Vavhoti veAmerica vanoshanda mukati megadziriro yakavharwa yehurumende, umo bhokisi rebhorati rinobatira sechishandiso chikuru chokuumba zvose zviri zviviri muitiro worudzi nemipimo yenzanga yomunzvimbomo. Muvhoti anosanoumbwa anonzwisisa kuti miitiro inodzora sarudzo yehurumende inosiana zvikuru neiyo iri munyika nemwero womunzvimbomo, kubva pakugoverwa kwesimba kusvikira kumitoo yokuvhota yakananga inowanika. Iyi nzvero inocheka kupfurikidza nemutoo wakaoma kugovera kunzwisiswa kwakajeka, kunoshanda kwenzvimbo yose inosarudzwa, kusimbisa nhano dzinoshanda mugari wemo wose anofanira kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira.

Kusarudza Kwehurumende: Kusarudza Hutungamiriri Hwenyika

Sarudzo dzinosarudza kuumbwa kwamapazu matatu ehurumende yenyika, mamiriro ehurumende akananga zvikurusa. Uku kusarudza kunoitika parudungwe rwakatarwa uye kunodzorwa nemubatanidzwa womutemo wenyika nehurumende. Mapango acho akakwirira nguva dzose, sezvo miuyo inopesvedzera muitiro wokumwe, dziviriro yorudzi, murairo wemari, uye dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo munyika yose.

Hurukuro neElectoral College

Nhangemutange yeWhite House ndichinoitika chinooneka zvikurusa chevavhoti muUnited States. Voters havasaruri Purezidhendi naMumiririri wePurezidhendi. Panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vanovhota nokuda kwetsamba yavanasaruri vakapikirwa kutsigira tikiti chairo. Ava vavhoti pamwe chete vanoumba Electoral College, mutumbi wemitezo 538 inoparadzirwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pahwerengero yavo yeSanators naVamiririri. Mutestati anofanira kudzivirira ruzhinji rwavavhoti 270 vavhoti vakasarudzwa kuti vahwinwine.

Gadziriro iyi inosimbisa zvikuru gadziriro yenhimbe. Inoita kuti zvitevedzero zvive zvitsama panhamba duku ye "wings," umo mucheto worukundo wakamanikana munhau. Voters mu "kakotsekana" nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzinoona kushambadza kwenhimbe neshanyo dzezvirongwa mukati mesarudzo. Kuwana kugovera kwose kwavavhoti vanoshandiswa nehurumende 48 kunowedzera simba rokukunda kwakaganhurirwa munyika dzinokosha, kureva kuti mutevedzeri anogona kuwina Zedhea pasina kuhwina vhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi, sezvakaitika muna 2000 na2016.

Kusarudzwa kweCongress: Imba neDare

United States Congress chirongwa chebhiyaral chine simba rakasiana rezvisarudzo zvekamuri rimwe nerimwe. Imba yavamiririri inoumbwa nemitezo 435 inovhota, imwe neimwe inobatira nhambo yegore rimwe. Iyi nhambo pfupi inorongedzerwa kuchengeta vamiriri vachizvidavirira zvikuru kumitezo yavo yomunzvimbomo. Makore maviri ari ose, Imba yose inomira nokuda kwokuvhota, ichiita imba inogamuchira zvikurusa kuti ichinjire mumurangariro wavose. Maruwa anokweverwa mukati menyika imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pavagari vemo, uye ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiririri mumwe.

Dare, mukupesana, rinopa shoko ramakore matanhatu nokuda kwemitezo yaro 100, nechinenge chikamu chimwe chezvigaro zvinoiswa pasarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Vatongi vanomirira nyika dzose, vachidzipa kudzorwa kukuru. Kutenderera kwesarudzo kunokatyamadza kunodzivirira Dare kubva pakuchinja kwokukurumidza kwemirangariro yavose uye kunobvumira vasande kuisa ngwariro panharidzano dzemiitiro yenguva refu. Zvigaro zvakasiyana- siyana zvezvigaro zvenguva refu neurefu zvinoparira kuoma kwakavakwa mukati mebazu remitemo, kuchida kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati peitiro dzenguva pfupi dzeImba nedzo dzomugariro wedare.

Kusarudza kweHurumende: Misangano Yehurumende Inotonga Vanhu

Sarudzo dzehurumende ndiwo mutoo uyo vagari vemo vanoumba nawo mitemo inotapura upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva zvakananga zvikurusa. Mari yedzidzo, mibato yezvokufambisa, mirairo yezvoutano, chengeteko yavose, uye zvivako zvemitero zvose zvinosarudzwa zvikurukuru pamwero wehurumende. Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzerwa nenzira yakakurumbira se "Masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," uye zvisarudzo zvechisarudzo zvinoitwa mukati mavo zvinosarudza kuti kuedza kupi kunoedzwa.

Gavhuna Nemitemo yeHurumende

Gavhuna vanobatira savakuru vakuru vehurumende yavo, vanoshandisa simba rinokosha kubatanidza mano okusaina kana kuti kuisa mutemo, kuraira varwi veNational Guard, kukanganwira, uye kugadza mirau. Hurumende, iyo iri mitumbi inoziva nguva yakazara kana kuti magungano evagari vemo, inopfuudza mitemo nokudzora bhajeti rehurumende. Kudzorwa kwamapazu aya (jerefetta) kunozivikanwa se "apo rimwe boka rinova nerokudzora mugavhuro uye makamuri emitemo ose ari maviri.

Sarudzo dzezvigaro zvehurumende zvemitemo dzinowanzoitika mumakore mamwe chetewo sarudzo dzehurumende, asi nyika dzakawanda dzinodzivisa sarudzo dzegore nokuda kweidzi nzvimbo. Voter inodzima pano panopera gore uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo zvikurukuru yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura mumakore oupurezidhendi, kureva kuti zvibvumirano zviduku zvikuru, zvakatsaurirwa zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji zvine pesvedzero huru pavane nzvimbo dzine simba zvikuru. Kunzwisisa karenda yesarudzo yenyika yako inhano yokutanga kurangarira kunyoreswa.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu: Kutanga Kurwa Nezvokudzorera

Inenge hafu yenyika dzinogovera vagari vemo simba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvokuvhota. Iyi nzira inobvumira vavhoti kufuratira chirongwa chehurumende ndokugadza mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo zvakananga. Misoro yeiyi mipimo inosiana nemitemo yemitero nembanje kuganhurira wedzero yemitero nekodzero dzokuvhota. Nepo ikoku kuchigovera chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwemibato yemiitiro yetsika, kunodawo kuva vavhoti vabatanidzi kuti vaite zvakadzama nomutoo wakaoma, kazhinji kazhinji kuwedzerwa nenhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinodhura kubva kuvatsigiridza vose vari vaviri navashori.

Matanho Anoshanda: Kunyoresa, Zvinodiwa, uye Kutumira Mitoo

Kuisa pachena magadzirirwo okuvhota rutivi runokosha rwokushandisa kunyoresa. Mitemo inodzora kunyoresa, zivika, uye mitoo yokuvhota inosiana zvikuru muhurumende nehurumende, kuchitanga basa rakawanda rezvinodikanwa zvinofanira kutendwa. Kuramba uchiziva pamusoro pemashoko aya zuva resarudzo risati rasvika kunodzivisa kuvhiringidzika nokuparadzaniswa kwokupedzisira.

Kunyoresa Muchina Wakawanda

Kunyoresa kwechikwata ichi ndicho chipingamupinyi chokutanga kuvagari vemo vakawanda. National Voter Brigister Act ya1993, inozivikanwa se "Motor Voter," inoda nyika kuti dzipe muvhoti wemotokari nesangano revoruzhinji. Nhasi, nyika dzakawanda dzinopawo kunyoresa paIndaneti, kwakakodzera uye kwakachengeteka. Zvisinei, miganhu yokunyoresa ndeyerudzo. Kubvisa imazuva 15 kusvika ku30 pamberi pevhoti, uye kunyoresa pashure pomusi uno kunowanzoreva kuti haugoni kuvhota. Kunzvera kunyoresa kwako nguva dzose muitiro wakanaka, sezvo vhiya dzimwe nguva inobviswa kubva pamifungo nemhaka yechinjo kana kuti kushanda.

Kunzwisisa Mitemo Yezviziviso

Zvichida nzvimbo inokakavadzana zvikurusa yegadziriro yesarudzo chinodikanwa kupa ziviso panhamba. Mitemo yeID iripo mumativi. "Non-ruwa" miganhu ingagamuchira chisainwa cheaffidavit kana kuti chishandiso, nepo "ruwa" runoda kuti iine mufananidzo wakananga wehurumende, wakadai serezinesi yomutyairi kana kuti paspoti. Donzo rakataurwa remitemo iyi nderokudzivisa kuvhotera, uko kusingawanzowaniki zvikuru. Vatsoropoteri vanoti inobvisa chose chose chose chose chose kuva inovhotera, inovhotera yakaderera, vacherekedzeri vedzinza, vakwegura, uye vadzidzi, avo vangave vane kashoma zvikuru kuva nezvinodikanwa zvinodikanwa zvomunyika yako. Kuziva zvinodikanwa zvehurumende hazvidikanwi.

Matsamba, Kugamuchira Matsamba, uye Kufarira Kurumidza

Nzira idzo vaAmerica vanokanda nadzo mabhora avo dzakawedzera zvikuru. Kuvhota kwokukurumidza, kubvumira muvhota mumazuva kana kuti mavhiki zuva rekuvhota risati rasvika, kunowanika munyika dzakawanda. Kuvhota kwemaposi, kunozivikanwawo sokuvhota kwausipo, kwakurawo mukukurumbira. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seOregon, Washington, uye Colorado, dzinoita sarudzo chose chose chose neposi, dzichingotumira mabhora kuvhotarosi ose akanyorwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti vavhotera vape chikonzero chokuti vasarudze mumunhu, nepo vakawanda vakagamuchira kuvhotera kwavo kusi. Voters vanofanira kuronga kudzoka nokungwarira kumira nokusaina.

Mufananidzo: Madivi Anokweverwa Sei uye Nei Zvichikosha

Pfungwa yokumirira inokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi nzira dzinoshandura vhoti muzvigaro dzinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nomuitiro wokuchinja. Makore gumi ari ose, pashure pokuverengwa kwehurumende, maruwa emitemo pahurumende, hurumende, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo inofanira kutorwazve kuti itsaurire machinjiro echiverengero chavagari vemo. Nzira iyo iyi mitsetse inoiswa nayo inogona kusarudza kuti ibato ripi rinowana zvigaro zvizhinji, kunyange apo vanogamuchira vashomanene vevota.

Kudya Nokuverenga

Chiverengero cheU.S., chinorairwa neBumbiro reMitemo, chinorangarira mugari ari wose munyika. Iyi mijenya inoshandiswa kugovana zvigaro zvigaro 435 zvedzimba pakati penyika. Nyika dzinokura nokukurumidza kuwana zvigaro, nepo idzo dzinononoka kukura kana kuti dzinorasikirwa nezvigaro zvavagari vemo. Uku kugoveranisa kwakananga simba rehurumende muElectoral College uye kumirira kwayo muCongress. Chiverengero cheCensus, icho chinowanzotapura zvikuru nzanga dzinenge dzine vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kubatanidza vagari vomumaruwa navagari vomumaruwa, chinogona kutungamirira kukuva nenzvimbo yarongerwa kunziro, kuderedza simba rezvamatongerwe enyika renzanga idzodzo kwemakore gumi.

Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro

Kana hurumende yangowana mugove wayo, mutezo wehurumende (kana kuti mubato wakazvimirira) unokweva miganhu yamaruwa mamwe namamwe. Kudzorwa kwemiganhu iyi nokuda kwebetsero yomunhu oga. Nzira mbiri huru ndi "kuparadzisa," inoparadzira vatsigiri vomushori mumaruwa akawanda naizvozvo havagoni kuumba voruzhinji muruwa rwupi norwupi, uye "paning," inovaita kuti vaise ngwariro muruwa rumwe kuti vaganhurire pesvedzero yavo kune imwe nzvimbo.

Muitiro wacho une nhau refu asi wazova wakaoma zvikuru nemashoko azvino uno anopesana. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro-soro ratonga mu Ruuko v.Chokwadi Centre (209) kuti mudzori inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inopfuura kusvika matare ehurumende, kunoramba kuri kwapamutemo kukweva maruwa akavakirwa padzinza. Masangano akawanda akagadzira masangano okuzvimiririra kuti abvise muitiro wacho mukudzora kwechiRGUR, achigovera muenzaniso unobvira wokumirira kwerusarudzo.

Kutapura Kunoita Mufananidzo

Nzira iyo maruwa anokweverwa nayo ine tapuro yakananga patsika dzomuvhoti nemiuyo. Apo ruwa runenge rwakakotsekana nokuda kwebato rimwe, kusarudzwa kwavose kunova kusingakwikwidzi, uye sarudzo huru inova makwikwi echokwadi esimba. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunokwidziridza vakuru vakuru kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa zvikuru, sezvo vanofanira kuva nenzvimbo yavo yebato kuti vadzivise denho huru. Maruwa asingadzorwi anogonawo kutungamirira kukuderedza muvhoti, sezvo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo havana revoti huru. Mepu dzeruwa dzakanaka, dzinokurudzira makwikwikwi, kupfurikidza, kuva nomwero, uye kurongeka kukuru.

Kupa Kodzero: Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Nedenho Dzazvino Uno

Kodzero yokuvhota ndiyo fandesheni younzi, asi yave iri nhau yerwisano refu neinopfuurira. Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora maruramiro okuvhota idi retsoropodzo yakaoma yemibatanidzwa yebumbiro-mitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye mitemo yehurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro inokosha kudzivirira kusvika kwomunhu amene kuvhotera uye kutsigira maruramiro avamwe.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Nenhaka Yadzo

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 (VRA) imutemo une simba zvikurusa wehurumende unodzivirira maruramiro okuvhota. Yakarambidza miitiro yokusatendeudzira pamutemo senzvero nokuvhota. Gadziriro yayo inoshanda zvikurusa, Chikamu 5, yaida mativi ane nhau yetsarudzo ku "preblic" chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yavo yokuvhota nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Muchisarudzo cha 2013, Shelby County v. Raker, Dare rapamusoro rakarova muganhu wenhau wakashandiswa kusarudza kuti mitemo yaifukidzwa, kupfuudza chikamu 5. Chikamu cha5. Chisarunga hachina kugadziridza mutezo, kuchisiya muitiro wokuchengeta weVRA.

Migumisiro ye Chisarudzo cheShelby County chave chiri chinokosha. Mumakore akatevera chisarudzo, mativi aifukidzwa kare akavhara mazana enzvimbo dzokuvhotera, vavhoti vakabva mumarori pamwero wakakwirira, uye vanotanga mitemo yematengi. Iyi chinjo dzine tapuro inodzoka pamavhoti, zvikurukuru pakati pemisha yavanhu vashomanene.

Nhau Dzekuwana Zvinhu Zvazvino Uno

Kupfuura zvinyorwa zvemitemo yeID nokudzosera, zvimwe zvinodzivisa kurota zvinopfuurira. Kuparadzaniswa kwemitemo, kunodzivisa vanhu nezvinyorwa zvetsotsi pakuvhota, kunosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinodzorera kodzero dzokuvhota dzoga kana mutongo wapera, nepo dzimwe dzichida kudzosa vanhu kana kuti kubvisa zvachose vanhu. Rurimi ndiimwe nzvimbo yakakomba; VRA inoda miganhu ine vanhu vakawanda vanotaura zvirongwa zvokuvhota uye zvokuvhota mumimwe mitauro.

Kuwanika kwevavhoti vakaremara kunonyanyawo kunetsa.

Manyuko Okudzivirira Muchina Wokugadzira Mari

Masangano eNonpartisa anogovera maturusi okunzvera kunyoresa, kukumbira vasipo, uye kudzidza pamusoro pekodzero nemitoro. Dare reRevolution reMitemo rinoshanda senzvimbo inochenesera mashoko pamusoro pegadziriro dzokuvhota. Vatambi vanosangana nezvinetso pakuvhota, zvakadai semitsetse mirefu kana kuti kubviswa, vanofanira kuonana nemuvhoti anodzivirira dziviriro yedare reU.

Mugumisiro: Hwaro Hwokubatanidzwa Neruzivo

Kutora rutivi musarudzo chimiro chakananga zvikurusa uye chine simba chokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Gadziriro yeAmerica yevhota, negadziriro yayo yehurumende uye nyika inorongeka uye makwikwi enyika, inobvunza zvikuru vavhoti vayo. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, kunyoresa nokuvhota, masimba okuchinja nokumirira, uye mamiriro epamutemo ekodzero dzokuvhota anogonesa vagari vemo kudzora gadziriro yacho nechivimbo. Kungava kuisa blati nokuda kwomutengi wapurezidhendi kana kuti mutezo wedare rechikoro chomunzvimbomo, kuziviswa kuvimbisa kuti hurumende irambe ichigamuchira vanhu vainobatira.