Kutanga: Nei Mashandiro Okusarudza Achikosha

Kusarudza ibasa rinokosha rokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kugovera vagari vemo mutoo wokuumba hurumende yavo ndokuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Nepo nheyo yokuvhota iri yavose, mitoo chaiyo iyo nyika dzinoita nayo sarudzo inosiana zvikuru. Iyi misiyano(yakavakirwa munhau, magamuchidzanwa apamutemo, uye mipimo yetsika) inotapura zvakananga kutora, kumira, uye kutsiga kwehurumende. Kuenzanisa kuti marudzi akasiyana - siyana anoshandisa sei sarudzo dzavo kunozivisa kwete bedzi mibato yokudzora asiwo zvinetso zvinopfuurira mukuvimbisa kuti vhoti iri yose inoverengwa zvakanaka uye ichengeteka. Nyaya inonzvera musiyano yegadziriro dzemitemo inovhotera, mitoo yokuvhota, kuvhotera, uye kuchengeteka, kunyora mienzaniso kubva munyika yose kuti iratidzirwe mabasa, chii, chinoitwa nei chinogona kudzidza kune imwe.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzemaelectoral

Gadziriro yemitemo inosarudza kuti vhoti vanoshandurwa sei muzvigaro kana kuti mumahofisi. Sarudzo yegadziriro ine tapuro huru pamasangano ebato, masimba anobatana, uye mufambiro wevhoti. Mhuri nhatu dzakafara idzo dzinova dzinobatanidza (kana kuti dzakawanda), dzinowirirana, uye dzakavhengana, dzine misiyano mizhinji mukati meimwe neimwe.

Kutanga kwePast 16) Thezzi Post (FPTP) – Kuoma Kwemashoko

Mupasi peFPTP, inozivikanwawo sezvizhinji zvokuvhota, mukundi mumwe anosarudzwa muruwa rumwe norumwe pawakavakirwa pakugamuchira vhoti dzakawanda kupfuura mumwe muvhoti upi noupi (asi kwete hazvo voruzhinji). Iyi tsika inoshandiswa muUnited States (yokuti Congress), United Kingdom, Canada, uye India. Betsero dzayo huru ndedzokuva nyore nyore uye wirirano yakasimba pakati pemadivi nemumiririri wavo. Zvisinei, FPPPPPP kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kumigumisiro miuyo mizhinji: mapato netsigiro yeruwa yakananga ingawana zvigaro zvine mwero zvevhoti yenyika, nepo mapati ane tsigiro inopfuradzirwa anogona kuiswa pasi peri. Somuenzaniso, mu 2019 vhotaro yeCanada, muReparal Party 33% yevhoti yakakurumbira asi yakawanikwa nezvikamu 55%.

Mufananidzo weProtoam (PR) – Dhiagramu Yakafara

Masangano ePR anovavarira kuisa zvigaro zviri pakati pezvivhoti zvakagamuchirwa. Chinonyanya kushandiswa iPR yakavakirwa parusando. PR inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzakadai seSpain, Netherlands, uye Finland. Voters dzinosarudza ndaza yebato, uye zvigaro zvinoparadzirwa maererano nekero (g., D’Hondt kana kuti Sainteāução Laguë). PR inokurudzira masangano akawanda uye sezvingabvira zvikuru kubudisa hurumende dzinobatana. Chikamu chikuru chepasi chinogona kuva batano yakananga pakati pechivhooki nemitemo, kunyange zvazvo masangano evambi veGreass achiva akavhu. Netherlands, somuenzaniso, inoshandisa ruwarati nePR, zvichiguma nokukurukurirana kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemabato duku.

Masangano Akavhengana - Simba Anobatanidza

Nyika dzakafanana neGermany, New Zealand, uye Mexico dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzinosanganiswa dzemasangano ane remaruva ane 299 akasarudzwa zvakananga uye 299 nhengo, neyakapedzisira kuratidzwa panzvimbo yebato. Zvigaro zvinotsiva kupesana kupi nokupi mumakwikwi anopesana. Chikamu cheGermany chine mitezo 299 yakasarudzwa zvakananga uye 299, nenhengo dzokupedzisira dzinoratidza vhoti. Uyu mufananidzo wemibatanidzwa inopesana unoedza kudzikamisa kumiririra kwomunzvimbomo nemigumisiro inowirirana. Kuchinja, kwakavhengana naChakaidzo (chinonziwo kuvhota), kunoshandiswa muJapan neRussia; pano zvigaro zviviri zvinozvigaro zvakazvizvimirira hazvishandiswi, naizvozvo zvigaro zvisina kuratidzwa zvakakwana nokuda kweFTP.

RankedąChoice uye RunğOff System

Kupfuura mhuri huru, dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa kuvhota kwapashoma napaduku peimba yayo. Australia inoshandisa vhoti yokuvhota yakaderera (instantāràrunoffv, IRV) uye vhoti imwe inotamiswa nokuda kweDare rayo. MuIRV, vavhoti vamiririri; kana pasina munhu anowana voruzhinji, muvhoti akaneta zvikurusa anobviswa uye vhoti yavo inochinjwa. Iyi inovimbisa kuti vakundi vane tsigiro huru nepo vanodzivisa kudzorwa kunodhura mari. France inoshandisa gadziriro yevhiringi yechimbi yemapresidenti neraticlation: kana pasina mutengi mukuru mumativi okutanga, daro wechipiri unochengetwa pakati pavatsigiri vepamusoro. Iyi mitoo inoderedza kuvhota asi inogona kuva yakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwokuvaramura nokusa.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoitika Munyika Yose

Kutarisirwa kwesarudzo − chiverengero chezvirongwa zvokunyoresa, kuongorora, kuverenga miitiro yakadai semavhairasi zvakafara, nyika imwe neimwe ichichinjira kumugariro wayo wenzvimbo, ukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye simba rezvirongwa.

United States: Yakaderedzwa uye Yakaoma Kunzwisisa

Sarudzo dzeAmerica dzinodzorwa nehurumende nehurumende, pasina kudzorwa kwenyika. Nyika imwe neimwe inogadza mitemo yayo pamisi inonyoreswa pakuvhota, maawa okuvhota, posi ûin vhota, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Primmiens nekaucrees dzinosarudza papatiam dzinogona kupedza mwedzi, uye Electoral College resations zvinoreva mukundi akakurumbira haasati achizova purezidhendi nguva dzose (somuna 2000 na2016). Kunyoresa kwa Voter kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji itsoro: muAmerica mumwe mushanu akakodzera haanyoreswi, nemhaka yemitemo iyo inochenesa kana kuti inoda madhirobhora chaiwo. United States inoshandisawo pepanhau rinotemwararira kuva revota (mapepa kana kuti blot steat tracket) nemichina yokuvhoodha, kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kwemaodha, kupfurikidza nehurumende inosiyana.

Germany: Federal neMixomed 76MEmbber

Sangano revhota reGermany rinorumbidzwa nokuda kwokutsiga kwaro nokururamisira. Mutungamiriri wokudzosa anotarisira sarudzo yenyika, asi 16 wezvematongerwo anovhota mundima dzavo. Majeretsi anonyorwa nenzira inozvinyoresa kubva muzvinyorwa zvechiverengero chavagari vemo, kuchitungamirira kukudzosa mwero wemari inenge 75-80%. Ballots dzinoronga zvose zviri zviviri (vhoti yokutanga) uye mubato. Chikumbaridzo che 5% chezvigaro zvebato chinodzivisa mapoka maduku kupinda muBundstag, kuderedza kukamukamuka. Germany inoshandisa mapepa anoverengwa nemaoko pazviteshi zvokuvhotera zvomunzvimbomo, nemigumisiro inotangira (kazhinji manheru mamwe). Sangano inokurudzira maruvarati, uye pashure pekuvhoterara, 201, Demoatrat, uye maFrançans, maFranner, anoumbwa ne “rectracrat.

India: Utongi Hukuru Hwokutonga

India inoita basa gurusa revhotaro munyika yose, navavhoti vanopfuura mamirioni 900 vakanyoreswa muna 2024. ECommont Commission of India (ECI) ichiremera chakazvimirira chebumbiro remitemo icho chinoronga kusarudza mu 543 vhiki dzinoverengeka kana kuti mwedzi, kushandisa michina yokuvhotera yemagetsi (EVM) inobudisa pepa revhotiferiferiferi reVPAT. Kunyoresa kunenge kwose kwose kupfurikidza nomuitiro unopfuurira, uye ECI inoshandisa michina mikuru yezvokuvhotera, magwa, uye kunyange mvurumuto dzenzo dzinogona kusvika kunzvimbo dziri kure. FPPP inova nechinhu chikurusaidzwa (g.g., chikwata chaBhanjamu 2019), asi vanopikisana pasi pekuna vatsorori.

Brazil: Mapiyona epakombiyuta

Brazil yakashandisa kuvhota kwakazara kwemagetsi chifo cha 1996, nemichina yose inovhota paGradicting Electronic (DRE) isina pepa. Ikoku kwakaderedza zvikuru mavhoti asingashandi uye kukurumidza zvikuru kuverenga (mavhiyi anowanzozivikanwa mumaawa). Gadziriro yacho yakakurumbira nokuda kwemhanza yayo, asi kuitira hanya pamusoro pekuvandika kweIndaneti nerabhatation zvinopfuurira kuoma kupfuudzwa ne $1666. Brazil inoshandisa gadziriro yeseropic condual negernaratial purectory uye shootation res reconstricial, apo Freegation anogona kusarudza mutestrictiverition kana kuti ndaza. Kuvhotera (nokuv 1870) majeko anofamba pamusoro pa80%, kunyange zvazvo zvirangori zvezvirango zvisingadingori zvekubatana.

Mitoo Yokubudisa Mashoko: Kubva Pamabhokisi Ebharuti Kuenda Kumahesi

Nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kuvimba nokuvhota mumabhuku adzo okuvhota, asi zvimwe zvinhu zviri kuwedzera.

Kubudisa Mashoko: Mupimo Wendarama

Munyika dzakawanda, vavhoti vanoenda kuchiteshi chokuvhota pazuva rekuvhota, vanogamuchira chivhoti chepepa, uye vanonyora chisarudzo chavo mutende riri roga. Kuverenga kunoitwa nemaoko kana kuti nenzvero dzemaziso. Uyu mutoo wakananga, unojeka, unobvumira kuti upfuure, uye unobvumira kurondedzera kwemirayiridzo yemirayiridzo. Zvisinei, unofungidzira kuva pedyo nokuwanika, kunoparira mhinganidzo nokuda kwavanhu vane urema, avo vanoshanda maawa akawanda, kana kuti vanogara munharaunda dziri kure. Kuderedza ikoku, dzimwe nyika dzinopa kuvhotera kwapakuvamba kwamazuva anoverengeka (g., Sweden, Canada).

Mail sain Voling: Convenince vs.

Postal, vhoti, vhoti inosvika 76byblia, kana kuti kuvhota kusipo kunobvumira vagari vemo kugamuchira nokudzorera mavhoti neposvo. Australia ine gadziriro yakasimba yokuvhota nokuda kwaavo vasingagoni kupinda pamunhu, nepo US yakaona wedzero huru mukuvhota kweposi chifo cha 2020 (inenge 40% yamavhoti akasarudzwa apurezidhendi mu 2020 akakandirwa neposi). Miitiro yakanaka inobatanidza sarudzo yose neposi, netsamba dzinotumirwa kuvhota vhiki dzose dzakanyoreswa pamberi pezvi. Kuvhota kwamatsamba kunowedzera kubuda, zvikurukuru pakati pavakweguru nevota, asi inosimudzira kuitira hanya pamusoro pokunonoka kweposita, kusaina pamutemo, uye kuraira. Miitiro yakanaka inobatanidza kunyora tsamba, kudonha, uye mabhokisi eposi anoiswa mupepa.

Muchina Wemagetsi NeweInternet: Kumhanya Zvichidhura

Michina yokuvhota yemagetsi (EVM) inozivikanwa muIndia, Brazil, uye Estonia (pakuvhota kuri kure paInternet). Estonia ndiro rudzi bedzi runoshandisa kuvhota zvikuru nokuda kwevhoti dzinobatanidza, inobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota kubva pakombiyuta ipi neipi inobatanidzwa pashure pekusimbisa idregitari ine simba guru. Nepo iyi inowedzera kuvandudziko yevedzero, inosimudzira zvinhu zvekombiyuta nerevoruzhinji: chishandiso chemuvhoti nesocinete zvekombiyuta zvinogona kurwiwa, uye kombiyuta yakavanzika yakaoma kuvimbisa paIndaneti. Naizvozvo, hurumende yehurumende yeNetherlands neIreland yakasiya kusava namapepa pashure pokukundikana kwezvoruzivo rwamazamupikito wezvokushanda uye kusavimba navanhu vose. Nyika zhinji (g., U.S.) zvinoda kuti michina yemagetsi ipeta kuti ipedze kuvhota pepanhau rekuongorora uye kunyora.

Chengeteko Yechisarudzo Nokutendeseka

Kuvimba kwevanhu nezvinoitwa pakusarudza kunotsamira pakuchengetedzwa pakubiridzirwa, kukanganisa, uye kupindira.

◯ Kushandisa Mitemo

Kutsvaka kuzivikanwa panzvimbo dzokuvhota kwakapararira: India anoshandisa makadhi ePIC, UK inosuma mapikicha ID muna 2023, uye nyika zhinjisa dzeEurope dzinoda rudzi rwakati rweid. MuUS, nyika 40 dzinoda rudzi rwakati rweid, negakava remitemo yorumano iro ringatapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi navanovhota. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kuvhota hakuwanzowaniki, kuchiita kuti mitemo yetsika yechienzi ive mhinduro mukutsvaka chinetso chenyanzvi dzakawanda. Nenzira yakasiana-papo, nyika dzakadai seGermany neSweden dzinovimba nokunyoresa kwokubhalisa kusingadi kubudisa mazita okuvhotambira kwakaderera, panzvimbo pokusaina.

MIBVUNZO YEPFUNDO Yapashure Pedare Rokusarudza Nenhauro

Kusimbisa ururami, mitemo mizhinji inoongorora zvinyorwa pashure pesarudzo. Risk higliging medials (RLS), umo muenzaniso wakafanana wepepa wepepa unoenzaniswa nehwerengedzo inoshumwa, inorangarirwa semupimo wendarama. Colorado (US) uye mimwe michina yeSwitzerland inoshandisa RLS. Dzimwe nyika dzinovimba nerondedzero yakazara apo micheto mikana inenge mitete. Brazil, pasinei zvapo negadziriro yayo yemagetsi, haina pepa rakarongwa rokuongorora; panzvimbo pezvo, inoshandisa kunzvera michina. Kushayikwa kwepepa mumakombiyuta akawanda omagetsi iitiro anokura: International Institute for Declacificial and Elctoral Conservation (IDA) inorumbidza kuti mapepa arambe aripo.

Kupindira Kwokumwe

Kudzongonyedza kurongwa kwemichina yokuvhota kupfurikidza nokungoedza, kubudisa mashoko, uye kushatisa masangano enzanga kwazova chinhu chikuru kuvambira muna 2016. US yakatanga Cybersecurity and Infrapublic Security Agency (CISA) kuti ibatsire nyika dzakachengeteka. Germany inoda kuti michina yokuvhota iedzwe nechiremera chakazvimirira uye irambidze kushandiswa kwayo pakuendesa mashoko paIndaneti. Dare reUK reElectoral Commission rinoshanda neNational Cyber Security Center. Mwero mukuru ndewo wokuchengeta mashoko okuvhotera akaparadzana neInter, sezvinoita France nemakombiyuta ayo okuvhotera nokuda kwemhiri kwamakumwe nyika. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzichiri dzisina mipimo yadzorodzadzo inoshanda neyamuteveri yomukati magetsi.

Matambudziko Ari Kusangana Nevanhu

Pasinei zvapo nokutangwa kutsva, hurumende dzose dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichipfuurira zvinogona kusekesa kuva pamutemo kwesarudzo.

Kufara Nokusakendenga

Kufamba muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa kwave kuchiderera kubvira kuma1960, nezvizvarwa zviduku zvikuru zvisingabvumirani. Munhambo 2022 dzeUnited States, kudzoka kwakanga kuri 46% yechiverengero chavagari vemo vanovhota; muUK, avhareji yesarudzo yavose inenge 65%. Kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, kwakashandiswa muAustralia (87%) Belgium (88%), uye Brazil, kuwedzera kutora asi hakuvimbisi kuvhota. Matanho okuwedzera anobatanidza kunyoresa kwokuvhota, kuvhota, kupfupikisa, mitsetse mitsetse mipfupi, uye kuvhotera kweserura nharaunda dziri kure. Canada yakaona chienzaniso ku 68% muna 2015 pashure pokuchinja kweproprocratic.

Kusawirirana Nemhinganidzo

Kudzvinyirira kwevoter kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: mitemo yeID inoganhurira, kubviswa kwevhoti, kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba, uye kuvharwa kwezviteshi zvinovhota munharaunda duku. MuUS, chisarudzo cha2016 chakabvisa mativi eVoting Rights Act, kuchitungamirira kuchiverengero chemitemo inoganhurira zvikuru. Mupasi rose, vanhu vane zvitendero zvoutsotsi kazhinji kazhinji vanorambidzwa kuvhota; muUS, vagari vemo vanenge mamirioni mashanu vanobviswa nemhaka yemitemo yehomboo. Nemhaka yokupesana, Germany nenyika zhinjisakawandasaEurope vanobvumira vasungwa vose kuvhota kunze kwokuva vanoshatiswa nedare.

Marymaniling uye Malapporting

Mumiganhu yeFPTP, kunyora miganhu yoruwa kunogona kushandiswa kuda mubato mumwe. MuUS, muitiro wacho unobvumirwa uye unoshandiswa namapoka makuru ose ari maviri, kuchitungamirira kumaruwa asingadzorwi uye kumimimirirwa. Komisheni dzemuganhu, somuUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye Australia, dzinoderedza pesvedzero yeboka rimwe. India inoshandisawo basa rokuderedza, asi zvigaro hazvina kugadziridzwa chifo cha 1976 nokuda kwokuchinja kwemitengo, kuchiparira chinjo dzinokosha dzekugara.

Kuronga Mari Nepesvedzero

Basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika rinoramba richikakavadzana. Dare repamusorosoro reUnited Citizens chisarudzo chamakambani [2010] chakabvumira mubatanidzwa usingaganhurirwi kupedza mari mumashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichitungamirira kukushandisa kukuru kwePC. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa ganhuriro dzakasimba: Kurambidza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunobhadhara pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika paredhiyo; chikwata cheGermany chinobhadhadharwa nokuda kuziviswa. MuBrazil, mipiro yekambani yakarambidzwa muna 2015, uye kutsigira kwavose kwakawedzerwa kuwedzera kutamba. Kushaikwa kwemiganhuro inobudirira kunogona kuita kuti kusarurirwa kutengwe navapfumi vakapfuma, kunowedzera ruvimbiko rwavo.

Mugumisiro: Kudzidza Kumarudzi Akasiyana - siyana

Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana; imwe neimwe inomirira bhizimisi pakati pemipimo inokwikwidzana yakadai semireza inomiririrwa, yakapfava, yakaterama, uye yakachengeteka. Gadziriro dzeFPTP dzeUS neUK dzinopa kuzvidavirira kwakajeka asi dzinosiya vavhoti vachiwana vasina kusarudza zvakananga. Gadziriro dzePropotical muEurope dzinoita mibatanidzwa mireve mizhinji asi dzinogona kuputsika yakapatsanurwa. Mifanikiso yakavhenganiswa kufanana nokuedza kweGermany kubatanidza zvakanakisisa zvenyika dzose dziri mbiri. Munguva ino, zvisarudzo zvokutungamirira zvinobvira kuvhotera kurusa maro echirongwa okuongorora mitemo yemitemo yemitemo (8shape) kana vagari vachigona kushandisa zvomene maruramiro avo kuvhota.

Nzvero yokuenzanisa yesarudzo inozivisa kuti hakuna gadziriro imwe yedemokrasi. Inhau zvikurusa ndedziya dzinooneka, dzinobatanidza, uye dzinovimbwa. Nyika dzinogona kudzidza kune imwe neimwe: US ingagamuchira kunyoresa kunoitwa uye kuzvimirira; India ingagona kufamba kuenda kukuvhotera kwakarongwa kwemitumbi yomuno yomunzvimbomo; Brazil ingagona kusuma kuvhotera mapepa. Masangano amarudzi ose akafanana ne IDEA[FLD 1:1], [[FLT:], ACECHEALC Knowratey WM yeZ, [[FLT]], uye [FLT:] EX] ECONS [idzo yemitest] , uye [masangano echipoctivelm] anonzwa nokuda kwemiitiro yakanakisisa. Sezvipomedzo younyanzvi yokuvandudza ruzivo rwenyika dzose, apo kunofanira kuramba kugadziriswa kwechitongedzero, uye kutsigira gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, aposero yehurumende, neyoserongedzero, inonzwa kuti iveripose, iveri