Mufananidzo unomira seimwe yembiru dzinokosha zvikurusa dzehurumende inodzorwa nedemocracy. Inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo, fariro, uye mipimo zvavagari vemo zvinoshandurwa muzvisarudzo zvamatongerwe enyika. Muchimiro chazvo chakaisvonaka, mufananidzo unobatanidza vagari vemo nehurumende yavo, uchiita kuti nyika inzwe nokupindura uye izviravire. Nyaya ino huru inonzvera nheyo dzengano dzemienzaniso yayo yakasiana- siyana, denho dzinopfuurira dzainotarisana nadzo, uye nhano dzinoitwa nehurumende dzinorendedzeyamupidhiro yehurumende dzinogona kusimbisa iyi batanhanhano inokosha pakati pavanhu nemasimba.

Mavambo Okumirira

Mufananidzo hausi chinhu chazvino uno chakatanga, asi revo yazvo yachinja kwamazana amakore. MuAthens yekare, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakanga yakananga — vagari vemo vakavhota pamitemo vamene pasina varevedzi. Sezvo vagari vemo vaikura uye nzvimbo yakawedzera, kutora rutivi kwakananga kwakava kusingashandi. Nokudaro, pfungwa ye yomufananidzo [ yakabuda sechigadziro chinoshanda: vagari vemo vanosarudza vanhu kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo. Vamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vaHana Pitkin vanorondedzerwa zvakakurumbira se “ kumirira chinhu chiripo mupfungwa yakati yechimwe chinhu chisati chiripo.[FLT:] [[FLT]] Muchipo.[FLT]

Kodzero dzamadokero dzazvino uno dzinotsamira panheyo yokuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobuda mukubvumira kwevanodzorwa. Kubvuma ikoko kunoratidzirwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Zvisinei, kumirira kunobatanidza zvinopfuura kungowina mavhoti. Kunobatanidza mubato unopfuurira wekuzvidzora, kurangarira, uye kupindura. Mumiriri anokarirwa kufambisira mberi fariro dzavamiriri vavo nepo achishandisawo rutongeso nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose. Uku kuenzana kunotambudza kwakakurukurwa navazivi vakabva kuna Edmund Burke kuna vasayendisiti vezvamatongerwe enyika vapanguva imwe.

Tsamba mbiri huru dzerondedzero dzinodzora kurukurirano: muenzaniso wakananga no {mitezo yokutenda [. Nhume dzinozvirangarira dzimene sezvirevo zvadzo dzoukuru hwemipimo yadzo, dzichitevera zvido zvadzo zvakananga sezvinobvira. Vatendi, mukupesana, vanodavira kuti vakasarudzwa kushandisa chisarudzo chavo vamene nounyanzvi, kunyange kana izvozvo zvichireva kuderera muzvishuvo zvechinguvana zvavo. Vamiriri venyika chaiyoiyo vanoshanda kune imwe nzvimbo pakati pemapango aya, uye kuoma kweviri inhau yakanaka youpenyu hwehurumende yehurumende.

Sezvatinoongorora zvimiro nedenho dzemifananidzo, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti vavariro huru ndeyokusika gadziriro umo mugari wemo ari wose anonzwa kuti inzwi rake rine mukana wakarurama wokunzwa.

Chikonzero Nei Kumirira Zvinhu Zvichiitwa

Mufananidzo hausiwo zvawo chinhu chinobatsira chinenge chiripo — idikanwo yetsika neyazvinoshanda nokuda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakura. Pasina kumirira, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika raizoiswa muvaduku, uye vagariwo zvavo vaisazova nomutoo wokuumba nawo mitemo inodzora upenyu hwavo.

Rimwe remabasa anokosha zvikuru okuratidza ndiro rokubatanidza vanhu. Vanhu pavanodavira kuti nyaya dzavo dzevhoti uye kuti vane mumiririri anoteerera, vane bviro huru yokutora upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika — kwete bedzi nokuvhota asi nokupinda horo dzetaundi, kukurukura nevakuru vakuru, uye kukumbanira masangano ehurumende. Ukuwo, kunosimbisa kuva nomutemo kwegadziriro yose.

Chiratidzowo chinoratidzira kuzvidavirira. Vakuru vakuru vasingazivi vachatarisanazve navavhoti mumakore mashomanene. Kariro iyoyo inoparira sundo yokupindura kuitiro hanya dzavose, kudzivisa ushati, uye kupa miuyo inooneka. Sarudzo yenguva dzose igadziriro inoonekwa zvikurusa yokuzvidavirira, asi kumirirawo kunoreva kurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pavamiriri namacontitue. Matare, nzeve, uye kubvunza kwapachena rutivi rweichirongwa.

Munzanga dzakasiyana- siyana, kumirira kukurudzira kusawirirana. Apo masangano anogadza mitemo anobatanidza mitezo yakasiana yedzinza, dzinza, dzinza, uye migariro yorudzidziso, miitiro yaanoparira ine bviro huru yokuratidzira misiyano yezvinoitika nezvinodikanwa muchiverengero chavagari vemo. Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti masangano emitemo akasiyana - siyana anoita miuyo isingawirirani — somuenzaniso, munharaunda dzakafanana nedzidzo, uye maruramiro avagari vemo.

Pakupedzisira, kumirira kunovaka chivimbo muhurumende. Kuvimba imari yedemokrase; apo inenge yakaderera, vagari vemo vanova vanozvidza, vanoshata, uye vanotapurwa nezvikumbiro zvehurumende. Kumirira kunoshanda — uko vanhu vanonzwa vaonwa nokunzwa — mushonga une simba kukuderera kwedemokrasi. Nyika dzine mwero wakakwirira wemikurumbira dzinova dzinofarikanya dzikamo huru yezvamatongerwe enyika negutsikano nejeri nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Marudzi Okumirira

Kupota nyika yose kwakatora nzira dzakasiyana dzokushandura mavhoti muzvigaro. Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yevhota kunosarudza mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzichibudisa hurumende dzakabatana nepo dzimwe dzichipa zvinhu zvikuru zvakajeka — uye nei mamwe manzwi achikwirira kupfuura dzimwe.

Kumirira Kwakananga

Mumireza yakananga, vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga pazvikarakadzo zvemitemo panzvimbo pevanoda kusarudzwa. Ichi chimiro chinobvira zvikurusa munzanga duku kana kuti kupfurikidza namaparendi mumiganhu mikuru. Switzerland muenzaniso mukuru wenyika inoshandisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nenzira yakananga pazvose zviri zviviri zvorudzi uye mwero yemichina. Vagari vemo veSwitzerland vanovhota kanoverengeka gore panhau dzinovambira pamutero kuenda kumusha. Nepo ratidziro yakananga inoitawo kuti vagari vemo vapiredze: Nhau dzinogona kuva dzakaoma, uye kushaiwa nguva kana kuti unyanzvi hwokuita zvisarudzo zvekuziva nhau iri yose. Uyezve, vadzoreveri vehurumende inotonga dzimwe nguva vanogona kushandiswa kubvisa kodzero dzechikamu chiduku kana mirangariro mizhinji isati iri mitengo yavanhu.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Husina Kunanga Kana Kuti Hunomirira

Kumiririra kusina kunanga — kunowanzonzi kumiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu — ndiko kunozivikanwa zvikuru munyika. Vamiririri vanosarudza vamiririri kudare, uye vamiririri ivavo vanogadza mitemo nemaune. Gadziriro iyi inobvumira kupiwa mirayiridzo: vamiririri vanogona kuisa pfungwa pamitemo, nhau dzefundo dzakadzama, uye kukurukurirana. United Kingdom, Canada, India, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoshanda pasi pomuenzaniso uyu. Vatsoropodzi vanoti inogona kuparira musiyano pakati pevamiririri nemadzitateguru, zvikurukuru kana vamiririri vakangobatwa nefaro. Zvisinei, kusarudza uye nzanga yevagari vemo inogona kubatsira kuti vamiririri varambe vachiteerera.

Kumirira Kuitwa

Kumirira kwePropotioneal kugovera zvigaro zvemitemo zvakavakirwa panhevedzo yevhoti imwe neimwe yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana boka rikawina 30% yevhoti, rinowana inenge 30% yezvigaro. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, South Africa, uye dzimwe hurumende dzakawanda. PR inokomba kuita zvigaro zvemitemo yapamutemo nehurumende dzakabatana. Vatsigiri varo vanoti zvinopa kuratidzirwa kwakarurama kwapamhiko kwezvinodiwa nezvinovimbisa kuti mapoka maduku — kubatanidza aya anomirira nzanga dzakaganhurirwa — ane inzwi. Vatsoropotedzi vanogona kutungamirira kudimbura, vachiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuumba hurumende. Kunyanguvezvo, kunzvera kunoratidza kuti masangano ePR anowanzo anoita kugutsikana nokugutsikana zvikuru uye mumigumisiro.

Mifananidzo yavakuru

Gadziriro dzamabhinya, dzakadai sechokutanga chapashure pepost (FPTP), zvigaro zvinotambira mukwikwidzani nezvivhoti zvikurusa muruwa rumwe norumwe, kunyange kana ikoko kuri kuduku zvikuru kupfuura voruzhinji. United States neUnited Kingdom imienzaniso inocherekedzwa. Iyi gadziriro inowanzobudisa hurumende imwe yezvikamu, dzinogona kuva dzakatsiga nedzinotsiga. Zvisinei, dzinovawo nenhevedzano pasi pemapoka maduku uye dzinogona kutungamirira ku “vhotera". nokuda kwaavo vanotsigira vanorasikirwa nedariro. FPPP inokomba inoda kugamuchira gadziriro mbiri dzemativi maviri uye inogona kuguma muhurumende idzo dzinowina zvishoma muzana yevhotera yakakurumbira yamarudzi makuru.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemifananidzo

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo guru, kumirira muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwakava nedzvinyiriro.Vagari vomunyika dzakawanda vanoshuma kuti vanonzwa vakaparadzana nemasangano avo ezvematongerwe enyika, uye kuvimba nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kwaderera.

Kusakendenga Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Voter revertemp yakawa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakatangwa, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. MuUnited States, zvisarudzo zvenguva dzapakati zvakapfuurira mu 40-50% kwamakumi amakore asati akwira zvishoma mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Kuvhota kunoreva kuti kuvhota hakusati kuri kumirira chiverengero chavagari vemo sechizere. Vasingashandisi vamasangano avapfupi navaduku zvikuru — uye fariro dzavo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinomiririrwa. Chisarudzo chinobva muzvinhu zvakawanda: chitendero chokuti kuvhota hakunei, kusagutsikana navatendi vanowanika, uye mhinganidzo dzokunyoresa. Nhambudzo dzokuwedzera, zvakadai somunyoresi wehurumende unoshanda nokuvhotera (sokuAustralia), dzinogona kubetsera, asi ivo vanoda kuti zvidaro.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering — kunyora kwamaune miganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti idivi rimwe — kunoshatisa kumirira. Kupfurikidza nokuisa vatsigiri vebato rinopikisana mumaruwa mashomanene kana kuti kuaparadzira matete mumativi akawanda, vagadziri vemapu vanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti boka ravo rinowana zvigaro zvakawanda kupfuura zvaro zvaizova zvinoruramisa. MuUnited States, mativi ose ari maviri anoshandisa kuronga kuisa simba rakakomba. Brennan Center for Justice akabvumikisa kuti gerrymering inozvidza sei marusaru uye inoderedza kuzvidavirira. Kuedza kwokuzvichinja kwakadai sokuzvimirira kwebasa regioti nemitemo, zvinopa mishonga inobvira asi zvinotarisana nemhingamuro pamutemo.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekuodzwa Mwoyo Kukuru

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, mamwe mapoka anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakarongwa dzokuvhota. Mitemo inoda kuti zvizivikanwe zvakasimba zvemifananidzo, kubviswa kwemivhoti, kuderedzwa kwamaawa okuvhota, uye kurashwa kwemagariro kwapamberi pezvisano munzanga dzechipoka, miitiro yakaderera yavagari vemo, uye vanhu vaduku. United Nations Human Rights Committee inoda kuti vasarudze mifungo yezvisakiso zvechipo muUnited States. Disenfrankchance haiganhurirwi bedzi nezvinodikanwa zvechikwata, miitiro yokunyoresa mitsva, kana kuti mitemo mimwe mitsva inobvisawo zvikamu zvinokosha zvavagari vemo. Iyi miitiro inoparira yamasimba anotaurwa nenzwi risina kukwana.

Kurevererwa Kwamapoka Akarongwa Mumuganhu

Kunyange apo vagari vose vemo vanogona kuvhota, vagari vemo vanowanzokundikana kuratidzira mhatsa yechiverengero chavagari venyika. Vakadzi vanoumba inenge hafu yechiverengero chavagari venyika asi vane zvigaro zvisingasviki 30% zveparamende munyika yose, mukuwirirana neInter-Parliamentary Union. Vaduku vedzinza nendudzi vanosiiwa zvakafanana munyika zhinjisa. Somuenzaniso, UK Paramende ichena zvikuru neyomurume mubatanidzwa wechiverengero chavagari vemo. Uku kushaiwa mireza yemitemo nemhaka yokuti inotapura kuti idzoredzei nhau dzinorongwa uye kuti mitemo inogadzirwa sei. Matanho akafanana nemirairo yevatano, zvigaro zvakachengetwa, zvigaro zvakachengeterwa, uye zvikwata zvebato zvakagamuchirwa munyika zhinji kuti zvifambise fambiro mberi. Somuenzaniso, Rwanda, zvinova neyayamubatanidzwa nepakati pevanhukadzi.

Nzira Dzinoenda Kumifananidzo Iri Nani

Kugadzirisa zvinetso zvokumirira kunoda kubatanidzwa kwokuchinja zvinhu, dzidzo yehurumende, uye kuchinja kwetsika.

Kuchinja Kukuru

Kutama kubva mumibatanidzwa yavanachiremba vakasarudzwa kuenda kunzvimbo dzinowirirana kana kuti nhengo dzakavhengana dzinogona kuvandudza zvikuru kururama kwemimiririri. Nyika dzakafanana neNew Zealand dzakagamuchira gadziriro yemitezo yakavhengana muna 1996 ndokuona mhatsa dzakawedzerwa muparamende uye gutsikano yakakwirira. Kuvhota kwapamubato, kunoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzeAustralia nemaguta eU.S., kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vataure zvisarudzo zvizere zvikuru uye kuderedza muuyo wokuparadza. Chinjo ipi neipi inosarudzwa inofanira kugadziridzwa kukwaniswa kumashoko akapoteredza ezvematongerwe enyika, asi nheyo inosara: gadziriro yavanavo vasarumbidzi inofanira kushandura mavhotera muzvigaro zvakarurama uye zvinongobvira.

Matanho Okuzvichinja Okuchengetedza Nokurwisa Magariro

Kurwisa jambwa, nyika dzakawanda muU.S. dzakatanga masangano okuzvimirira. Nhamburiko dzakadai sedziya dzomuCalifornia neMichigan dzakabudisa mepu idzo dziri makwikwi zvikuru uye dzinoratidzira zviri nani mufambiro wavavhoti. Matare akapindirawo, nemimwe mitongo inozivisa kusava kwechibvumirano. Chinjo dzenguva yemberi dzingabatanidza kuomerera kumipimo nokujeka mumuitiro wokuwana mepu.

Kutanga Dzidzo Yemagetsi Nesimba

Kuvandudza dzidzo yavanavoti kunogona kupedza zvose zviri zviviri kusakendenga nokusawirirana. Zvikoro zvinodzidzisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, nei nhau dzokuvhota, uye kuti kunyoresa kunogona sei kuvaka kuvimbisana kwoupenyu hwose. Masangano akadai seChinzwano chaVakadzi neThe Guardian (nekushuma kwayo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeUnited States) anogona kugovera mashoko asiri echikamu. Mubatanidzwa weInternet unobetsera vavhoti kuwana nzvimbo yavo yokuvhota, kunzwisisa matanho okuvhotera, uye vanzveri vakabvumikisa kuva vanobudirira mukuwedzera.

Vatambi Vanokurudzira Vakasiyana - siyana Nevane Masero Akazara

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kuita zvakawanda kupinza, kurovedza, uye kutsigira vadaviri vanobva mumapoka anorevererwa. Mari yakatsaurirwa, gadziriro dzezvokutungamirira, uye zvirongwa zvemapati zvakasiyana - siyana zvakashandiswa nenzira inobudirira munyika dzakadai seCanada neUnited Kingdom. Indal compostations, masangano maduku echikwata uye masangano avakadzi anogona kukudza manzwi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirangariro yakasiana - siana inonzwiwa mukugadzira mitemo. Mapoka aya anowanzovaka zvibvumirano zvezvikamu zvinopariranwa panhau dzinotapura nzanga dzavo.

Kusimbisa Kodzero Nokuwana Mberi

Kuchinja kunoita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore — zvakadai sokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzvidira, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye maposita — kwakaratidzwa kuva kunowedzera kuoneka kwamapoka avagari vemo. Masangano ezvouranda akadai seBrennan Center neAmerican Liberasties Union anopfuurira kutsigira kuchinja uku. Zvisinei, chinjo dzakadaro dzinowanzokwikwikwidzana mune zvematongerwe enyika; kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhotera kunoda kushandira pamwe chete nokungwarira kwepamutemo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokutsigirana

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rungabatsira nokudzivisa kumiririra. Zviteshi zvekombiyuta zvinogona kuita kuti pave nokukurukurirana kwakananga pakati pevamiririri nevanomiririra, zvichigonesa horo dzemataundi dzisingaganhurirwi nevhu. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza nokunyora mashoko uye kuronga mari yokushandisa, apo vagari vemo vanovhota kuti vape mari yavose. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runowedzerawo kunetseka pamusoro pemashoko asina kururama, echisinogaro, uye kuwanikwa kusina kuenzana. MaDemocracrace anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti maturusi emichina anomiririra, panzvimbo pokutsiva, mikoto yetsika.

mhedziso

Husati huri hufakazi husingachinji hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu — iukama hupenyu hunofanira kuchengetwa, kugadziridzwa, uye kudzivirirwa.

Zvinetso zvokusakendenga kwomuvhoti, kudzorwa, kurambwa, kupesana, uye kupiwa zvisakafanira zvinokosha, asi hazvisati zviri zvisingakundiki. Kupfurikidza nechinjo dzinofungwa dzevatongi, dzidzo yehurumende yakasimba, nhamburiko dzokuwedzera utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzokuvhota, hurumende dzinotonga dzinokwanisa kusimbisa zvisungo zvokumirira. Basa haritongotongopedzwa, nemhaka yokuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza icho chinoreva kumirirwa. Muzera rokuwedzera kwechidzoreso chechiremera uye kusavimbana, kuisa murumano uye kupfuudzo inopfuudza ndiimwe yenzira hurusa yokudzivirira nayo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene.