Kunetseka Kusingadzivisiki: Chikamu Chine Migumisiro Yedemocratic

MuUnited States Sernate, mutemo mumwe wemitemo unowanzova nesimba pamusoro pejambwa remitemo mikuru kupfuura muuyo wesarudzo yenyika. Uyu mutemo, filbuster, unobvumira vashomanene vakatsunga 41 vamajeni kuvhara mutongo unotsigirwa nemimwe 59, uchibudirira kugadza chinodikanwa chikuru chemitemo inokosha zvikurusa. Mutemo wakaberekwa netsaona, wakaitwa mukati menhambo yeChivil Rights kuti vadzivirire, uye kubvira ipapo vakapinda mudare repamusoro reWashington. Nokuda kwokuedza kunzwisisa chikonzero nei hurumende yavo inowanzoratidzika kuva yakaoma, chikonzero nei miitiro yakakurumbira inoitwa, nei simba rakakurumbira richidzorwa zvikuru mugadziriro yeAmerica, kunzwisisa kwechidiviti haisati iri chinhu chinokosha.

Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa chinhu chiri chose chinodikanwa kuziva pamusoro penhau yayo: mavambo ayo enhau, vagadziri vayo vazvino uno, tapuro yayo huru paupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva, uye gakava rakakomba pamusoro pokuti inofanira kuchinjwa, kuchengetwa, kana kuti kuparadzwa. Honelbuster inopfuura zvikuru gamuchidzanwa re "quirky" reDare; muchairi mukuru wemiuyo yemitemo muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Kurondedzera Filibuster yazvino uno: Kure ne"Jimmy Stewart"

Maonero Anoita Vanhu Zvisizvo Anopesana Nezvazvino Uno

Kana ukakumbira vaAmerica vazhinjisa kuisa mufananidzo muberekeri, sezvingabvira vangayeuka chiono chinoshamisa kubva mubhaisikopo "VaSmith Goes ku Washington," umo musenator mumwe chete anobata uriri kwamaawa, achirava Bumbiro reMitemo nebhuku rorunhare, kuputsika mumuviri nokuneta. Uyu "Kutaura nefilibulister" ndiwo mupimo wenhau, asi ndi kwete mashandire anoita muberekesitiri wedare nhasi.

Chiremba wemazuva ano anowanzonzi "nabelbuster." Mumiitiro yazvino uno yeDare, mutevedzeri haachadi kudzika uriri ndokutaura kwamaawa kunonotsa bhiri. Vanongoda zvavo kuratidzira vavariro yavo yokuda kuMutungamiriri weMaster. Uku kuramba kunoparira muganhu weburibhineti. Kupfuura iyi ndokupfuurira kuvhota rokupedzisira, Mutungamiriri Mukuru anofanira kuisa museve we "chinyakare".

Mujaho we60: Chiroto Ndiko Kutonga Kutsva

Cloture (Rusa 22 rweMitemo yeDare) ndiwo mutoo wokugumisa nawo nharo. Kuda kurambwa nenzira inobudirira, Mutungamiriri weMajority anofanira kudzivirira [[FLT: 0]] 60 vhoti. Iyi inhamba yakakomba. Kana 59 bedzi vavhoti vemasvota, gakava rinopfuurira, uye muromo wacho unova wafa zvino. Nemhaka yokuti tyisidzirowo zvayo yemuficimbi inoda kukunda, Dare zvino rinoshanda pasi pedeo supermajoors remitemo yose mikuru. Chirevo chinogona kuva netsigiro yevota huru (51) asi zvichiri zvino kudzongova chose chose chose neboka dukusa rechi441. Ikoku kwakabatana zvikuru kusimba reboka duku, kusimbisa boka rehurumende.

Nhau Pfupi: Kubva Pakushandisa Zvombo Zvisina Kujairika

Mavambo Etsaona (1805)

Chiremba haana kugadzirwa navatangi. Kutaura idi, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira zvakajeka voruzhinji kuita mitemo nokuda kwezvinoitika zvaro. Mu 1855, Mutongi mukuru Aaron Burr (pashure porufu rwake naAlexander Hamilton) akanga achipa hurukuro yake yokuonekana kuDare. Iye akarangarira kuti mitemo yeDare yakanga yakanyanyooma zvikuru uye yakakarakadzwa kuti iiswe. Mumwe mutemo muduku akarumbidza kubvisa wakanga uri "nhau yapamberi kare", iyo yakabvumira voruzhinji kugumisa gakavadzano. Dare rakabvumirana, uye chishandiso chokumisa kurukurirano. Kwamakumi amakore, iyi yakanga isiri nhau huru, asi kugona kukurukura kusina kuganhurirwa kwadzokororwa zvino.

Kumuka kwe "Kutaura" FILIbuster

Makanga musati mavapo kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20 apo filibuster akavamba kushandiswa nenzira yakananga kuuraya zvikwereti. Nguva yayo yainyanya kushatiswa yakanga iri mukati meCivil Rights Movement. Vanamakuru veSouthern Confessist vakashandisa zvikuru vanamukoti vamasangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo kuti vavhare mutemo waizogumisa Jim Crow, kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhotera, uye kurambidza kusarura. Chibvumirano cha1957O. Chiviligi chaMaganizimu chinozivikanwa naShoma StromThurmond, uyo akataura kweanopfuura maawa 24. Nguva ino inobatanidza mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo-money wainzi filierbuster sechishandisi yechinhu chokudzivirira , chinoshandiswa kudzivirira maruramiro okusarurama.

Kuchinja kwa1970: Mutengo we "Kuchinja Kuviri"

Kuchinja kukuru ku "chisarudzo chenguva ino chinonzi filbuster" kwakaitika muma1970, kwaisundwa zvikuru naMajoritai Mutungamiriri weMajorist Mike Mansfield. Kare, mubati aivhara chaizvoizvo uriri hwedare kwamazuva kana kuti mavhiki, achidzivisa mamwe mabhizimisi ose. Kudzora basa, Dare rakagamuchira gadziriro "mukoto wapamburirano" wakaibvumira kugadza mutemo parutivi ndokuenda kune mumwe mutemo. Ikoku kwakaita kuti Dare ribudirire zvikuru, asi rakava nomugumisiro usina ngozi: rakabvisa ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yengurubuster. Sezvo boka duku rakanga risati richizofanira kuva nouriri hunoshamisa, chishamiso chavose, uye sezvo dare raigona kupfuurira kupfuurira, bhizimisi rarona.

Michina Yegiringi: Kuchinja Kunoita Filibuster Simbi

Kusarudza Kwenyukireya Nokuwa Kwakwo

Kangaidziko nechikumbaridzo cha 60 chemibatanidzwa yakatungamirira kuchinjo dzenhambo nenhambo, inozivikanwa se "chisarudzo chenyuklear" iyi igadziriro inobvumira Dare kushandura mitemo yaro rimene nevoruzhinji. Yakashandiswa naDemocratic Motherity Mutungamiriri Harry Reid muna 2013 kubvisa chigadziko chechinoumba chedare chedare rapasi nerokugadza dare revakuru vakuru. Chinjo yeMajonity Mutch McConnell ipapo yakaikudza muna 2017 kubatanidza Dare gurusa. Ichi chinjo chakabvumira Purezidhendi Obama naTrump kugata vhotaro 50 bedzi, asi ivo vakawedzerawo kusawirirana. Nharo yeRepublican ye [FL:]

Zvirongwa: Kuyananisa Mubhadharo

Chinopesana zvikuru nechinorambidza chibvumirano chemitemo yevanabuster muitiro we wekuyananisa. Kusikwa neCongregational Bacment Act ya1974, kuyanana kunobvumira zvikwereti zvine chokuita nebhajeti kuti zvipfuure Seriyoi nedare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMaidzo yakaitirwa kuderedza, asi yave yakatambanurwa kumiganhuro yaro yaro yokupfuudzira purogiramu huru. Affordcable Care Act (2010), Bhekai, Bheka Mite naMaripo naMarimu anodzorwa kudzorwa kupfurikidza nemutero wemutero.

Nharo Huru: Kutonga Kukuru Kunopesana Nekodzero Dzouduku

Mhaka Yevaviri

Vadziviriri venhetembo yacho vanotaura kuti haisi chishandiso chokudzivisa asi dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwamaruramiro mashomanene uye mutsigiri wokuterama.

  • Kudzivirira Boka reMirty: Munyika ine mativi makuru akamanikana zvikuru, nhairubuster inodzivisa voruzhinji kuisa kuda kwayo pashoma. Inomanikidzira boka riri musimba kusvika pajira reburi reburobha ndokuvaka bvumirano. Munhau, yave iri "mupfudzi anotonhodza kofi," kusimbisa kuti mitemo haipfuudzwi pari, voruzhinji vanokurumidza.
  • Kurovha: Dare rakagadzirirwa kuva "muto unogadzirwa" weCongress. Horibuster inosimbisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokukurudzira kurukurirano yakawedzerwa uye kudzongonyedza muitiro wewirirano. Ikoku kunodzivisa chinjo huru, dzechimbichimbi mumiitiro apo simba rinochinja, kuchiparira dzikamo yenhambo refu nokuda kwamabhizimisi navagari vemo.
  • Kudzivirira Institution: Vamwe vanotaura kuti kubvisa muberekeri kungashandura Dare kuva kutambanudzwawo zvako kweImba yavamiriri, kuisa nyika kumirangariro yadzo isingadikanwi yaiye upi noupi anobata voruzhinji panguva ipi neipi yakapiwa. Ikoku kungawedzera kurovanya kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuderedza maruramiro omutemo.

Mhaka Inoitirwa Muviri

Vashori vanoramba kuti filbuster yakagadzirwa zvombo kuti ive nounyanzvi hunokuvadza, ichidzivirira vashoma chirevo panzvimbo pezviduku maruramiro.

  • Fuels Dyss From and Gridrock: Musimboti we 60 wakakuita kuve kusingabviri kuti Dare ripedze nhau dzorudzi. Rave richishandiswa kudzivisa mutemo wakakurumbira pamusoro pekotsekano yepfuti, maruramiro okuvhota, kuchinja vatamisi, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze. Inokurudzira boka duku kumisa chinhu chiri chose, pasinei zvapo nechakafanira, kuramba voruzhinji kuwina.
  • Kuparadza kukuru Kutonga: Pakati pako, chinyamututa chinoputsa nheyo yedemocracy yehurumende zhinji. Inopa 41 vamiriri vanomirira vashomanene vavagari veAmerica simba rokumisa mutezo unotsigirwa na 59. Uku kusadzikama kwesimba irwisa dhimocratic uye inobvumira boka duku, kazhinji kazhinji muruwa kuganhurira kuda kworudzi.
  • Ane mhosva: Mutongi anobvumira vezvamatongerwe enyika kuva nadzo dzose dziri mbiri. Mubati anogona kuvhota chinyararire kutsigira mugari wemo, achidzivisa vhoti panhau inomutsa nharo, apo achiudza vatengi vemitemo kuti vatsigire pamutemo. Inovanza nzvimbo dzavaiti vomutemo vamwe navamwe ndokuvadzivirira pakuzvidavirira pabhokisi rebholot.
  • Mitemo yeChiteshi cheLegislative Programme: Nemhaka yokuti zvikwereti zvikuru zvinofanira kumanikidzirwa kupfurikidza neburi redzorero yemari, zvinoparira mutemo wechienzi, mukuru, uye usingachinji. Mitemo yakafanana neAffordable Care Act neBhes Cuts neScourt zvakapfuudzwa pasina tsigiro yakafara, bipartisan inofanira kuva nayo, ichiita zvipfuro zvechinjo dzechinjo dzinodzokorokosorwa uye kupfuurira kusava nechokwadi kwenguva refu.

Kutapura Kwakaita Upenyu Hwako Nenzira Yakananga

Chiremba haisi nyaya inongova pachena; ine migumisiro chaiyo, chaiyo, nokuda kwoupenyu hwevagari veAmerica vose.

Policy Area Impact of the Filibuster Consequence for Citizens
Voting Rights The Freedom to Vote Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, which passed the House with bipartisan support, were blocked by a unified filibuster in the Senate. Weaker federal protections against voter suppression, gerrymandering, and dark money in politics, leading to reduced voter access and trust in elections.
Healthcare The filibuster prevented a "public option" or Medicare expansion from being added to budget reconciliation bills. It also allows the minority to block minor fixes to the ACA. Higher premiums, fewer choices in insurance markets, and difficulty addressing high prescription drug costs. Millions remain uninsured.
Economic Policy The minimum wage increase to $15/hour was stripped from the American Rescue Plan due to the Byrd Rule (a constraint of the reconciliation process used to bypass the filibuster). Millions of workers continue to earn poverty-level wages. The inability to pass a national minimum wage forces a patchwork of state-by-state standards.
Gun Safety Universal background checks and other popular gun safety measures have been repeatedly filibustered, failing to reach the 60-vote threshold despite having majority support. Continued high rates of gun violence. The inability of the federal government to act leaves states to struggle with the issue on their own, creating a fragmented and often ineffective policy landscape.
Supreme Court While the filibuster for judicial nominations was eliminated in 2017, the legislative filibuster's existence shapes the political environment surrounding Court nominations. The Court becomes a partisan battleground for issues that cannot be resolved through legislation (e.g., abortion, voting rights, gun rights). This places immense power on the composition of the Court and increases the stakes of every nomination.

Nguva Yemberi yeFilibuster: Kuchinja Zvinhu, Kuchinja Zvinhu, Kana Kuti Kuzvinyima?

Gakava pamusoro pevanabuster rasvika padanho guru, uye vagari vemo vari kuva vanoziva nenzira inowedzera nezvemiuyo yaro.

Kubudirira Kwakaita Vanhu

Mugumisiro wakapfava zvikurusa ndewokuchengetedza chikwata chevana. Iyi nzira inotsigirwa nemubatanidzwa wenyanzvi dzehurumende nenyanzvi dzehurumende dzinobva kunyika duku dzinotya kurasikirwa nepesvedzero yavo.Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti Dare rinofungidzirwa kuva rinononoka uye kuti kusashanda zvakanaka kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chiratidzo chokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete chirevo chechinjo. Vatsoropodzi chechigadziko chinoramba chichingosimbisa ikoku kuoma kwemitemo kunoenderera mberi panhau dzinokurumidzisa zvikurusa.

Kudzorerwa Kuno "Kutaura FIBUster"

Ichi chikarakadzo chakakurumbira chenjo chaizodzokera kumitemo yapamberi pe1970. Muiyi gadziriro, kumoniabuster bhiri, mutevedzeri kana kuti boka ravakoma vanofanira kubata uriri ndokutaura nguva dzose. Kana vangomira, kana kuti kubudisa uriri, kurukurirano inopera uye vhoti yakapfava inogona kuchengetwa. Ikoku kungadzorera ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yedaigurubuster, kumanikidza vashoma kuita chiono chavose chokudzivisa kwavo. Kwaizodzosaita kuti chidzore chigadziko chirevore mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunonzi "Jmy Stewart". Nepo kwaizobvisa mutengiri weda, kwaizoderedza nomutoo unoshamisa kushandiswa kwayo.

3. Kutamba Nokusarura

Iyi nzira yokuwedzera yaizochengeta mwana achiitira mutemo wakawanda asi inoita kuti pave nemhesano dzakati nokuda kwenhau dzakakwirira. Nhevedzo inowanzokurukurwa zvikurusa ndeyekodzero dzokuvhota, chengeteko yenyika, kana kuti nhau dzakapfuura Imba nevoruzhinji. Iyi ndiyo nzira inobudirira zvikurusa mune zvematongerwe enyika, sezvo inodzivisa rwisano yose pamusoro pemitemo yeDare, asi inoparirawo nzvimbo inotsvedzerera apo ndaza yezvisiano inokura nokufamba kwenguva.

4. Kubviswa Kwakakwana

Chisarudzo chikurusa ndicho kushandisa "chisarudzo chenyukireya" zvakare kubvisa chigadzikiso chinodzora. Ikoku kungadzorera Dare kumutemo wakapfava, uko mavhoti 51 (kana kuti 50 pamwe chete naVice Purezidhendi) anogona kupfuudza mutezo. Vatsigiri vanopikisa iyi ndiyo nzira bedzi yokudzorera nayo kuzvidavirira uye kubvumira hurumende kushanda. Vashori vanoramba kuti kwaizotungamirira kumiitiro yakaipa ndokuparadza pakupedzisira basa reDare seboka rinobvisa maruramiro. Mapoka ose ari maviri anotya kuti kana vakaribvisa, rimwe boka richarishandisa pari kudzokera kusimba.

Zvinogona Kuitwa Nevagari Vemo: Kunzwa Inzwi Rako

Nguva yemberi yenhamba duku haisati iri mhedziso yenhau. chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika chichaitwa navatevedzeri vaunosarudza. Hezvino izvo vagari vanoshingaira vanogona kuita:

  • Pasi peStakes: ngwarira kuvhota. Paunonzwa kuti muromo wakundikana kusvika pachikumbaridzo cha 60," nzwisisa kuti mwana achangobva kuuuraya. Donsai uyu mutauro wemubatanidzwa ngauvanze mugumisiro muduku.
  • Yakabatanidza Senators Dzenyu Nhene: Dare romukati. Vanasarendi vako vaviri ndivo vanhu bedzi vanogona kurichinja. Danai mahofisi avo. Vabvunze zvakajeka: "Uchavhota kuti utendere vhoti pa [nhau chaiyo]? kana kuti "Uchatsigira kutonga kwokutaura kwechiFilicbuster here?" Mhinduro dzavo dzichakuudza kwavanomira pabasa rehurumende yedemokrase.
  • Varidziri neFilibuster muMifungo: Mumasumo nasarudzowo zvavose, rangarira nzvimbo dzavada kutevedzerwa pamonirbuster. Mutevedzeri anodzivirira sutuko ramakumi matanhatu anovimbisa nenzira inobudirira kuvhara mutemo wakawanda wemitemo, pasinei zvapo nokuti wakakurumbira sei. Mutsigiri anotsigira chinjo anovimbisa kurega voruzhinji vachitonga. Iyi nhau imwe inogona kufanotaura chitsama chikuru pamusoro pechishandiso chemitemo yedare remitemo.
  • Masangano eSupport Working on Reform: Mapoka akafanana ne Brennan Center yeRuramisiro neCommon Cause reReformation purebuster. Anogovera zviteshi zvakaisvonaka zvokunzwisisa mijeko yekurukurirano nokurevererwa kwechinjo.

Mubvunzo Usingaperi weRepublic

Chiremba chinopfuura mutemo wemitemo; iratidziro inokosha yenzira yatinodavira nayo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inofanira kushanda. Inodzivirira kurangarira kuri madikanwa nekodzero shomanene, kana kuti inodzivirira kutonga kuduku nokuvimbisa? Mhinduro ichaumba nguva yemberi yokutonga kweAmerica nokuda kwechizvarwa. Somugari wemo, simba gurusa raunaro ndiro vhoti yako nenzwi rako. Ishandise kukumbira hurumende inoshanda, inozvidavirira uko zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nenzira yakajeka nezvikuru, kwete kupfurikidza norusvingo rwamakuru, jambwa yehurumende yako inosarudzwa.