Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzeroorano Mumashoko Akasiyana

Kodzero dzeroorano nokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo mumibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenhau dzinobatanidza roorano dzinomirira mhesano dzinotambudza dzomutemo wamarudzi ose, uchangamire, uye kodzero dzomunhu oga. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kuendesa kuzivikanwa kweroorano yavo mumiganhu mizhinji. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti roorano yakaitwa nenzira yapamutemo musimba rimwe kana kuti ingasazivikanwa muimwe mutemo wamarudzi ose, uchangamire hwerudzi, uye maruramiro okuzvidzora amarudzi ose, anogona kuva akakomba zvinhu zvose kubva munhaka nemitero zvichienda kunyika uye mibayiro yakaisvonaka. Sezvo kufambira mberi kwenyika yose, kunzwisisa izvi zvapamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisa kuti roorano dzinoremekedzwa uye kodzero dzeroorano dzinodzivirirwa, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yazvinogara kana kuti zvinoshanda.

Nyaya yacho inotooma zvikuru nokuti vashandi vemibatanidzwa yehurumende vanowanzova nedziviriro uye ropafadzo pasi pomutemo wenyika dzakawanda, idzo dzinogona kuchinja miitiro yenguva dzose yokunyoresa roorano nokuzivikanwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mitemo yenyika inosiana zvikuru pamibvunzo mikuru yakadai sezera duku reroorano, zvinodikanwa, zvinorambidza kubatana kwebarika kana kuti kwomurume nemukadzi mumwe chete, uye kudikanwa kwekubvumirwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera gadziriro dzemitemo, zvinetso zvinoshanda, uye mipimo inochinja zvinodzora kuziva roorano mumiitiro yemiitiro yenhau, kugovera nhungamiro nokuda kwevakaroorana, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagadziri vemiitiro.

Mabhuku Apamutemo Anodzora Michato Yakaoma

Zvibvumirano nekokorodzano zvamarudzi ose zvinogovera mubatanidzwa weukama hwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa, asi hazviiti gadziriro yakabatana yokuzivikanwa kweroorano. Zvishandiso zviviri zvinokosha zvikurusa ndiVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) neVienna Convention on Consular Relation (1963). kokorodzano idzi dzinotanga maropafadzo nedziviriro zvavamiriri vemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yehurumende nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza kusabatana kwenzvimbo dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenhau nedziviriro inobva kuhurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, dzinoita [[FLT: 0] kwete [[FLT: 1] dzine gadziriro dzakananga dzokuzivikanwa kweroorano. Panzvimbo pezvo, roorano inozivikanwa inoitwa pasi penzvimbo yomutemo wavanhu voga, iyo inodzorwa zvikurukuru nomutemo wenyika yose.

Basa Rezvibvumirano Zvezvidzidzo Zvakawanda Nezvemibato Yakasiyana - siyana

Nyika dzakawanda dzakapinda muzvibvumirano zvezvibvumirano zvezvikwata zvinotaura kuzivikanwa kweroorano, zvikurukuru apo vashandi vemibatanidzwa yehurumende kana kuti vehurumende vanowirirana vakaiswa. Somuenzaniso, kokorodzano yehurumende yehurumende ingabvumira vamiririri kuroora panzvimbo yavo kana kuti pasi pomutemo wehurumende yavo, uye nyika inodzorwa ingasungirwa kuziva kuti roorano. Kokorodzano dzapashure peroorano dzakawanda, dzakadai seHague Conference on Private International Law’s Convention on the Crestivation and Table of the Marrials (1978), donzo rokutsinhiranisa mitemo, asi kudzodzodzodzo dzomutemo dzakaganhurirwa. Somuitiro yemitemo yeroorano inoramba inoramba iri muboka.

Roorano Dzomubatanidzwa Nekuva Kwadzo Dzakakodzera

Muitiro mumwe wakakurumbira ndewokuti vamiririri vehurumende varoore kana kuti vaendi varoose kuroora kana kuti kuroorwa panzvimbo yavo, muitiro unozivikanwa seroorano inodzorwa. Kushanda kwapamutemo kweroorano dzakadaro kunotsamira pakuti nyika inoziva kushandisirwa kwemitemo yeroorano yehurumende yemusha. Nyika zhinji dzinopa zivikanwo kuroorano dzeroorano chero bedzi roorano yaizova inoshanda pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinoisa zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera, zvakadai senhambo yokumirira, kubudiswa kwezviremera zvehurumende zvomunzvimbomo. Muzvinoitika apo hurumende isingazivi roorano dzorumano, vaviri vangada kuitawo mutambo wavagari vemo munyika inovakirwa kusimbisa kusimba kwavo zviri pamutemo.

Kuzivikanwa Kweroorano Kwakapararira: Nheyo Nezvinetso

Apo roorano inoitirwa mune imwe nyika uye varoorani vanotamira kune imwe, kuzivikanwa kweroorano iyoyo kunotsamira pamitemo yapachivande yamarudzi ose yamarudzi ose yenyika itsva. Nyika zhinjisa dzinotevera nheyo inozivikanwa se lex loci colitionis[, inoreva kuti roorano inoshanda uko yakanyoreswa inogamuchirwa kwose kwose. Zvisinei, nheyo iyi inozviisa pasi pemitemo yapamutemo, zvikurukuru apo roorano inoputsa mutemo wavose [[FLT:]] (posepose) wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, roorano inobatanidza vana, kumanikidzwa, kana kuti kuzivikanwa ingarambwa kunyange kana yakabvumirwa munyika umo yakai.

Kuzivikanwa Kunongozviitikira asi Zvinodiwa Kunyoreswa

Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seUnited Kingdom nenyika dzakawanda dzeEU, dzinongoziva kuroorana kwedzimwe nyika kana dzikasvitsa mipimo inokosha. Dzimwe, zvikurukuru muMiddle East neAsia, dzinoda kunyoresa roorano dzokumwe nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo dzisati dzarangarirwa kuva dzinoshanda nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakadai sokutama, nhaka, kana kuti kurambana. Madhiplomat anowanzovimba nemirairo yawo yokugovera nhungamiro paidzi zvinodikanwa. Kukundikana kunyoresa roorano kunogona kutungamirira kumumwe munhu anoramba mvumo yokugara, kubhadharwa kweinishuwa yeinishuwarenzi yezve youtano, kana kuti mano okugara nhaka zvinhu. MaEmbas neano anobhadha anochengeta nhevedzano yevashanduri vanotenderwa uye vadzorwi vemitemo kuti vabatsire kunyoresa nyika kuti vashambadzirwe.

Chitsama uye Kusimbisa

Chinetso chinodzokororwa chinoitwazve nemagwaro eroorano. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kuti magwaro eroorano okumwe aitwe . Mukukurukurirana, mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende yokumwe anobatsira kazhinji kazhinji kugovera makopi akasimba ezvinyorwa zveroorano. Nokuti mabhii okusashanda zvakananga nokuda kwebasa renhau dzoruwa, masangano ezvokushandira enyika kana kuti masangano ezvokuwana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira angadikanwa. Kushaikwa kwegadziriro yokusimbisa yavose yemitengo inogamuchirwa. Kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu epartal eSTLE achivandudza zvishoma nezvishoma kufambidzana.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa Mukuzivikanwa Kweroorano Kusina Kutsarukana

Pasinei zvapo nokugamuchirwa kwakafara kwe mutambo wekupemberera nheyo, makakatanwa makuru anomuka munharaunda dzakati. Idzi denho dzinowanzoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru kwenzanga pamusoro perondedzero yeroorano imene.

Roorano Dzevatano Dzakafanana

Imwe yenhau dzinonetsa zvikuru izivikanwo yeroorano dzevatano imwe cheteyo. Nepo nyika dzinopfuura 30 dzakanyoresa roorano dzavanhu vamwe chetevo. Nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru muAfrica, Middle East, uye mativi eAsia, dzinoita kuti ungochani huve hwevatano imwe cheteyo uye dzinoramba kuziva mubatanidzwa mumwe cheteyo wevatano. Masangano anobva munyika imwe cheteyo yevatano yakaiswa munyika dzakadaro, mugariro wapamutemo weroorano yavo unova une ngozi. Hurumende inodzorwa ingaramba kubudisa maruramiro okuwirirana nomukwanyina wayo, kana kuti kunyange kubata roorano sechinhu chisina chinhu. pamutemo wamarudzi ose haasati achitongoziva roorano imwe inoitirwa kunze kwenyika, uye mabasa anowanzozviwana amene ari munzvimbo yakaoma: apo varoorani voga voga vakasaidzwa nomutemo mumwe chete. [[10]

Roorano Dzine Mukurumbira Uye Dzetsika

Imwe nzvimbo yenhamo inobatanidza roorano dzebarika. Dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru muWest Africa neMiddle East, dzinobvumira barika munyika mumutemo worudzidziso kana kuti wetsika. Mumiririri anobva kunyika yavanhu vaviri vanopinda muroorano yebarika apo akaiswa munyika inogarwa angawana kuti roorano haizivikanwi pakudzokera kumusha, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokupinda munyika kana kuti nhaka. Zvikavo zvinobvumira kuti nyika dzinopa mibadha yakadzi dzive pasi pemunhu mumwe chete angada kuzviganhurira amene kumumwe nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende, kunyange kana mutemo wavo womunhu oga uchibvumira vakwanyina vakawanda. Michato yavo yetsika (g., michato yegamuchidzanwa isina kunyoreswa nezviremera zvehurumende) inomutsawo nhau dzinozivikanwa, sezvo zvizhinji zvichida mutambo wehurumende. [FLD:] Nhlangano yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.[FLD]

Kuroora Kana Kuroorwa Kuchimanikidzwa Nokubiridzira Muchato

Michato yakamanikidzirwa neroorano (zvinoshuviwa nokuda kwebetsero dzokupinda munyika) zvinomirira itiro hanya yakakomba mumashoko enhau. Vamwe vanhu vangaedza kushandisa kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu kuti vasanzvere, vachiomerera kuti roorano inoitirwa panzvimbo yehurumende inodzorwa inopfuura simba rehurumende. Zvisinei, nyika zhinji dzine matanho anorwisana nenzvimbo, akadai sebvunzurudzo dzechidhipatidzo, kunzvera kwenzvimbo, uye chokwadi chebvumiranwa. Mishoni dzemibato dzinobatira pamwe navakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vadzivise kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Muzvinoitika zveroorano yapachokwadi, nyika inoparidzwa ingarega kuziva mubatanidzwa, uye nyika yomumusha ingagovera betsero kunyajambwa, kubatanidza kudzorwa. [FFOct:] Conventionstion paDactal [5]

Kubatsira Kwazvinoita Pakodzero Dzevanhu

Kumhuri dzinowirirana, idzi tapuro dzakakomba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti dzingapfuura nzvimbo dzadzo dzakawanda mukati memabasa adzo.

Nhaka Nekodzero Dzezvinhu

Kana roorano isingazivikanwi munyika inogarwa, mukwanyina asara angasava namaruramiro okugara nhaka nzvimbo iri munyika iyoyo. Ikoku zvikurukuru chinetso nokuda kwamaneja ane nzvimbo nenzvimbo kunze kwenyika. Kunyange kana roorano yacho inozivikanwa munyika yokumusha, matare ehurumende angashandisa mitemo yavo vamene yenhaka, sezvingabvira kubvisa mukwanyina. Zvibvumirano zvenhaka hazviwanzowaniki, naizvozvo varoorani vanowanzopiwa zano rokuwana zvido zvenhaka zvakafanana ndokurangarira zvibvumirano zvepfuma yeroorano izvo zvinomanikidzirwa kugura miganhu.

Kubhadhara Mutero uye Kubatsira Zvikuru

Nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira vakaroorana kuronga mitero inobhadharwa pamwe chete, dzinotaura kuti mari inobvumirwa kubhadhara mitero, kana kuti kubetserwa nokusabvumirwa kwenhaka. Kubhadharwa kwemitero kunogona kuguma nemitero yakakwirira. Nokuda kwemitero, zvibvumirano zvemitero pakati pomusha napanzvimbo dzinogamuchirwa zvinogona kuderedza nhau, asi rondedzero ye “kushandisa” muzvibvumirano izvozvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kukundikana kumutemo wenyika yapamusha. Nenzira yakafanana, betsero dzourombo dzakadai seinishuwarenzi youtano, betsero dzinosara dzemari, uye mari yemari inobhadhadhadharwa (g., dzimba, dzidzo) inotsamira pakuzivikanwa kweroorano nomushandirwi noushumiri wokumwe. Kana hurumende ikaramba kuziva roorano, mushandirwi wehurumende angangogovera betsero dzomukati, asi vakwanyina vangasakwanisa kuva vanoshanda nokuda kweminamatoo.

Kutama uye Kudzokera Kunzvimbo Yacho

Vakwanyina vemibatanidzwa vanowanzogamuchira mvumo dzokugara nemagwaro okutaurirana. Asi kana roorano ichizivikanwa nehurumende inodzorwa. Munyika umo nyika inopa vanhu isingazivi roorano (mutoo, roorano imwe cheteyo muhurumende isingabvumiki), mukwanyina angamanikidzirwa kugara kana kuti kupinda munyika paraubhi. Ikoku kunoparira dzvinyiriro yakakomba neyemirangariro. Dzimwe nyika dzakapinza “pabhayisero” nokuda kwevaroorani vasina kuroorwa, asi idzodzi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinopa maruramiro mashomanene. [[FLT: 0] Nomupropenian Union[ yaita fambiro mberi kupfurikidza nekodzero dzevagaria, iyo inoda kuti mitezo ipfavise kupinda nokupinda nokugara pamwe chete kweimo yavanhu, asi isingashandisi kui kuidza kuruwa rwezve. Muneidzo yomugariro wokunze.

Basa Remabasa Akasiyana - siyana Pakuzivikanwa Kunotevedzerwa

Vamiririri navamiririri vanobatira sepfundo guru rokuonana kwamarudzi anotarisana nenhau dzeroorano kunze kwenyika.

Nhungamiro Yapamutemo Namasangano Okunyora

Mishoni zhinjisa dzemibatanidzwa yehurumende dzinochengeta chikamu chehurumende chinopa nhungamiro pamitemo yeroorano yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza magwaro anodikanwa, nhambo dzokumirira, uye mhinganidzo dzomutauro. Vanogonawo kubetsera kuwana shanduro dzapamutemo, maapostrils, uye makopi anobvumikiswa etsamba dzeroorano. Muzvimwe zviitiko, vamiriri vanogona kupa “Mupi wePregist of Nompedimentament” kuti vasimbise kuti rudzi rwakasununguka kuroora mumutemo warwo wemusha, uyo ungadikanwa nehurumende. Nokuda kwavafundisi vamene, basa racho kazhinji kazhinji rinobata muitiro wose weroorano, kubatanidza kunyoreswa namaropafadzo oupionareji yedzimwe nyika kuti vawane mabasa okukurukurirana nehurumende.

Kupindira uye Kunyengetedza

Apo nyika inopa mvumo inoramba kuziva roorano, mumiririri angamutsa nhau yacho kupfurikidza nemikoto yemibatanidzwa yehurumende, achitaura kuti kusava nemuganhu kunoputsa nheyo dzomutemo dzamarudzi ose dzemabatirwe enyika kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu. Ikoku kwakakurumbira zvikurusa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza roorano imwe cheteyo kana kuti mibatanidzwa yepabonde. Nepo kupindira kwakadaro kusingabudiriri nguva dzose, kunogona kutungamirira kubvumirano dzinobvumirwa dzehoc idzo dzinobvumira mukwanyina kugara munyika inogarwa mumigariro yakati. .S. Bazi reHurumende reHurumende , somuenzaniso, rinobudisa mashoko enyika pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwomuchato uye kushanda nehurumende dzinogamuchirwa nehurumende kudzivirira kodzero dzeAmerica. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, nhau ingakwira kumigadziri yehurumende yedzimwe nyika, idzo dzinotumira ganhurnyo dzehurumende dzehurumende dzedzimwe nyika.

Miitiro Yazvino Nechitarisiko Chenguva Yemberi

Kuzivikanwa kweroorano mumashoko akarongwa kuri kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma, kuchisundwa nokuchinja kukuru kwenzanga uye kufambira mberi kwemitemo yenyika dzakawanda.

Kugamuchira Kuroora Kana Kuti Kurara nomumwe Munhu

Sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinonyoresa roorano yakafanana, dzvinyiriro iri kukura munyika kuti izive mubatanidzwa wakadaro. Dare reInternational reMutongi harina kukurukura zvakananga nhau yacho, asi matare ekodzero dzavanhu enharaunda ari kufambira mberi nheyo iyo hurumende dzisingafaniri kusarura vakwanyina vomunhu mumwe chete. Mune chokuita noruzivo rwezvokubatana. Mamwe masangano akapinda mubvumirano dzakaita kuti dzive nokuzivikanwa kwadzo kwomuchato. Somuenzaniso, United States neUnited Kingdom zvine gadziriro inoremekedza roorano dzinowirirana nenzira inoshanda munyika ipi neipi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokukurukurirana. Chimiro chinokarakadza kuti mukati chizvarwa, kuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo kungazova mutezotezo wakasununguka, asi kubvumirana pasi pose kunoramba kuri kure kure.

Kunyoresa Kwevakaroorana Nemadhigirii

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kupa zvigadzikiso zvitsva kuzvinetso zvokuziva. Nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kushandisa zvirongwa zvemipimo zvekunyoresa zvinobvumira kuva nechokwadi chapakarepo kwezvinyorwa zveroorano. Hague Conference iri kusimudzira International Tragment of Marriage [ , gwaro remitauro yakawanda raigona kupfavisa kuzivikanwa kwemitengo yemitengo. Kana rikagamuchirwa navazhinji, zviri kuderedza mutoro pamitoro yehurumende nedziyo. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kunononoka nemhaka yetambira nhau dzakavanzika nendyiko yemitengo. Panguva ino, mabasa mazhinji okukurukurirana anopfuurira kutsamira pakusimbisa pepanhau.

Roorano Dzetsika Nedzerudzidziso

Kune zivikanwo inowedzera yokuti rondedzero dzechisiko chose, dzehurumende dzinosvika pakati pezvisakiso zveroorano dzinokundikana kuwirirana nemiitiro yetsika neyorudzidziso. Mamwe masangano avanhu amarudzi ose, akadai se Committee paIdzinganwa rorusarurano rwavakadzi [, yakadana kuti nyika dzizive zvimiro zvose zveroorano zvinowirirana nemipimo mikuru yechisarudzo nenhambo duku. Nokuda kwavafundisi, ikoku kungareva kuti nyika dzinova dzinodisa zvikuru kuziva roorano dzetsika dzinotsigirwa zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kuoma pakati pokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nemhatsanadzo dzetsika kuchapfuurira.

mhedziso

Kuzivikanwa kwemichato mumashoko ezvemasangano kunoramba kuri kwakasiana uye kunokangaidzika zvikuru nharaunda yomutemo. Nepo nheyo yemitemo ichiita kuti mavambo avepo, kunze kwetsika dzavose, chengeteko yenyika, uye tsika dzenzanga dzinoita basa remitemo inopesana. Vamiririri, vanobvisa, uye vakaroorana vamarudzi ose, vanonzwisisa izvi zvinodiwa kuti vachengetedze kodzero dzavo. Rongedzero dzinoda kushandira zvakanaka sedzinowana zano repamutemo pamberi peroorano, kuisa mubatanidzwa wemitezo mizhinji, uye kuvimbisa kuti mapepa ose anotenderwa zvakanaka. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vamiririri vama vadzo navashandi vamarudzi akawanda vanofanira kupfuurira kutsigira kutsigira nokuda kwemiitiro yemitemo yamarudzi ose. Kuwedzera kudiwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemitengo yenyika yose kunofanira kutorerwa mberi.