yose yokubudirira kusingachinjiki, ichishanda nehurumende kusimbisa gadziriro dzepamutemo uye kubudisa pachena. Mabhangi ezvekubudirira eruwa, akadai seAfrican Development Bank neAsian Development Bank, akabatanidzawo zvinhu zvinorwisa uori muzvinhu zvawo zvinokweretesa. Komishoni yeEconomic Co - apublication and Development (OECD) inogovera nzvimbo yemiitiro yakanakisisa uye inowirirana nekokorodzano dzinorwisa bhiriji.

Masangano aya anoitawo basa rinokosha mukubatanidza kuyamura. Gumicha reParis on Aid Effectiveness (2005) uye Accra Agenda yeChiito zvakasimbisa kuzvidavirira kwavose uye kurongeka kwokutsigira kutungamirirwa nenyika dzinogamuchira. Nepo fambiro mberi yave isina kufanana, aya masangano akabetsera kuchinja kurukurirano kubva pakungofambisa mari kuenda kugadziriro dzokuvaka dzinodzivisa uori.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nemienzaniso

Zvakaitika chaizvo munyika zvinoratidza mikana uye zvazvisingakwanisi kuita kuti zvisashandiswa nevokune dzimwe nyika.

Ghana: Kuchinja Kunoitwa Musangano uye Kuonana Kwazvo

Ghana yave iri nguva refu iri purojekiti yavapi veyamuro nemhaka yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakadzikama zvikuru uye kunatsiridza mamiriro ayo ezvinhu. Pashure pamakumi amakore eyamuro anofambira mberi ayo pane dzimwe nguva akanyandura kutsvaka rendi, hurumende mukutanga kwama 2000 yakatanga Commission on Human Rights neAdministrative Justice uye gare gare vaparidzi vakatsaurirwa kuti vasaparadze uori. Vapa veUK's Department for International Development (zvino FCDO), vakagovera betsero yemikoro yemikoro netsigiro yemaakaunzi. Kutanga kwomutemo wehurumende muna 2003, kwakabatanidzwa nokuvhura mikana yemitengo yezvibvumirano zvechioko. Zvinetso zvinosara izvi mumabasa okubudisa mari inobudiswa nokugadzirwa kwesangano, inogona kubudisa fambiro mberi.

Indonesia: Kubviswa Kwemari uye Kutarisirwa Kwenzanga

Pashure pokuwa kwaSuharto, Indonesia yakatanga chirongwa chokuchinja zvinhu zvikuru chakatsinhanisa mitoro yokushandisa mitoro kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Ikoku pakutanga kwakatungamirira kuwedzero muushati hwenharaunda sezvo vakuru vakuru vachangobva kupiwa simba vakanga vasina utariri. Mumhinduro, hurumende yakagadzira Uori hweEradiction Commission (KPK) muna 2002. Vamiri vakadai seWorld Bank naUSAID vakatsigira mabasa eKK uye vakatsigira basa guru rokutarisira nzanga. KPK's kukwikwidza kwoutsinye kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, vakabatanidzwa nebhajeti remari inodzorwa pamutengo womusha, vakabetsera kuderedza kudonha kwechikoro nemari youtano. Kutapura kwapa 2016 kwakawana kuti Indonesia yakaponesa mazana amamirioni emaripirwe emadhoramewo emari.

Rwanda: Kuvaka Zvirongwa Zviri Kumusoro

Kunaya kweRwanda pashure pokuparadza rudzi kwa1994 kunowanzodudzwa senhau yebudiriro mukudzora. Hurumende, netsigiro huru yokupa, yakagadzira gadziriro yehurumende inobudirira yokutarisira upfumi, hofisi inoongorora, uye chiremera chakasimba chokudzivisa uori (Hofisi yeOmbudsman). Mari yakadzorwa negadziriro yemari inotsigira mishumo yemari inodikanwa kushanda kwapanhambo nenhambo. Rwanda nguva dzose ine miuyo yakanaka paTransparency International Uority Perceptions Index kana ichienzaniswa navavakidzani vayo. Nepo vamwe vatsoropote vanoramba kuti mamiriro enzvimbo akapoteredza enyika anoganhurira, mano enyika okugovera mabasa uye upfumi hunoderedza rutivi runonzirwa kumirirwa kumishumo yayo inoshanda nesimba rokudzivisa uori. Chidzidzo chacho chidzidzo chacho chinoitwa kunyange munyika dzakasarudzwa, dzakasarudzwa nokutungamirira kwakasarudzwa nokuchinja.

Kudzikamisa Yamuro Nekudzora: Nzira Iri Pamberi

Pasinei zvapo neidzi budiriro, kuyamura kwokunze nokushata kunoramba kwakazara nenhamo. Vashandi vanofanira kudzikamisa kukurumidzira kupa betsero yomutsa nenhano shomanene yehurumende. Nhamburiko dzemhesano, zvikurukuru, dzinova dzinotapurwa nouori nemhaka yokuti kuderera kwokukurumidza kunopfuura mikoto yokutarisira yenguva dzose. Nhenda yeCOVID inoratidzira izvi zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvomunhu oga, nemishumo yezvibvumirano zvakabiwa munyika dzinogamuchira zvakawanda.

Kupfuurira mberi, nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinofanira kutungamirira chizvarwa chinotevera chomuitiro wokuyamura:

  • Kudzivisa uori kubvira pakutanga. Panzvimbo pokubata utongi sechikamu chakasiyana, vapi vanofanira kuita kuti basa rimwe nerimwe rionekwe uye ritsivirwe, pasinei nokuti chinhu chikuru charinonyanya kukoshesa.
  • Yakapinza mumikoto noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakadai sevhairasi nokuda kwokutumira nhevedzano, AI yokuziva zviwiro, uye zviteshi zvinofambirwa nokuda kwokushuma kwevagari vemo. Maturusi aya anogona kukwanisa kutsigira gamuchidzanwa.
  • Chirevo chenzanga yavagari vemo yomunzvimbomo uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, izvo zvinowanzova mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro mukurwisana nouori. Vagadziri vanofanira kudzivirira nokupa simba mhou, kunyange apo vanotsoropodza mapurogiramu okuyamura.
  • Adopt murangariro wapanhambo refu. Chinjo yeInstitution inoda chizvarwa. Kuchinja kwemari kupfupi uye zvinhu zvokutanga zvinochinja zvinopa zvinoderedza nhamburiko inodikanwa kuvaka gadziriro dzinosimba, dzakatendeseka.
  • [ Kuzvidavirira. Hurumende dzinogamuchira dzinofanira kuita kuti vapi vazvidavirire nokuda kwokuona kwavo vamene uye nokuda kwokukudza misengwa kuwiriranisa yamuro nezvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo.

mhedziso

yamuro yokumwe nenhamburiko dzokudzivisa uori hadzina kutsaurwa; imativi maviri emari imwe cheteyo. Pasina chiito chine revo chokunzvera uori, yamuro sezvingabvira inokundikana chipikirwa chayo, uye muzvimwe zviitiko, inogona kutowedzera zvinetso zvimene zvainotsvaka kupedza. Gadziriro dzinorongwa pano/kusimbisa, kusimbisa kwemasangano, uye kuvimbisana kwenzanga (jekiseni), asi dzinoumba gadziriro yakajeka yokuvandudza miuyo. Zvidzidzo zvenhau zvinobva Ghana, Indonesia, uye Rwanda zvinoratidza kuti fambiro mberi inobvira apo vapi navagamuchiri vanoshanda pamwe chete nengwariro yakajeka pamusoro pokudzora. Sezvo nzanga yenyika yose ikagadzirira nguva inotevera yokubudirira, kuyamura nokupesana kweyamura nokusa. Zvidzidzo zvinoda kubetsera zvikuru kubetsera kubetsera.