Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa kuti simba rehurumende rakakamuraniswa sei kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti kushanda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwazvino uno uye kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinodzivirirwa sei. Kuparadzirwa kwokungwarira kwechiremera mumapazu akasiyana- siyana uye mwero yehurumende kunomirira chimwe chezvitsva zvinokosha zvikurusa zvavanhu musangano rezvematongerwe enyika. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti hakuna chinhu chimwe, munhu mumwe, kana kuti boka rinogona kuunganidza simba risingadzorwi, rakachengeta utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kwemazana amakore. Nokudzidza kuti simba rinokamuraniswa sei, vagari vemo vanova vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vatsigiriki vavo vazvitsigire voga, uye kunzwisisa nzira dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwavo rukuru.

Nheyo Yapakuvamba: Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba muenzaniso unodzora uyo unokamuranisa mitoro yehurumende kuva matavi akasiyana kudzivirira chinhu chipi nechipi kuti chisashandise udzori hwakakwana. Uyu murangariro, une mavambo muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakare, wakasimbiswa zvikuru nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu mubasa rake rinonzi "Mudzimu weMitemo." Montesquieu wakataura kuti rusununguko rungagona bedzi kuchengetwa apo chibvumirano, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye masimba anotonga akagoverwa kumitumbi yakasiana - siana. Vatangi veAmerica, vanopesvedzerwa zvikuru nokufunga kwakaipa, vakagamuchira iyi nheyo apo vanogadzira Mutemo weUnited States, vachiumba tsika iyo yave yave ichiteverwa nedenderedzwa nedemocracy woumbiotiveritiveritive.

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunobatira mabasa mazhinji akakomba mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chokutanga, kunodzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera icho munhau chakatungamirira kuudzvinyiriri nedzvinyiriro. Chechipiri, kunoparira kuva chaicho, kuchibvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kutanga unyanzvi munzvimbo yaro chaiyo. Chechitatu, rinogadza mipimo mizhinji yokuti vagari vemo vadzore zvisarudzo zvehurumende. Chechina, rinovaka kudzika mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende mugadziriro, kuvimbisa kuti hurumende iyoyo inogona kupfuurira kushanda kunyange apo bazi rimwe rinotarisana nedenho. Iyi nzira yokuvaka inobvumira kudzora murangariro unopanikira zvikuru wohunhu hwavanhu (*) kuzivikanwa kuti simba rinoita kuti rishatise uye kuti dziviriro dzesangano dzinofanira kudzivirira rusununguko.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuumba Mitemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro mukuru wokuita mitemo inodzora nzanga. MuUnited States, iri simba rinogara muCongress, mugadzi wemitemo webhimeral unoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Iri dare rezvigaro zviviri rimene rinomirira kukamuka kwesimba kunokosha, kudzikamisa mufananidzo wakavakirwa pavagari vemo muImba nomufananidzo wakaenzana wehurumende imwe neimwe muDare. Vavambi vakaronga tsika ino kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzenyika dzine vanhu vakawanda nehurumende duku zvichadzivirirwa mumuitiro wemitemo.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiriri inoumbwa nemitezo 435, nemirairo yehurumende imwe neimwe yakaenzana nechiverengero chayo. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko egore maviri, vachiita kuti Imba ive nzvimbo inogamuchira zvakananga zvikurusa kumurangariro wavose nemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino. Iri denderedzwa pfupi rakaitwa namaune kuchengeta vamiriri vakabatana zvikuru nezvinonetsa zvavo. Imba ine masimba akakwana anoverengeka, kubatanidza chiremera chokutanga zvikwereti zvemari, vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vanosarudza Purezidhendi muzvinoitika apo pasina mutevedzeri anogamuchira ruzhinji rwevavhoti.

Imba inoshanda kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare rakaoma inobvumira kunzverwa kweimwe nzira yomutemo unokarakadzwa. Matare anonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro yakadai sekurima, mabasa ane zvombo, dzidzo, simba, nhau dzokunze, uye nhau dzedare. Iyi dare rinogonesa vamiriri kuvamba unyanzvi hukuru munzvimbo dzakati uye kunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau mutemo usati wasvika uriri hweNzvimbo. The Speaker weImba, akasarudzwa nebato reruzhinji, anoshandisa simba guru mukugadza marumbidziko yemitemo uye kusarudza kuti zvii zvinodavirwa.

Dare

Dare rinoumba mitezo 100, navatenzi vaviri vanomirira nyika imwe pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Vasande vanobatira mitsara yegore rimwe nerimwe, neinenge chikamu chimwe chetatu cheDare rinosimudzirwa nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iyi gadziriro yasarudzo inozununguka inogovera kupfuurira neyeuko yokurongeka apo ichiri kuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Mashoko marefu akagadzirirwa kudzivirira vakwendi kubva mudzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapakarepo, kuvabvumira kutora mirangariro mirefu panhau dzemitemo.

Dare rine masimba anoverengeka akakwana ari kurisiyanisa neImba. Masangano anofanira kugovera "kubvuma nokubvumirana" nokuda kwokugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kudare rehurumende, nzvimbo dzedare, uye mauto evamiririri. Dare rinofanirawo kutaurirana nebazu guru, richida voruzhinji vaviri nokuda kwetendero. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinotonga kuidzorwa nevakuru vakuru veImba, nevhoti mbiri dzezvitatu dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokutenderwa nokubviswa pahofisi. Masimba iwaya anoita kuti Dare rive nzvero inokosha pachiremera chomukuru mukuru.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Muitiro uyo gweta rinova mutemo unoratidzira nawo rudzi rwebazu rewisvolgit nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzokunzvera dzinovakwa mugadziriro. Mutezo unogona kusumwa mukamuri rimwe nerimwe nenhengo yeCongress. Icho ipapo chinonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira, iro ringapa chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye kukarakadza kugadziridzwa. Kana dare ribvumira mutezo, unoenda kunzvimbo yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano nevhota. Kana rikapfuurirwa, rinoguma kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro wose unodzokorokororwa.

Apo makamuri ose ari maviri anopfuudza zvimiro zvakasiyana zvechibvumirano chimwe chete, dare remusangano rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri rinoshanda kuyananisa misiyano. Shanduro yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira ipapo inofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri asati atumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Iyi nzira inosanosanorongwa, nepo pane dzimwe nguva ichitsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva anononoka naanotapurwa, inoda bvumirano yakafara kuti mitemo ibudirire. Chinetsoro chokupa mitemo chishande sechinhu, kwete sechiputsi, chetsika inodzivisa, mutemo usingakodzerwi, uye inodzivirira paudzvinyiriri hwezvinhu zvikuru zvechinguvana.

Mamwe Masimba Omutemo

Kupfuura kugadzira mutemo, Congress inoshandisa mamwe masimba anoverengeka okutsoropodza. "Simba rechikwama" rinopa chiremera chakakwana kumari yehurumende yakafanira, kugovera simba guru pamusoro pezvinokosha zvebazu guru. Congress haigoni kumanikidzirwa kutsigira mapurogiramu kana kuti kuadzivisa, kunyange kana Purezidhendi akaatsigira zvakasimba. Mabasa eCongress congress anobvumira matare kunzvera mibato yebazu inotonga, kuva nenzwi, uye kuraira chipupuriro nemagwaro zvinobva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru. Iri basa rokutarisira rinobetsera kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira uye rinogona kufumura chakaipa kana kuti kusabudirira.

Dare rinewo simba rokuzivisa hondo, kunyange zvazvo iri chiremera chazova chakaoma mukushanda sezvo mapurezidhendi akaisa nenzira inowedzera mauto pasina ziviso dzepamutemo. Bazu remitemo rinogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, kuraira mavhoti maviri namatatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kunyange zvazvo kugadziriswa kuchiri kunofanira kutenderwa nedzitatu dzezvikamu zvehurumende. Mukuwedzera, Congress inodzora nyika nebhizimisi ramarudzi ose, inogadza matare ehurumende pasi peDare Gurusa, uye ine chiremera chokusarudza mitemo yayo imene nemiitiro.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Kuchengeta uye Kuteerera Mitemo

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Pamwero womubatanidzwa muUnited States, Purezidhendi anobatira samukuru mukuru, achitsigirwa naVice Purezidhendi, Kabhinezari, uye mamirioni avashandi vehurumende vanoshanda mumadhipatimendi namasangano. Bazu rinotungamirira rinomirira chiso chinooneka zvikurusa chehurumende nokuda kwavagari vemo vazhinjisa, sezvarinotungamirira zvakananga mapurogiramu, rinogovera mabasa, uye rinoraira mitemo inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Masimba aPurezidhendi Ebumbiro reMitemo

Masimba aPurezidhendi anobva muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange zvazvo ukuru nokududzirwa kwamasimba iwaya zvakashanduka nenzira inokosha nokufamba kwenguva. Sezvo mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anovimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inoitwa nenzira yokutendeka, achigadza vakuru vakuru kutungamirira madhipatimendi namasangano ane mutoro wokuita. Purezidhendi anobatira soMutungamiriri wamauto ane zvombo, achigovera udzori pamusoro pehondo nechiremera zvokutungamirira mabasa ehondo, kunyange zvazvo simba rokuzivisa hondo richiramba richiitwa neDare.

Purezidhendi anoita muitiro wokumwe, kutaurirana zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano zvokutungamirira nezvimwe nyika. Nepo zvibvumirano zvinoda kubhadharwa, zvibvumirano zvokutungamirira zvinogona kuitwa pasina kutenderwa kwedare, kunyange zvazvo zvine uremu hushoma hwapamutemo. Purezidhendi anogadza nhume, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare gurusa, vanopiwa dare redare. Masimba okugadza anobvumira Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe kuumba dare rejaji kwezvizvarwa, savatongi vomubatanidzwa vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose.

Simba reveto rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero huru pamusoro pomutemo. Apo Congress inopfuura mutongo, Purezidhendi anogona kuuisa mumutemo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina kupfurikidza nokusaita chiito kwamazuva gumi apo Congress inenge iri murusando. Chibvumirano chePrezidhente chinogona bedzi kuva chisina kushata namavhoti maviri namatatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, mukana mukuru mukuru unoumba unoumba zvishandiso zvine simba. Kutyisidzira kweveto kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunopesvedzera muitiro wemitemo, sezvo Congress angagadziridza zvikwereti kuti adzivise kurambwa nomukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Mahofisi Ekirevhiti Namaparedhi Anoshandira Nyika Dzakabatana

Bittutein yePuerrent ine vakuru vakuru gumi navashanu, kubatanidza State, Treasurer, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Labor, Health and Human Services, Homes, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, uye Homeland Security. Ava vanamadhi vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa naPurezierce, vachibatira pamifaro yaPurezi. Comptenten rinopa zano Purezidenti pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro uye rinotarisira kuitwa kwemitemo mukati mema avo.

Bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa zviuru kana kuti kunyange mazana ezviuru zvavabatiri vehurumende vanoita basa rezuva nezuva rehurumende. Ava vashandi vamabasa vanogovera kupfuurira nounyanzvi muutarisiri hwamapurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika vari munzvimbo dzoutungamiriri vachigadza mirau. Kunyanduka pakati poutungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro yebasa rinomirira kuzvidavirira kukuru kwehurumende nedzidzo yehurumende neruzivo rwezvourongwa.

Nhungamiro Nemitumbi Inodzora

Kupfuura madhipatimendi eKhabhineti, masangano akawanda anozvimirira uye masangano anotonga anoshanda mukati mebazi guru nemwero yakasiana-- siyana yokudzora kwapurezidhendi. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neNdengedzero dzeNdekudziro, Secureties and Exchange Commission, Federal Commissions, uye Federal Reserve System zvinoshandisa chiremera chinokosha. Mamwe amasangano aya akarongwa kuva anozvimirira panzvimbo yapurezidhendi yakananga, namabhishopureji vachishanda mumitengo yakagadzwa uye inodzorwa nokuda kwechisarudzo, kwete padariro yapurezidhendi.

Aya masangano anoita mirau ine simba romutemo, achizadza udzame hwegadziriro huru dzemitemo dzakatangwa neCongress. Iri simba rokutungamirira, pane dzimwe nguva rinonzi "bazu rechina" rehurumende, rakakura zvikuru muzana ramakore rapfuura sezvo kudzora kwazova kwakaoma zvikuru uye kwounyanzvi. Nepo izvi zvirongwa zvechiremera zvichigonesa unyanzvi chaihwo kupedza nhau dzakaoma, rinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira kwedemocracy uye ukuru hwesimba rakafanira ravakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vasina kusarudzwa kuti vaite mitemo inotapura upenyu hwavagari vemo.

Mirairidzo Yavane Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nenhungamiro Dzapurezidhendi

Mapurezidhendi anopa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru nemimwe mirayiridzo yokutarisira mabasa ebazi uye kushandisa mitemo inonyanya kukosha. Mirayiro iyi inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokosha, kutungamirira kuti masangano anodzika mitemo, kutanga mitsva, kana kuti kurongazve mabasa ehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo zvirau zvevakuru vakuru zvisingagoni kupesana nemitemo iripo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo, zvinopa Mapurezidhendi chiremera chikuru chokuita mitemo mumiganhu yomutemo uripo.

Kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kwakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva, zvikurukuru apo Purezidhendi anotarisana neMasangano anodzorwa anodzivisa zvirongwa zvavo zvemitemo. Zvisinei, mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine ganhuriro() inogona kuchinjwa naMapurezidhendi anotevera, kudenhwa mudare, kana kuti kuparadzwa nomutemo wedare. Uku kusatonga kunoita kuti zvirairo zvavakuru vakuru zvive zvishoma kupfuura izvo zvinopfuudzwa nemitemo, kunyange zvazvo zvichigona kuumba mutemo mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo uye Kudzivirira Kodzero

Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo, rinopedza kakavadzano, uye rinosarudza kana mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. matare eFederal anobatira savapikisi vezvamatongerwe enyika, achishandisa nheyo dzapamutemo kunhau dzakati nenharo. kuzvimirira kwedare mudzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunorangarirwa kuva kunokosha kumutemo, achivimbisa kuti kodzero dzapamutemo dzinodzivirirwa pasinei zvapo nomurangariro wakakurumbira kana kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuumbwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu mikuru. Pajinga pane matare eruwa 94, apo mhaka dzehurumende zhinjisa dzinovamba. Aya matare aitonga anonzwa ufakazi, anosarudza maidi, uye anoshandisa mutemo kupedza nharo. Kupfuura matare oruwa imatare 13 ezvikumbiro, ayo anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare reruwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Aya matare edare redare haasati achinzvera kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, anonzvera kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mukutonga kwakaderera kwedare.

Dare Gurusa rinogara pamusoro pedare redare redare rehurumende sedare rezvigaro zvokupedzisira. Rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe − mumwe Mutongi Mukuru neVatongi Vasere Vanobatira pamwe naPurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa naDare. Vatongi veDare Guru, kufanana navatongi vose vomubatanidzwa, vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, kunodzorwa bedzi kupfurikidza nokusatevedzerwa. Upenyu hunoitirwa kudzivirira vatongi mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa panheyo dzapamutemo panzvimbo perangariro dzapamutemo kana kuti pfungwa dzakakurumbira.

Basa Nesimba zveDare Gurusa

Dare Rapamusoro rinoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamutemo weAmerica nenzanga kupfurikidza nesimba rayo rokunzvera rutongeso() chiremera chokusarudza kana mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Simba iri, kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, rakatangwa muchiitiko chamatongo 1803 Marbury v. Madison. Apo Dare rinozivisa mutemo usingawirirani nemitemo, mutemo iwoyo unova usina maturo uye usingamanikidzwi, rinopa simba remitemo rinokosha rokunzvera mutemo namapazu ebasa.

Dare Gurusa rine udzori hwechisarudzo pazhinjisa yenzvimbo yaro yokumira, rinosarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wecertiorari. Gore rimwe nerimwe, zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvinokumbira kuhwirudzurwa kweDare Rapamusoro, asi Dare rinowanzonzwa bedzi nhau 70-80. Vatongi vanosarudza mhaka idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, kupedza rwisano pakati pematare akaderera, kana kuti nhau dzehurukuro. Uku kusarudza kunobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro pamibvunzo yapamutemo inotarisana norudzi.

Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinotanga mienzaniso iyo inosunga matare akaderera nokududzira pamutemo kwamakore kana kuti makumi amakore. Zvisarudzo zvenzvimbo dzapamutemo zvakashandura nzanga yeAmerica, kukurukura nhau dzinobva mukusarura rudzi nekodzero dzokuvhota kurusununguko rwokubereka neroorano yohumwe. Tsananguro dzeDare dzemitemo yemitemo yeSamende Yokutanga inodzivirira kutaura nechitendero, miganhu yeGavhura yeGaramende yeChina pakunzvera nokusuruva, uye vimbiso yeGadziro yeMitemple yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChinei yedziviriro yakaenzana ine tapuro dzakaenzana zvine pesvedzero paupenyu hwevagari vemo neyomubatanidzwa yezuva neyose.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokuzvidavirira

Kuzvimirira kwedare redare rinotonga kunomirira nheyo yokutonga kwehurumende uye mutemo.Nguva youpenyu nedziviriro pakuderedza mari inodzivirira vatongi vehurumende pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira matare kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji pakudzvinyirira uye kuisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende kunyange apo kuita kudaro kunoratidza kuva kusingafarirwi mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Zvisinei, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kuripo mukusawirirana nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Vatongi vasina kusarudzwa navagadziri vanoshandisa simba rinokosha rokuumba muitiro kupfurikidza nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti pane dzimwe nguva vatongi vanodarika chiremera chavo, vachiita zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kusiyirwa vamiriri.Varevereri vanodzivisa kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo uye kuchengeta mutemo kunoda kuti mutongi anozvitonga anodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro yokutonga inomirira mutoo mukuru wekupinza kwedemocracy mudare redare. Mapurezidhendi anoumba matare kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo zvokugadza, uye Dare rinotungamirira kupfurikidza nemuitiro wokusimbisa. Uku kugadza kwazova kunopesana zvikuru semagadzirirwe epfungwa ematare, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, ane revo dzinokosha. Gakava pamusoro pouzivi hwedare. (*Vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yaro yapakuvamba kana kuti sechinyorwa chipenyu chinova chitsaurira nenzanga (8-recticaryssssss resains as as jamplogiery's.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kungava kusina kukwana pasina miitiro inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira chiremera chevamwe. Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inoparira kudyidzana pakati pamapazu, inoda batira pamwe kuti hurumende ishande ipo isati ichidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risadzore. Iyi gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa yeganhuriro dzinoratidzira chitendero chavavambi kuti "Kuzvitutumadza kunofanira kuitwa kukurira chiremera," seizvo James Madison akanyora muna Federalist No. 51.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pasimba Rine Simba

Dare rine zvishandiso zvakawanda zvokunzvera chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Kusimbiswa kwesimba pakusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi kunoibvumira kuramba vanonzi havakwaniri kana kuti kunyanyisa. Gadziriro dzinopa dare udzori hwemari paCongress, kuchigonesa kubvisa mapurogiramu kana kuti nhano dzinoipikisa. Kutungamirira kweDare kupfurikidza nokutonga, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro zvechinyorwa zvinoita kuti bazu revakuru rizvisarudzo nokuda kwezviito zvaro uye rinogona kufumura chakaipa kana kuti kushatisa.

Simba rokuranga rinopa Dare nzvero yokupedzisira pamufambiro wakashata wavakuru vakuru. Imba inogona kuudza Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihenzi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvisakafanira," uye Dare rinogona kuvabvisa panzvimbo papamutemo padanho. Nepo kurongedzerwa kusingawanzoitiki uye kubviswa kusingawanzoitika, tyisidziro yokusatenderwa inogona kudzosa mufambiro wechiremera. Dare rinogonawo kudzora zvivhoti zvapurezidhendi nezvikamu zviviri zvamatatu zvamavhotera mumakamu ose ari maviri, kunyange zvazvo ichi chikumbaridzo chakakwirira chichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kupedza.

Nzvero dzomutemo dzinotambanukira kumiitiro yokumwe nenhau dzehondo. Dare rinofanira kudzora zvibvumirano zveravize, uye Congress inodzora kutsigira mari yehondo uye ine simba rokuzivisa hondo. Masimba eWar Powers of 1973 akaedza kudzosa chiremera chokubatirazve mauto panzvimbo dzinoshandiswa, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwawo kuchingova nharo. Dare rinogonawo kupfuudza mutemo unoganhurira chisarudzo chavakuru vakuru kana kuti kuraira zviito, kudzvinyirira nzira iyo bazu rehurumende rinoshandisa nayo muitiro.

Chiremera Chinoongorora Simba Romutemo

Simba raPurezidhendi rinobatira senzvero huru yavakuru vakuru pamitemo. Nokuramba mabhiri anopfuudzwa neCongress, Purezidhendi anogona kuvhara mutemo kutoti Congress iunganidze kukwirira kuviri kwezvitatu kupfuvura. Iri simba rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero huru pamiganhu yemitemo uye chinzwano kurangarira zvisarudzo zvehurumende pakugadzira mutemo. Kutyisidzira kweveto kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pamapazu.

Basa raPurezidhendi mukugadza purogiramu inonzverawo simba remitemo. Kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUnion, zvikarakadzo zvemari, uye kudzorwa kwemari, Purezidhendi anogona kunangidzira ngwariro yorudzi panhau dzakati ndokuita kuti tsigiro yavose nokuda kwemitemo yakati. Nepo Congress isingasungirwi kutevera nhungamiro yaPrezidhendi, kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kunogona kuva nepesvedzero inokosha iyo nhau dzinogamuchira ngwariro yemitemo.

Kuitwa kwemitemo kwakananga kunogovera imwe nzvero pasimba romutemo. Bazu guru rine chisarudzo munzira yarinomanikidzira nayo nokushandisa mitemo, uye uku kuchenjera kunogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo yomuitiro. Nepo Purezidhendi achifanira kuita mitemo nokutendeka, kazhinji kazhinji kune nzvimbo huru yokududzira nayo nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa, kupa pesvedzero yebazu guru pamusoro pomutemo kunyange pashure pokunge mutemo wapiwa.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerinodzora

Kuhwirudzura dare kunopa simba rokushatisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri chiremera chinobvumira vatongi kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo uye kumanikidzira ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, kunyange mukurwisana nokuda kwemikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rinogona kurova mitemo inopfuudzwa naCongress, mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakapiwa naPrezidhendi, uye zviito zvinoitwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende pamwero yose.

Vatongi vanodudzirawo mitemo, vachisarudza icho mitemo inoreva uye kuti inoshanda sei kumigariro yakati. Iri simba rokududzira rinogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo yomuitiro, sokuvakwa kwokutonga kwomutauro womutemo usinganzwisisiki kuumbwa kwemitemo. Matare anogona kurambidza mitemo yechokwadi nenzira yakaganhurirwa kana kuti yakafara, achiganhurira kana kuti kufutunura kusvika kwawo kwakavakirwa padudziro yedare yedonzo redare nemitemo.

Matare ehurumende anodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu pakurwisana nehurumende, achipa nzvimbo umo vagari vemo vanogona kudenha zviito zvehurumende.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Nepo dare redare richinzvera mamwe mapazu, iro rinotarisanawo neganhuriro pasimba raro. Kugadzwa nokusimbiswa kunopa Purezidhendi naDare udzori pamusoro poanova mutongi wehurumende, achibvumira mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika kuumba kuumbwa kwedare redare redare rehurumende kwenguva yakati. Congress inodzora simba redare rehurumende uye inogona kuganhurira matare anogona kunzwa, kunyange zvazvo asingagoni kubvisa murairo mukuru wemitemo weDare Rapamusorosoro.

Mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira anogona kupindura kuchisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana. Chibvumirano chinogona kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kuti upfuure tsananguro dzapamutemo dzachinopesana nadzo, kujekesa vavariro yacho kana kuti kuchinja mutemo. Kugadziridza kweBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange zvazvo kwakaoma kuwana, kunogona kukurira rondedzero dzokutonga dzeBumbiro remitemo. Bazu rinodzora rinodzora kutevedzerwa kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga, uye nepo kuzvidza kwakananga kusingawanzowaniki, basa romutungamiriri mukushanda rinogona kutapura kuti dare rinoita sei.

Kushaikwa kwesimba redare rokudzikamisa kuchiita kuti kutsamira pamamwe mapazu nokuda kwokubudirira kwezvisarudzo zvaro. Seizvo Alexander Hamilton akacherekedza muFederalist No. 78, mutongi haana "simba kana kuti kutongesa, asi rutongesowo zvarwo," achitsamira pamukuru mukuru kuti atsigire mirau yawo nedare kuti atsigire mabasa awo. Kutsamira pakunoumba kunzvera simba rokutonga, sezvo matare anofanira kuchengeta tsigiro yakakwana nevoruzhinji nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvawo kuti zviremekedzwe nokushandiswa.

Kushanda Muchirongwa: Kukamukana Kwakakwirira Kwesimba

Kupfuura kuparadzaniswa kwakananga kwamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu, hurumende yeAmerica inoratidzira goverano yakananga yesimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende inoparira imwe dziviriro pachiremera chakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumwero mizhinji yehurumende. Ukama pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende hwakavandudzika nenzira inokosha munhau yose yeAmerica uye hunoramba huri manyuko ekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo inopfuurira.

Muganhu Wemitemo WeFederalism

Chikamu I Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba ehurumende, kubatanidza kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuumba mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kukwidza mauto, uye kuzivisa hondo. Dare reThonasiti reMitemo rinosimbisa kuti masimba asina kupiwa hurumende inochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Iyi divi inoparira masimba akabatana ayo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende dzomubatanidzwa nedzehurumende dzinogona kushandisa, zvakadai semitero, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye matare okugadza. Inoitawo masimba ehurumende akakwana, kufanana nokuitisa muitiro wokumwe nokutungamirira kutama, uye masimba ehurumende egamuchidzanwa, zvakadai sokutungamirira kutengeserana kwenyika, kutungamirira sarudzo, uye kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Miganhu iri pakati peidzi mapoka yakachinja nguva kupfurikidza nokududzira kwemitemo, mutemo, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chiziviso chamazvo chaClaus muChikamu VI chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unofanira kuva wenzvimbo yokutanga apo unorwisana nomutemo wenyika, asi uku uku ukuru hunoshanda bedzi mukati moukuru hwechiremera chebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mitengo inochengeta uchangamire munharaunda umo hurumende isina simba rebumbiro remitemo rokuita chiito. Iyi dzikamo pakati poukuru hwehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende inoparira kusawirirana kunopfuurira sezvo ukuru hwesimba rehurumende hwakakura, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nedudziro huru dzeCernal Classiace neIdio neFact Classia.

Gadziriro yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinowanzoratidzira chivako chehurumende namapazu matatu, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro dzakati dzakasiana. Nyika dzose dzine matare okugadza pamutemo (Nebraska ane mupari wetende weambujaral, nepo dzimwe 49 dzine magavhuna ezvibvumirano zvebhimeral), magavhuna anobatira savakuru vakuru vakuru, uye gadziriro dzedare. Mitemo inogadza izvi zvivako uye kazhinji kazhinji inogovera dziviriro dzine udzame zvikuru nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo renyika.

Nyika dzinoshandisa chiremera chikuru pamusoro penhau dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza dzidzo, mutemo woutsotsi, mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo wemhuri, kutengesa mari, uye mirau yebhizimisi yakawanda. Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera mabasa avose, kubva muzvikoro namapurisa kuenda kumigwagwa noutsanana. Uku kuva pedyo nevagari vemo kunobvumira hurumende kuva dzinodavidza zvikuru kuzvadzinoda zvomunzvimbomo uye kubatira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitoo yakasiana - siana.

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ($Occounts), maguta, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo) dzinopa chiremera chadzo kuhurumende dzenyika panzvimbo pekubva zvakananga kuBumbiro reMitemo. Nyika dzinosarudza masimba ane hurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye anogona kuchinja kana kuti kuparadza zvivako zvehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Ukama ihwohwu hunoparira humwe udzori hwehurumende, navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji vane onano yakananga zvikurusa navagari vemo nomutoro wokuita mabasa anokosha.

Kushanduka Kwechibvumirano

Dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende yachinja zvinoshamisa munhau yose yeAmerica. Kuvamba munhau yenyika, nyika dzakashandisa simba rakati kurei, hurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru panhau dzokunze, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye purogiramu yakaganhurirwa yemabasa emhuri. Hondo yevagari vemo neReformation Reformation dzakatevera zvakawedzera zvikuru chiremera chehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo neukama pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende.

New Deal Era yema1930 yakaratidzira kukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende sezvo hurumende yakagamuchira Kuderera Kukuru kweZvombo nemitemo yezvemari negadziriro dzenzanga. Dare Gurusa pakutanga rakadzivisa uku kukura asi pakupedzisira rakagamuchira tsananguro huru dzechiremera chehurumende muProcces Claus nesimba rokushandisa. Chivil Rights Movement of the 1960s yakawedzerazve simba rehurumende seCongress nematare zvakashanda kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende pakusarura hurumende.

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona gakava pamusoro pe "mhindumupindu," namamwe anoreverera nokuda kwesimba rinodzosera kunyika nechiremera chehurumende. Dare Gurusa rakaisa panhambo nenhambo ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, kudzikamisa mitemo yaipfuura chiremera cheCongress pasi peChem Claus kana kuti hurumende yakarairwa kuti ishandise mapurogiramu ehurumende. Zvisinei, kombamiro yose yave iri kukubatanidzwa kukuru kwehurumende munharaunda dzakachengeterwa kunyika, kunyange zvazvo chiremera chehurumende chinokosha chichiripo.

Betsero Nedenho Zvenzanga

Ganhuriro dzinogovera betsero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha. Inobvumira mhatsa yemiitiro, ichigonesa nyika dzakasiana kutevera mitoo inoratidzira zvido zvavagari vemo vavo nezvinokosha. Iyi mhatsa inobvumidza kuedza nokuvandudza, sezvo miitiro yehurumende inobudirira inogona kugamuchirwa nemimwe miganhu yenyika kana kuti kuiswa pamwero wenyika. Federalism inogoverawo mikana mizhinji yokupinda nokuda kwokutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika, ichibvumira vagari vemo kupinda nehurumende pamwero yakasiana - siana.

Kunyange kana mwero mumwe wehurumende ukava unodzvinyirira kana kuti usingashandisi, mumwe mwero unogona kugovera kudzora nokudzivirira kudzimwe dziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzehurumende. United States inogona kudzivisa kunyengera kwehurumende, uye hurumende yehurumende inogona kudzivirira maruramiro pakuputswa kwehurumende. Uku kudzorwa namakwikwi pakati pemwero yehurumende zvinobetsera kudzivirira rusununguko.

Zvisinei, kudzorwa kwemitemo kunogona kutungamirira kunyongano pamusoro pekuti ihurumende ipi ine mutoro wokugadzirisa zvinetso zvakati. Kubatana pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kunogona kuva kwakaoma, kuchitungamirira kukusashanda zvakanaka uye kusavapo mukudzora. Federalism inogonawo kugonesa hurumende kuputsa kodzero kana kuti kutevera mitemo inokuvadza, ichida kupindira kwehurumende kuti idzivirire vagari vemo. Kuoma kwehurumende kunoita kuti hurumende ive nokusaita kuti zvinhu zvive nomwero uye kunogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira savakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru pamikoro dzakasiyana - siyana kupomerana nokuda kwezvinetso.

Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Negadziriro Dzesimba Ramasanga

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richigadza gadziriro yakarongwa yehurumende, mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika uye mamwe masangano asina kurongwa anotapura zvikuru nzira iyo simba rinoshandiswa nayo zvomenemene. Vavambi havana kukarira kutangwa kwamapati ezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvirokwazvo vakanyevera pamusoro pe "zviito," asi mapoka akakurumidza kumuka uye akava musimboti wehurumende yeAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti simba rinokamuraniswa sei kunoda kuziva izvi zvivako zvisina kurongwa pamwe negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoronga makwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika, kunyoresa nokutsigira, kuvhota, uye kuronga zvinzvimbo zvemiitiro mumativi akasiyana- siyana nemapazu ehurumende. Masangano eAmerica ane mativi maviri, anodzorwa naDemocrats uye Republican, anoumba marongedzero emasimba anoshandira. Kana boka rimwe chetero rikadzora mapazi akawanda kana kuti mwero yehurumende, kuronga kubatana kungaderera. Kana mapato akasiyana- siyana achidzora mapazi, kumuka uye kuvhinga kunova kunenge kwatonyanya.

Chirango cheboka chinotapura kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoshanda sei. Mugadziriro dzeparamende, chirango chakasimba chebato chinovimbisa kuti voruzhinji vemitemo vanotsigira vadzori vakuru. Mapati eAmerica haana simba zvikuru uye anoitwa kuti ave akapfava zvikuru, nemitezo inowanzovhotera kuvhotera kuutungamiriri hwavo hwebato. Zvisinei, kuva mubato kwakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nemitezo yeCongress vhotation pamwe chete nemativi ebato. Uku kurasika kunogona kusimbisa kunzvera apo kudzora kwakasiana - siana kwamativi asi kunganetesa kunzvera apo kudzora kwebato kwakabatana kunoderedza zvikarakadzo zvekutarisira.

Sarudzo huru, kokorodzano dzebato, uye chimiro chapamubato zvinobata hofisi nemitemoi yavanoronda. Muitiro wokubatanidza unogona kukwikwidza nokuda kwebasa, uchipesvedzera mativi emifungo anomiririrwa muhurumende. Boka rinopa mari netsigiro tsigiro zvinogovera zviteshi izvo vanoda vanoda kuhwina sarudzo, kupa pesvedzero huru yebato pavamiriri. Simba remapoka ramasanga rinobatira uye pane dzimwe nguva rinoomesa chimiro chebumbiro remitemo.

Mapoka Anofarira Nokubira

Mapoka efariro anomirira mabhizimisi akasiyana- siyana .Mabhizimisi, masangano evashandi, masangano enyanzvi, masangano ezvourongwa hwezvikwata zvehurumende, uye vamwe(8) anotsvaka kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvehurumende. Mapoka aya anogamuchira vaiti vemitemo, matare, dare, anosimudzira murangariro wavose, uye anopa govera kunhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo asiri rutivi rwegadziriro yehurumende yakarongwa, mapoka ezvifariro anoita mabasa makuru mukuumba muitiro uye kutapura uko simba rinoshandiswa.

Kurovha kunogovera mashoko anokosha kuvaiti vemiitiro, kuchivabetsera kunzwisisa nhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa uye miuyo inobvira yemiitiro inokarakadzwa. Mapoka efariro anogona kumirira zvibvumirano izvo zvingashaikwa nenzwi rinoshanda mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pokuwana kusina kuenzana uye pesvedzero kunomuka apo fariro dzinosanosanokura kuva namano makuru okuumba muitiro kupfuura vagari vemowo zvavo. Basa remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika ne "suo rinodzoro" pakati pebasa rehurumende nokusimudzira mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti ifariroi inoshanda kuhurumende ipi.

Kuda kutsigira mitemo inodzora, mari yenhimbe, uye rwisano dzefariro zvinoedza kupedza izvi zvinhu nepo zvichichengeta kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzokukumbira hurumende nokutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Zvinobudisa nhau zvinobatira senzvero isina kurongwa pasimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokushuma pamusoro pemibato yehurumende, kufumura chakaipa, uye kuparira gakava rapachena, rakadzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, rinogonesa vagari vemo kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire ndokuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo pamusoro penhau dzavose.

Kuchinja kwemanyuko enhau munguva inogadzirwa nevanhu kwachinja mashandisiro anoita mashoko uye maonero anoita vanhu.Masangano evemagariro evanhu anoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru nevagari vemo vakwanise kukurukurirana zvakananga, kudarika vachengeti vemagedhi ezvinobudisa nhau.

Murangariro wavose unopesvedzera mabazu ose ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo munzira dzakasiana. Vakuru vakuru vanoratidzirwa mumapazu emitemo neanotungamirira vanotarisana nokuzvidavirira kwakananga kwevavhoti uye vanofanira kuva vanogamuchira kuzvisarudzo zvehurumende kuti varambe vari muhofisi. Kunyange vatongi, vasingadi kudzorwa nedzvinyiriro yakananga yezvamatongerwe enyika, havasati vachitongodzivirirwa chose chose kumurangariro wavose, sezvo vatongi vanoziva kuva pamutemo kweDare nokudikanwa kwokugamuchirwa kwavose kwezvisarudzo zvaro. Ukama pakati pomufungo wavose nechiito chehurumende hunoratidzira nheyo yedemocracy kuti hurumende inofanira kuva inogamuchira vanhu apo inodzivirirawo kodzero dzavanhu nenheyo dzapamutemo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kukuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunobatsira vagari vemo kuona kana mutemo uchiri kuramba uchiita mabasa awo okudzivirira uye kuti ndezvipi zvingava zvakakodzera kuti pave nokuchinja kunoitwa kuti pave nokudzora kwehurumende uye rusununguko rwemunhu oga.

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Simba rapurezidhendi rakakura zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzechengeteko yenyika, muitiro wokumwe, uye mhinduro yekurumidziro.Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kuita chimwe chinhu pasina donzo kupfurikidza nezviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru, kutaura, uye kutaura kwechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Kukura kwehurumende kwakaisa simba guru rokudzora pasi poudzori hwebazu, namasangano anoshandisa mutemo, zviremera, uye mibato yokutonga.

Kukura uku kwesimba rokutungamirira kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pamapazu. Nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti kudzora kwazvino uno kunoda chiito chokutungamirira chine simba uye kuti Congress yakakundikana kuita mitoro yayo, vamwe vanonetseka kuti simba rokutungamirira risingadzorwi rinotyisidzira rusununguko nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Kuoma kweCongress nokuparadzana kwakabatsira kukura kwevakuru vakuru, sezvo Mapurezidhendi anotendeukira kuchiito chimwe chete kana asingakwanisi kuwana budiriro yemitemo. Chinetso chokupfuudza mutemo kupfurikidza neDare rakakamukana rinoisa vaPurezidhendi kuti vaite vari voga, kunyange zvazvo zviito zvakadaro zvingava zvisina kukuvadzwa zvikuru kuchinjirwa uye kuva zvapamutemo zvikuru kupfuura mirau. Kurevererwa kwedzikamo kungada zvose zviri zviviri kudzoreswa kwechiremera charo neganhuriro yapurezidhendi mukutora masimba asina kusimba.

Kuita Kuti Simba Rive Nemarara

Kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri kuwedzera rwisano pakati pamapazu uye kuita kuti kubvumirana kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Apo mapati anorangarirana setyisidziro dziripo panzvimbo pevakwikwidzani vapamutemo, sundo dzebatira pamwe dzinogona kuguma, nehurumende isingakwanisi kupedza zvinetso nemhaka yokuti hapana rimwe boka richagamuchira mhinduro dzerimwe. Uku kusashanda zvakanaka kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavose mumasangano edemokratiokrati ndokuparira dzvinyiriro nokuda kwechiito chimwe chete chinopfuura zvikwaniso nedzikano zvenguva dzose.

Kujeka kunotapura kuti kuvimbika kwebato kunonzvera nokudzikamisa sei basa. Apo ruvimbiko runoisa ruvimbiko rwesangano, mitezo yeCongress ingakundikana kunzvera Mapurezidhendi ebato ravo vamene, kuderedza utarisiri nokuzvidavirira. Nenzira inopesana, mapoka anoshora angapinda mukudzongonyedza betsero yokutsiva panzvimbo pekusabvumirana kwenheyo pamusoro pomutemo. Kuputsika kwemiitiro yetsika yougarikano nebatira pamwe kunogona kusekesa miitiro yamasanga inoita kuti gadziriro yemitemo ishande nenzira inobudirira.

Kugadzirisa kubatana kwenzvimbo dzinoda kuchinja mugadziriro dzezvisarudzo, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gadziriro dzesangano. Kuchinja kwakadai sokuchinjazve kuti kuderedze kuderedza kugadziridza, chinjo kugadziriro huru dzesarudzo, kugadziridza kwemari yenhimbe, uye nhamburiko dzokuderedza pesvedzero yamanzwi akanyanyisa mumapoka zvakakarakadzwa. Zvisinei, kubatana kunoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pemipimo nemitemo, uye chinjo dzesangano dzoga dzingasapedza idzi mapoka makuru.

Hurumende Inotonga uye Kuzvidavirira

Kukura kwamasangano ehurumende anoshandisa chiremera chehurumende chinoshandisa murairo mukuru kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwehurumende neparadzano yamasimba. Mitemo inobatanidza mabasa emitemo (kuita mitemo), mabasa okutungamirira (kudzosa mitemo), uye mibato yokutonga (kuratidzira kuputsa), masimba okupa ngwariro ayo Bumbiro remitemo rinoparadzanisa. Nepo masangano anoshanda pasi pechiremera chemitemo chinopiwa nechiremera chakagadzwa navakuru vakuru uye hwirudzuro yedare, chinhu chaicho chinoshanda ndechokuti mabhitabhuresi asina kurongwa anoita zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvakawanda.

Vadziviriri vehurumende yokutonga vanotaura kuti udzori hwazvino uno hunoda unyanzvi nohuchinjika izvo Congress isingagoni kugovera kupfurikidza nemitemo ine udzame. Zvirongwa zvinogona kukurumidza kupindura migariro inochinja ndokukudziridza zivo chaiyo pamusoro penzvimbo dzakaoma kudzorwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nhume dzakawandisa dzechiremera chomutemo kumasangano anoputsa Bumbiro remitemo uye kuti kuita chisarudzo chesangano hakuna kuzvidavirira kwakakwana kwehurumende nedziviriro dzamagariro.

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa zvakavamba kunzvera simba resangano nokungwarira zvikuru, vachipanikira mapoka makuru echiremera nokuganhurira kuganhuriro yokutonga kududziro dzesangano dzomutemo. Izvi zvinoitika zvingaratidzira chinjo kusimba rokudzora uye kunoda mvumo yakajeka yokuronga nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvikuru. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pehurumende yacho kunoratidzira mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo inobudirira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba.

Ruzivo Nekugadzirwa Kwezvinhu

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwakaparira denho itsva nokuda kwokupesana kwesimba nedziviriro yekodzero. Mano ehurumende okunzvera akawedzera zvinoshamisa, achikwidziridza funganyo pamusoro pezvakavanzika uye bviro yokushatiswa. Kuunganidzwa kwezvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko pamusoro pekurukurirano dzavagari vemo, masangano, uye mibato zvinogovera hurumende mashoko asina kumboenzana. Nepo kunzvera kungabatira madonzo echengeteko apamutemo, kunoparirawo ngozi kurusununguko rwavagari vemo uye kunogona kushandiswa kudzivisa kupesana kana kuti vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitemo yakanyorwa kare ingasadzivirira zvakakwana kuva voga munguva inoonekwa nemazuva, uye matare akanetseka nokushandisa nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo kuzvinhu zvitsva. Kudzikamiswa kwechengeteko norusununguko, nguva dzose kunova kwakaoma zvikuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoita kuti zvigone kuchengetedza uye kuongorora kwokungwarira zvikuru.

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runotapurawo kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye kuti vagari vemo vanobatana sei nayo. Zvikamu zvemagedhi zvinogonesa zvimiro zvitsva zvokutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika nokuoneka kwehurumende asiwo zvinoparira kusabatana kuvhozhokera kwekombiyuta, mashoko asina kururama, uye kupindira mune dzimwe nyika.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzakawanda Simba Rakakamukana

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvegadziriro yeAmerica, kuongorora kuti mamwe masimba anokamuranisa hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu anopa sei maonero anokosha.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunoshandisa gadziriro dzeparamende umo mukuru mukuru anobuda ndokuramba achizvidavirira kudare. Muidzi gadziriro, mubato kana kuti mubatanidzwa unodzora paramende unosarudza mutungamiriri mukuru nedare, kubatana panzvimbo pokuparadzanisa simba ravakuru vakuru neromutemo. Uku kubatanidzwa kunogona kugonesa udzori hunobudirira zvikuru, sezvo mukuru mukuru anoraira chaizvoizvo voruzhinji vemitemo uye anogona kushandisa zvirongwa zvake pasina girabhu iro pane dzimwe nguva rinoratidzira gadziriro dzapurezidhendi.

Zvisinei, gadziriro dzeparamende dzinogovera nzvero shomanene pasimba guru. Apo mubato mumwe unodzora paramende, unodzora mabasa ose ari maviri emitemo neanodzora, udzori hwokuisa simba munzira idzo gadziriro yeAmerica inotsvaka kudzivisa. Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinotsamira zvikuru pamimwe miitiro yokuganhura simba, kubatanidza mapoka akasimba anoshora zvakasimba, matare edare akazvimirira, uye matare emitemo. Mutezo weWestminster, unoenzanisirwa neUnited Kingdom, wegamuchidzanwa wakatsamira pauchangamire hweparamende nehwirudzuro yakaganhurirwa, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kwakachinja nokubatanidzwa kwomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu muEurope nechisiko cheDare reUK Supreme.

Zvirongwa zveSemi-Presentence

Dzimwe nyika dzinogamuchira gadziriro dzapamberi perevedzani dzinobatanidza masangano ehurumende yapurezidhendi neparamende. France inogovera muenzaniso wakatanhamara, nezvose zviri zviviri purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga uye mutungamiriri wehurumende ane mutoro kuparamende. Uyu mukuru mukuru anogona kugovera kuchinjika, achibvumira kugadzwa kwakasiana kwesimba kutsamira pakuti mutezo wapurezidhendi unodzora paramende here. Zvisinei, kunogonawo kuparira nyongano pamusoro pokuzvidavirira nerwisano pakati papurezidhendi napurenda apo vanomirira mapoka akasiyana.

Unitary Systems

Nyika dzinosiana munzira yadzinokamuranisa nayo simba nomwero wakati pakati pehurumende dzenyika nedzamarudzi. Gadziriro dzakafanana nedziya dziri muUnited States, Germany, Canada, uye Australia dzinoparadzira chiremera chinokosha kuhurumende dzenyika kana kuti maruwa, dzichiparira mwero yakasiana - siana yokutonga namasimba akadzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo. Mitezo yeUnionton inonangidzira simba pamwero wenyika, nokushandisa bedzi masimba omunzvimbomo anogoverwa nehurumende yorudzi.

Gadziriro dzemaFrederal dzinogovera nzvero dzokuwedzera pasimba ndokubvumira mhatsa yenharaunda mumuitiro, asi dzinogonawo kuparira denho dzetsinhirano ndokugonesa hurumende dzamarudzi ose kuputsa maruramiro. Gadziriro dzeUnitary dzingadzora zvakanaka zvikuru ndokuvimbisa dziviriro yakafanana yekodzero, asi dzinopinza mungozi kunyanyopa simba pamwero wenyika. Nyika zhinji dzinoshandisa mitoo yapakati, nokuderera kwesimba kuhurumende dzomunharaunda idzo dzinokundikana nzanga yakazara asi dzinogovera utongi hwomunharaunda kupfuura gadziriro dzakakwana dzegadziriro dzamarudzi akakwana.

Matare Ebumbiro Remitemo Nokuhwirudzura Mutongo

Kunyange zvazvo United States yakaongorora nyaya yacho, hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa nevanhu dzakashandisa matare epamutemo akasiyana nedare repamutemo renguva dzose.Nyika dzakadai seGermany, Italy, neSouth Africa dzine matare emitemo ane simba rakakwana pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kukura kwehwirudzuro yokutonga kunosiana muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa masimba akasimba kuputsa mutemo, nepo dzimwe dzichiganhurira hwirudzuro yedare kana kuti kubvumira masangano okutonga kukurira zvisarudzo zvedare. Gakava pamusoro pesimba rokutonga rinoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pokuita chisarudzo chedemokrati neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, pasina kusvika kumwe kwakakwirira zvakajeka mumamirire ose.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomubatanidzwa Nokukamukana Kwesimba

Kunzwisisa kuti simba rinokamuraniswa sei hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako dzidzo yedzidzo, asi kunobatsira pakushanda kunoita vagari vemo nehurumende uye kudzivirira kodzero dzavo.

Kubatsira uye Kuita Basa

Kushambadza kunomirira chimiro chikurusa chokutora rutivi, kuchibvumira vagari kusarudza avo vanoshandisa simba rehurumende. Kunzwisisa kukamukana kwesimba kunobetsera vavhoti kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro pevada kutsigira mahofisi akasiyana - siyana. Vatsi vemiitiro yezvokutsvaka vanofanira kurangarira kwete bedzi nzvimbo dzemitemo yevanoda kubatira asi kuzvipira kwavo kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, kuremekedza tsika dzehurumende, uye kudisa kunzvera kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba.

Kutora rutivi kwokutora rutivi kunopfuura kuvhota kubatanidza mibato yakadai sokuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe, kupira kuvada kutora, uye kukurudzira vamwe kutsigira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende ndokuvimbisa kuti hurumende inoratidzira kuda kwavanhu. Kutora rutivi kwakaderera, zvikurukuru apo kunosiana nenzira ine nhevedzano mumapoka avagari vemo, kunogona kuderedza kuva pamutemo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuonana Nevamiriri Navafundisi

Zvimiro izvi zvokuvimbisana zvinogona kuumba mutemo uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Kunzwisisa kuti ihurumende ipi ine simba panyaya dzakati kunobatsira vagari vemo kutungamirira zvakanaka kudarika vamwe.

Kurongeka kwezvirongwa zvezvipfuro zvakarongwa kupfurikidza namapoka ezvirongwa zvemubatanidzwa, masangano enzanga, uye masangano enzanga zvinogona kukudza manzwi mumwe nomumwe ndokuita chinjo dzemiitiro idzo vanhu vari voga vasingagoni. Kubatanidzwa kunogonesa vagari vemo kupinza zviwanikwa, unyanzvi, uye kutsigira dzvinyiriro pahurumende. Nepo kuitira hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero yefariro chaiyo kwapamutemo, kurongeka kunomirirawo chimiro chinokosha chokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende uko kunogona kusimbisa mapoka akawiriraniswa neimwe nzira.

Kuramba Ndichiziva uye Ndichiverenga Nokunyora

Kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunobudirira kunoda mashoko akarurama pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende nenhau dzavose. Vagari vanofanira kutsvaka manyuko enhau akavimbika, kutaura kweidi, uye kukudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba kuti vaongorore mashoko. Nhevedzo yokurava terevhizheni (kukwanisa kuyera zvinyorwa zvenhau) mano okuyera kuvimbika kwamanyuko nokuziva mashoko asina kururama () zvazova zvinokosha zvikuru munhambo yemichina.

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei kunobetsera vagari vemo kuturikira nhau ndokuyera kutaura kwevakuru vakuru. Kuziva kupesana kwesimba kunogonesa vagari vemo kuziva apo vakuru vakuru vanodarika chiremera chavo kana kuti apo kunzvera kwesangano kunenge kuchikundikana. Vagari vemo vakadzidziswa vashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti varambe vachizvidavirira kuhurumende uye kudzivisa kunyengera kana kuti kunyengera.

Dzidzo Yechikwata uye Tsika Dzematongerwo Enyika

Kutsigira udzori hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoda dzidzo inopfuurira kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chive nechokwadi chokuti chinonzwisisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvikoro, masangano enzanga, uye mhuri zvose zvinoita mabasa mukuparadzira zivo yehurumende uye kusimudzira miitiro yedemocracy. Dzidzo yeCPIC haifaniri kubatanidza bedzi zivo yechokwadi pamusoro pezvivako zvehurumende asiwo unyanzvi hwokutora rutivi nemipimo zvakafanana, kuremekedza kodzero, uye kuzvipira kune zvakanaka zvakafanana.

Tsika dzedemocratic − miitiro isina kurongwa, miitiro, uye zvimiro izvo zvinotsigira udzori hwedemocracy(inokosha samasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kudisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuremekedza vashori, uye kugamuchira miuyo inosarudzwa zvinogonesa hurumende yeruzhinji kushanda kunyange pakati pokusawirirana. Apo iyi miitiro inoshata, masangano emitemo angabvumikisa kuva asina kukwana kudzivisa kudzokera shure kwedemocracy. Kuva netsika yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoda nhamburiko yokuziva uye kuenzanisirwa navatungamiriri navagari vemo zvakafanana.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Kupfurikidza Nesimba Rakakamukana

Kunzwisisa kubatana uku kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti nei kukamukana kwesimba kuripo uye kuti kunoshandira sei zvavanofarira.

Kudzivisa Kudzvinyirirwa Kwevazhinji

Kupesana kwesimba kunoparira mhinganidzo kuudzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuda kubvumirana kukuru nokuda kwechiito chehurumende uye kupfurikidza nokudzivirira maruramiro akati kubva mukuputswa kworuzhinji. Miganhu yeBumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende, inomanikidzirwa namatare anozvimirira, inovimbisa kuti kunyange vakuru vakuru vakakurumbira havagoni kuputsa maruramiro makuru.

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights uye kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kwakatevera zvinodzivirira rusununguko rwakati pakupindira kwehurumende, kusanganisira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwechitendero, uye rwekuungana; kudzivirira pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari; kodzero dzakakodzera; uye kudzivirirwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kuongorora Kufambira Mberi Kwakakodzera uye Kurapa Kwakanaka

Kukamukana kwesimba kunotsigira ruramisiro yomutsika kupfurikidza nokuparadzanisa avo vanoita mitemo kuna avo vanovagombedzera naavo vanosarudzira nharo. Uku kuparadzana kunobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogamuchira kubatwa kwakarurama apo vanopomerwa mhaka yechakaipa, sezvo vatongi vakazvimirira vanogona kunzvera kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavakuru vakuru ndokudzivirira maruramiro okutonga nenzira yakarurama pamberi pedare risina rusaruro kunomirira dziviriro huru inotsamira pakuzvimirira kwedare mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinodiwa zvakafanira zvinomanikidza kuti hurumende inyime vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rinoshandiswa maererano nemiitiro yagara ichiitwa pane kungozvifungira.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Simba rakakamukana rinosimudzira kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokutanga masangano akawanda anogona kufumura chakaipa uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vave nomutoro.

Transparency(h) mano evagari vemo okucherechedza nokunzwisisa zviito zvehurumende — kutsigira kuzvidavirira kwokuziva kupfurikidza nokugonesa kurangarirwa kwebasa ravakuru vakuru. Rusununguko rwemitemo, zvinodikanwa zvemisangano zvakazaruka, uye mirau yemitengo yemari inobetsera kuvimbisa kuti hurumende ishande mukuona kwavanhu. Nepo mimwe mibato yehurumende inofanira kuramba iri yakavanzika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvechengeteko kana kuti zvakavanzika, fungidziro inofanira kuda kuoneka kuti igone kuzvidavirira kwedemocratic.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Vagari vanotsvaka kukudza kunzwisisa kwavo kuti simba rinokamurwa sei vanogona kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda. Tchereal inogovera kusvika kumavambo ezvinyorwa kubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo, Bill of Rights, uye Federal Public Papers. Aya manyuko makuru anopa nzwisiso mukufunga kwaVavambi pamusoro pokukamuraniswa kwesimba namadonzo aro.

Mawebsite ehurumende anopa mashoko pamusoro pekuti mapazi akasiyana - siyana uye mwero yehurumende inoshanda sei.Congress.gov anopa mashoko pamusoro pomutemo, mabasa edare, uye miitiro yedare. Website yeWhite House inotsanangura mabasa ebazi rehurumende uye zviito zvapurezidhendi. Website yeDare rapamusoro inogovera mifungo, nharo dzinotaurwa, uye mashoko pamusoro pomuitiro wokutonga.

Masangano edzidzo akafanana ne MIBAURO fandesheni inopa mibato yapachena yokudzidza pamusoro pekutora rutivi kwehurumende nenzanga. Masangano anofunga, uye masangano ehurumende anogovera nzvero, kunzvera, uye purogiramu dzedzidzo panhau dzebumbiro-mitemo uye udzori hwehurumende. Maraibhurari omunzvimbomo anowanzopa mapurogiramu pamusoro penhau dzehurumende uye anogona kubetsera vagari vemo kuwana mashoko ehurumende.

Kushandisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vave nezivo inodiwa kuti vatonge hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kuti vadzivirire kukamukana kwesimba kunochengetedza kodzero dzavo.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwesimba Rakakamukana

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pamapazu nemwero yehurumende kunomirira chimwe chezvitsva zvinokosha zvikurusa musangano rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera negadziriro dzokugadzira dzecheki nedzinodzikama, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinodzora pamutemo dzinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu ndokudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba kunotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Nepo miitiro chaiyo inosiana munyika uye yakavapo kwenguva yakati, nheyo huru inoramba ichikosha kukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunzwisisa kuti simba rinokamuraniswa sei kunogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire, uye kuziva apo dziviriro dzesangano dzinotyisidzirwa. Kukamukana kwesimba hakusati kuri kuzviparadza kumene kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose nedziviriro yokushingaira kunoitwa navagari vemo vanonzwisisa ukoshi hwaro uye vanozvipira kuhuchengeta. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa chimiro chebumbiro remitemo nezvinangwa zvarinoshanda, vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivisa kupindira parusununguko uye kuchengeta dzikamo inodzivirira utongi hwedemocracy.

Zvinetso zvinotarisana nesimba rakakamuraniswa munhambo yazvino uno() kukura kwokuparadza, kuchinja kwetsika, kugadziridzwa kweruzivo rwezvinhu, uye zvimwe — zvinenge zvichida mhinduro dzokufunga idzo dzinochengeta nheyo dzakakomba padzinenge dzichichinjira kumigariro mitsva. Hakuna kuomerera zvakasimba kumiitiro yechinyakare kana kuti kurambwa kwemitemo inoganhurirwa kunoshanda zvakanaka nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Panzvimbo pezvo, vagari navakuru vakuru vanofanira kushanda kuti vachengete kukamukana kwesimba segadziriro inopfuurira kudzivirira kodzero dzekodzero uye kusimudzira utongi hunozvidavirira.

Pakupedzisira, kukamukana kwesimba kunoratidzira nzwisiso huru pamusoro pomusikirwo womunhu nesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika: simba rinokombamira kuushati, uye simba rinopa ngozi huru kurusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera, kuvamba makwikwi okuronga, uye kutanga nzvero dzakawanda pabasa rehurumende, hurumende dzinotonga dzinovaka dziviriro mukurwisana neudzvinyiriri mugadziriro yadzo huru. Idzi dziviriro hadzina kukwana, uye dzinoda kuchengetwa kunopfuurira, asi dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinobudirira zvikuru mukudzivirira rusununguko nokusimudzira uchangamire hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa nokuchengeta kupesana kwesimba kunoramba kuri madikanwa kutsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nekodzero yokudzivirira ruzhinji.