Kutanga: Nei Kuzvidavirira Kuchikosha Pakumanikidzwa Kutungamirira

Masangano anotungamirira ndiwo musimboti wokutonga kwazvino uno, anoshanda nokushandura donzo remitemo kuva mitemo inochengetwa iyo inodzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, chengeteko yemari, uye mhoteredzo. Asi simba rokudzora ringatakura ngozi yakagarwa nhaka: pasina gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira dzakasimba, masangano angava asingagamuchiriki, anosunga, kana kuti asinganatsiki. Kuzvidavirira mukuita kuti mutemo uve chinhu chinodzorwa mumitemo, hachisi chinhu chinodikanwa choumbozha chapamutemo, chivimbo chavose, uye mutemo. Apo vagari namabhizimisi vanoziva kuti miraudzo ichava inoshandiswa nenzira yakajeka, zvakajeka, uye nguva dzose, kuvandudza uye zvibvumirano zvenzanga. Nenzira yakapesana, apo kuchengetwa kunooneka sokuzviito zvoumbo kana kuti ndezve zvoungwariro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyaya ino inoongorora nheyo dzokuzvidavirira mukutarisira kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe, mabasa makuru anoitwa nemasangano, zvinetso zvinoramba zvichiitika, uye nzira dzokuita nadzo zvinhu dzinogona kuwedzera kuzvidavirira.

Mavambo Okuzvidavirira Kune Tsitsi

Kuona Zvakajeka Sechinomera

Kuona chitarisiko ndiwo mupimo unonyanya kuoneka wokuzvidavirira. Kunoda masangano kubudisa mitemo yawo, zvisarudzo zvokusaidzira, zvisarudzo, uye mashoko okuita. Freedom of Information Act (FOA) muUnited States uye mitemo yakafanana mune dzimwe hurumende dzinomanikidza masangano kuzivisa mashoko pazvinokumbirwa, asi kujeka kwejeka / kubudisa mashoko pasina kubvunzwa. [=*] ndiko kuwedzera kuonekwa somuitiro. [[FLT:]]

Kutongwa kwoMutemo Nemaitiro Akakodzera

Kuzvidavirira kunodawo kuti masangano ashande mumiganhu yepamutemo yakajeka. Mitemo inofanira kuziviswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakarongwa yokuita mitemo inobvumira tsinhiro dzavose, uye zviito zvokudzikamisa zvinofanira kutevera miitiro yakatangwa. Gadziriro yepachinotarwa inodzivirira masangano anodzorwa pazvirango zvokusarudza. MuUnited States, Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inopa gadziriro yepamutemo yeizvi, nepo muEuropean Union, nheyo yokudzikana kwetsika inogona kuva inoganhurirwa sei.

Kuzvimirira Padzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Neyekutengeserana

Mutungamiriri anozvidavirira anofanira kudzivirirwa pamiganhu yenguva pfupi yezvamatongerwe enyika uye pakubatwa namaindasitiri ainotarisira. Kuzvimirira hakurevi kusazivikanwa; panzvimbo pezvo, kunoreva kuti zvisarudzo zvokushandisa zvakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo, kwete pamirairo kana kuti kudzosera. U.S. SAU. SAU SAUTS (SEC)[FLT]] yakarongwa sesangano rakasununguka navakuru vakuru vakuru vakagadzwa nokuda kwemiitiro inoshoorwa. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:] Mediciums Agencytions (EFLT) [FOLT] Agencytion] , mugadziri wesayenzi, mugadziri wezvipokanwa wemirimo yakasimbisa kutenderwa kwemirimo.

Mabasa Makuru Okuronga Mune Zvokumanikidza

Kuzvidavirira kunoumbwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yemabasa makuru ayo sangano riri rose rokutungamirira rinofanira kuita nenzira inobudirira:

  • Kuisa mirayiro mizhinji yemitemo mumirau yakananga, inomanikidzirwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza kunzvera mutengo, kubvunza, uye chinyorwa muzvinyorwa zvapamutemo. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo haisi inorema zvikuru asi inoita miuyo yazvo yakarondwa.
  • Monitoling and inspect: utariri hunopfuurira hwemasangano anodzorwa kuti aone kusafambirana. Izvi zvingabatanidza kuongorora kwapakarepo, zvinodiwa zvematairo, uye ruzivo rwokuongorora. Somuenzaniso, Safety and Health Administration (OSA) mufambiro wose uri muviri wakarongwa uye kunyunyuta.
  • Zviito zvokumanikidza: Kutora matanho anowirirana pavanoputsa mabhii enyevero nefaindi kurezesa nokudzosa matsotsi. Kutendeseka kwokuchengeta kunotsamira pakushandiswa kwakajekerwa kwezvirango.
  • Kudzidzisa nokupedzisa: Masangano anodzorwa anonzwisisa uye anowirirana nemirau. Kutungamirira kwokushanda kunogona kuderedza kuputsa nokusafunga ndokuvaka ukama hunobatira pamwe.
  • [ Kunzvera: kuyera tapuro yemirau namazano okuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo, uye kupa nzwisiso iyoyo kudzokerazve mukuronga kutonga uye kugovera mipiro.

Kuramba Tichisangana Nezvinetso Zvokuzvidavirira

Pasinei zvapo namasangano akakwana, anotungamirira anoshanda mumhoteredzo yakaoma iyo inoedza kuzvidavirira kwawo panguva iri yose.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari uye Mikaha Yezviwanikwa

Masangano akawanda anodzorwa nenzira inopfuurira kumirayiro yawo. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), somuenzaniso, anonzvera bedzi chikamu chiduku chezvinhu zvokugadzira mirimo yokumwe gore rimwe nerimwe, achitsamira pakuiswa kwengozi. ganhuriro dzemari dzinorevawo vashomanene nokuda kwokunzvera mashoko, zviitiko zvapamutemo, uye kubviswa. Kana pfuma iripo, masangano angamanikidzirwa kutsika kutsika, uko kunogona kuratidzika kuva kuzvidavirira yakazvisa.

Kumanikidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika Nezvemaindasitiri

Masangano anogona kutarisana nokupesvedzera kukuru kubva kuvose vari vaviri vamabhizimisi ezvamatongerwe enyika uye maindasitiri avanodzora. Kutyisidzira kwokubviswa kwemari, chinjo dzoutungamiriri, kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo kungatyisa kugona kuitika apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano vanovamba ukama hwapedyo navamiriri vemaindasitiri, kuchitungamirira ku "kukudzorwa kwehurumende" kunobvumira kuzviisa pasi. Deeaterhory pingry oil yakatemwa nanjodzi yemari ya2008 zvose zviri zviviri zvakaratidzira kuti vadzori vakundi vakundikana sei kuisa mitemo iripo, nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira.

Mitemo Yakaoma Kunzwisisa uye Yakareruka

Gadziriro dzinoedza kupfuurira nokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Mitemo inonyorerwa maindasitiri ealog ingasakwaniriswa kumitengo yemitauro, vashandi vemichina yemari, kana kuti zvirimwa zvakarongwa. Kudzorwa mumirau kunoparira mikaha yokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo uye kukoka denho dzapamutemo. Vatengi vanofanira kuisa mari mukuchinja kwapamutemo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoramba yakajeka uye inodzorwa.

Kusavimba Nevanhu uye Kupa Mashoko Akaipa

Munyika dzakawanda, kuvimba kwevanhu kwaderera. Kana vagari vomunyika vachiona vadzori sevanhu vanotsiva kana kuti vasingashandi, havawanzoshuma kuputswa kana kuti kushandira pamwe. Masangano anoshandira pamwe anogona kuwedzera pfungwa dzokusarura, kunyange kana kuisa mutemo uchingova nechiokomuhomwe. Kuvimba nokuvaka hakungodi kuchengetwa kuri nani, asi kukurukurirana kuri nani uye kuvimbisana munzanga.

Michina Yokuita Kuti Tizvidavirire

Kuzvidavirira hakungoerekani kwaitika; kunofanira kuvakwa mugadziriro yokuronga kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka inochinjika.

Mitumbi Yakasimba Nenzvero Yokuzvimirira

Masangano akawanda anotanga masangano akazvitsaurira kuti aongorore kushanda kwemitemo. U.S. Office yeMaakaundi yeHurumende (GAO) inoita mabvunzurudzo nokufeyafeya pakukumbirwa kweCongress, kubudisa mishumo inosimbisa kuperevedza uye kurumbidza chinjo. MuUnited Kingdom, Office yeNational Accounting (NAO) inoita basa rakafanana. Hofisi dzeIndependero ombudman dzinogonawo kubata zvichemo zvinobva kuvagari vemo namabhizimisi pamusoro pokurapazve.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukuita kuti masangano azvidavirire. Masangano anotungamirirwa uye mapoka ezvirongwa zvefariro yavose anogona kudenha mitemo uye zviito zvokudzikamisa pazvikonzero zvetsika kana kuti zviduku. Nepo kuongorora kwokutonga kuchikosha, kunogonawo kuva kunononoka uye kunobatsira. Kudzikamisa dzikamo pakati pokuzviisa pasi pamasangano uye kuongorora kwokungwarira idenho.

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokuona Zvakajeka

Kutora rutivi kwapachena kune revo kunopfuura nhambo dzetsinhiro pamirau yakakarakadzwa. Inobatanidza matare ezvokuteerera, dare ravose, uye kubatira pamwe namasangano enzanga. SEC nguva dzose inotsvaka purofiti yavose pamitemo yehurumende, uye EPA inoshandisa nzvimbo dzenzanga dzenzvimbo dzinogadzirwa zvinhu zvikuru. Ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa rwunogona kuderedza miganhuro yokutora rutivi: maredhiyo ewebhurosi uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinobvumira kubatanidzwa kukuru.

Dziviriro Dzemavhuvhuta Nezviteshi Zvinoshuma

Kukurudzira vadzori kuti vazivise kusazvibata chishandiso chine simba chokuzvidavirira. Kudzivirira kukuru kweriva, kwakadai seimori dze Dodd-Frank Act nokuda kwenhungamiro yemari, kugonesa vashandi kufumura kundikano dzokuita kuti vatsive pasina kutya kutsiva. Kudzorwa kunofanirawo kugovera miitiro yokunyunyuta iri nyore nokuda kwavanhu.

Zvirongwa Zvokuita Kuti Tizvidavirire

Masangano anotungamirira anogona kushandisa nzira dzinotevera kuti asimbise kuzvidavirira kwawo pakuchengetedza zvinhu, achifunga nezvezvinetso uye nzira dzataurwa.

Kuongorora Kutarisira Kunokonzerwa Nemashoko

Masangano azvino uno ari kunzvera mashoko makuru uye kufanotema kuti zvisashandiswe kuti zviteshi zvokuchengetesa zvishandiswe zvinobudirira zvikuru. [FTMAL provence Service [IRLD] inoshandisa maaregitari kuzivisa kudzoka kwomutero, nepo Facerational Administration Administration (FAA) inonzvera mashoko okubhururuka kuti ione ngozi. Kujeka kwemitengidzira kunoitwa kunze kugonewo kudzivirira kunzvera kushanda kwesangano. Zvisinei, masangano anofanira kudzivisa shatiso kusarura uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mashoko anoshandisa anozvidavirira.

Kusimbisa Kuzvimirira Kupfurikidza Nechinjo Dzokutonga

Kuderedza dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, dzimwe nyika dzakavhara masangano kupfurikidza namasangano ane mitezo mizhinji, mashoko outungamiriri akatsaurirwa, uye hova dzemari dzinotsaurirwa. [UROPEAN Central Bank[ (kwete sangano rinodzorwa pase, asi muenzaniso wokuzvimirira) dzinoratidza kuti utongi hunogona sei kutsigira kuchengetwa kwemitemo yebhangi. Masangano aripo, kuchinja kwakadai sokuzvimirira kwemari inorongwa pagore negore kunogona kubatsira.

Kuvaka Tsika Yetsika Nedzidzo

Kuzvidavirira kwomukati kunotanga nerovedzo yavashandi nenhungamiro dzetsika. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kusimudzira "kutaura" tsika umo vashandi vanogona kumutsa funganyo pasina rutyo. Kuhwirudzurwa kwenguva dzose kwokundikano dzokuva varavi kunogona kuziva zvinetso zvegadziriro yamabasa. U.S. Nuclear Regatority Commission (NRC)[FL:1] ine purogiramu yakasanoumbwa ye "vakomana vakadzidza" iyo inova chinyorwa chavose pashure pezvinoitika zvinokosha.

Kugoverana Vanhu Seshamwari

Panzvimbo pokubata vanhu savagamuchiri vemirayiro, masangano anogona kubatanidza vagari vemo mukuongorora nokuchengeta. Zvirongwa zvokuongorora nzanga, zvakadai sokuedza mvura mubatira pamwe ne EPA], kunosimbisa nzanga dzomunzvimbomo uye kugovera mashoko okuwedzera. Uyu mutoo haungovandudzi bedzi kuzvidavirira asi unovakawo chivimbo.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Kuzvidavirira

Magamuchidzanwa akasiana- siyana emitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika anoparira mienzaniso inozvidavirira yakasiana--------kuzvidavirira. MuUnited States, simbiso iri padare remitemo renyika yose (dare reEurope reRuramisiri) rokumanikidzira kuzvidavirira. Emergian , yakadai seIndia neBrazil, yakagadzira mitumbi yakazvimirira yezvemibatanidzwa yakaita seterusaisy nemagetsi, asi inoshanda nesimba namabasa ezve enyika. [[FLT2] OECD] Regalicism Poliction [FF3]

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukuzvidavirira Kunobudirira

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA yakatanga mifungo inoverengeka yokuzvidavirira. Yayo inobvumira nokuongorora kwainoitwa neCompance History Online (ECHHO) shopu inobvumira munhu upi noupi kunzvera mapepa ezvokuteerera, zvinyorwa zvenzvero, uye zvirango. Kombiso zvinobudisawo miuyo yegore negore yokuchengetwa kwegadziriro dzayo dzoga. Mukati mekudzora Obama, EPA yakawedzera zvirango zvevagari vemo uye yakaronda utsotsi mukurwisana navaputsigiri vama nemaune, ichitumira chiratidzo chakasimba chokudzivisa.

Zvokudya Nemirimo (FDA)

Kuzvidavirira kweFDA kwakavakirwa pahwirudzuro yesayenzi yakakomba nokuvimbisana kukuru kwavose.

Ubati Ushe uye Basa Rokuchinjana (SEC)

Chikamu cheSabata SEC chinobudisa mishumo ine udzame pagore pamusoro pemibato yacho, kubatanidza chiverengero chezviito zvinochengetwa, zvirango zvinounganidzwa, uye mibairo yokuridza khwero inobhadharwa. SEC’S Whistlecupper Program[, yakaitwa neDodd-Frank Act, yakabhadhara mazana amamirioni amadhora kumitengo, kuchitungamirira kumabasa makuru okuchengeta. Sangano rinotungamirirawo kudzokororo yenguva dzose dzemibato yayo kupfurikidza neHofisi yeInzvero.

Agency (EMA) yeEurope Yemishonga

Kuzvidavirira kweEMA kunotsamira pamashoko okuongorora uye kubatira pamwe kwapedyo nezviremera zvinokwanisa zvenyika.

Basa Reruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Pakuziva Kuti Nguva Yemberi Ichazvidavirira

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogovera zvose zviri zviviri mikana nengozi dzokuzvidavirira. Ungwaru hwokuita zvinhu hunogona kutarisirwa kwemikoto mikuru yedata, kuderedza mashandiro enzira dzokuongorora vanhu. . [FLT]] gona kuita marekodhi echirongwa chemitengiririmu ezviito uye rugwaro rwokubvuma kuti zvinhu zviitwe, kuderedza kunyengera. Zvisinei, ruzivo rumwe cheterwo runogona kudzikamisa tsika kana majeriti ari mapropritary kana kuti mabudireki. ATS anofanira kuisa ku [FLT:] [FLT] [4] anoshandiswa nezviremera zvapachena, kubatanidza kusimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemotokari zvisarungarungaripo kutarisirwa nokukwidza vanhu. [FT]

Mugumo: Kuramba Uchizvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira mukuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe hakusi nzvimbo inotarisirwa asi muitiro unopfuurira. Masangano anotungamirira anofanira kuramba achichinja zvinetso zvitsva (8technology systems, kuchinja tarisiro dzavo, uye zvinhu zvisina kutsarukana) Masangano anozvidavirira zvikurusa ndeaya anogamuchira kuoneka, kuzvimirira, uye kuvimbisana kwapachena semipimo yemipimo yavose, kwete semibato inotevedzerwa. Anogona kuyera basa rawo amene, kudzidza kubva mukundikano, uye anoda kuchinja. Nyika yose zvaichava inova inowirirana zvikuru, nheyo dzokuzvidavirira dzichatongwa nemipimo yenyika yose. Nokuti vagari vemo namabhizimisi vanosara vose vanoramba vachibvunzwa: Sangano inodzorwa kubatira mitemo yacho zvakarurama? Mhinduro yacho inotsamira pasimba rayo yokuzvidavirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[FLT: 0] ECD's basa romutemo wewirongedzo, U.S. Hofisi yeUchapupu yeHurumende [, uye [[FLT]] ECYM'S rokuzvidavirira. Zviwiriranwa kwemitemo yemitemo zvinoratidzirwa kuti kuzvidavirira kunoitwa sei mumativi akasiyana- siyana nemitemo.