Hurumende Inotonga Nyika: Kuita Mitemo

Iri simba rakaiswa muCongress, bazu remitemo rehurumende yeUnited States. Congress ibhiadral, kureva kuti ine makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiriri neDare, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa nemabasa akasiyana.

Imba yavamiriri ine mitezo 435 yokuvhota, imwe neimwe inomirira ruwa rwesangano runogoverwa navagari vemo. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti navagari vemo vazhinji zvikuru vane inzwi guru zvikuru mumutemo wenyika. Dare, mukupesana, rine mitezo 100 — miviri pahurumende — inomirira zvakafanana pasinei zvapo nehurumende ’ ukuru.

Chibvumirano chisati chava mutemo wehurumende, chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana. Mutengo ipapo unoenda kuna Purezidhendi, uyo anogona kuchisaina mumutemo kana kuti kuuisa munzeve. Congress inogona kudzora nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Iyi gadziriro yechekedzo nechiyero zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rehurumende rinogona kuita mitemo pasina nguva.

Mitemo yehurumende inofukidza nhevedzano huru yenhau dzakarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo — inobatanidza kutengeserana kwomunyika, dziviriro yorudzi, kubuda munyika, kubhuroka, kunyoreswa kwemitongo, uye maruramiro ekodzero. Mitemo mikuru yehurumende yakashandura nzanga yeAmerica, yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya 1964, vaAmerica vane Dare reKuremanika, uye Afford Care Act. Iyi mitemo inoda masangano ehurumende kuti adare masangano ezvokuchengeta mutemo [[[FLT:]], ichiwedzera mumwe mubatanidzwa wezvakaoma kunzwisisa zviri pamutemo.

Nyika: Kunoumba Kudzikamisa Mutemo Kwenzvimbo

Hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru chokuisa muganhu panhau dzisingapiwi simba nomutemo wehurumende, nheyo yakagadzwa neTend Amendment. Iri chiremera, chinowanzonzi “ masimba emapolice, ” chinobvumira nyika kudzora utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavose yavagari vadzo. Somuuyo, mitemo yoruwa inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kuumambo humwe kuenda kuhumwe, inoratidzira mipimo nezvinotanhanharo zvehurumende imwe neimwe ’ vagari vemo.

Nyika iri yose kunze kweNebraska ine chibvumirano chemitemo chebhiadal, chinowanzoumbwa negungano rehurumende kana kuti imba yavamiririri nedare rehurumende. Iyi mitumbi inoshanda zvakafanana kuCongress yehurumende: inokarakadza, inokakavadzana, uye inopfuudza zvikwereti izvo zvinotumirwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwokusaina kana kuti kuva neveto. Hurumende dzinoronga nguva dzinogarororongedzerwa nguva dzinosiana nehurumende — dzimwe dzinosangana gore rakaenzana, nepo dzimwe dzichiungana bedzi kwemwedzi mishomanene.

Nhatsa yenhau dzinokurukurwa nemitemo yehurumende ihuru. Hurumende dzinotarisira gadziriro yedzidzo (kubatanidza mipimo yedzidzo nemari yechikoro), gadziriro dzezvifambiso, mutemo woutsotsi nokupa mutongo, mutemo wemhuri (roorano, chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana), mutemo wezvinhu, unyanzvi hwokuisa, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye kupiwa kwoutano. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yakafanana neCalifornia yakagadza mipimo inodenha yemotokari dzinopfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa, nepo dzimwe purogiramu dzemitemo dzakaita kuti dzidzivirire kubvisa mimba kana kuti kurapa purogiramu dzembanje pamberi pokunyoreswa pamutemo kwomutemo.

Magavhuna ehurumende ane simba guru mumuitiro wokuita mitemo. Kuwedzera kukusaina kana kuti kubvisa zvikwereti, magavhuna akawanda anogona kupa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru inoshanda nesimba romutemo mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. matare makuru ehurumende anoitawo basa: anodudzira mitemo yehurumende ndokurova mitemo inoputsa magwaro iwayo.

Kusunungurwa: Apo Mutemo Wehurumende Unoshatisa Mutemo WeHurumende

Murangariro unokosha mukunzwisisa mwero yokuita mitemo idereswa. Mutemo weFederal mutemo mukurusa wenyika pasi peSupremacy Claus yeU.S. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana panhau iri mukati mechiremera chehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unovapo. Zvisinei, hurumende dzakasununguka kugovera dzimwe dziviriro kana kuti mirau iri kure nouriri hwehurumende, chero bedzi isingapokanidzi mupimo wehurumende. Iri simba rinoparira kupesana kwenguva dzose pakati pemitengo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoitwa mudare.

Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Mitemo Inotapura Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo — maruwa, maguta, uye maruwa e— ndiwo mwero wokuita mutemo netapuro yapakarepo zvikurusa pavagari vemo ’ upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nepo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichiwana chiremera chadzo mumabumbiro enyika nemirau (idzo dzinowanzonongedzerwa kwazviri se &lquo; kusikwa kwehurumende ”), dzinoshandisa simba guru panhau dzomunzvimbomo.

Madare emaguta, masangano eruwa, uye mabhodhi eguta anopfuudza mitemo inodzora kugarwa kwenzvimbo nenzvimbo inoshandiswa, ruzha nemirairo inotsamwisa, kutengesa bhizimisi kwomunzvimbomo, muunganidzwa wemarara mumugwagwa, kupaka mabhii okuvaka, mapaki avose, uye mabasa emapurisa omunzvimbomo. Muridzi wemusha anotsvaka kuvaka wedzero kuimba yavo achada mvumo inodzorwa nemitemo yomunzvimbomo. resitorendi inozaza kunze kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo inofanira kuwirirana nenzvero dzeutano dzeguta nerezinesi. Mugari wemo anokoka chinoitika pashure pe 10 p.m. angava nejeri resi resitorendi yezvoruzha revo yoruzha remo.

Mayator navakuru vakuru veruwa kazhinji kazhinji vane masimba akaenzana navakuru vakuru panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo sezvinoita vatongi pamwero wehurumende. Hurumende zhinji dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisawo mamaneja eguta ane unyanzvi kana kuti vatarisiri veruwa avo vanotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva rokutonga. Mitemo yomunzvimbomo inogona kutangwa kupfurikidza nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga sewith — nhano dzehurumende uye kukumbira kuti vagari vemo vavone kuvhota pamata emutero womunzvimbomo, zvisarudzo zvekubudirira, uye mibvunzo yemiitiro.

Nhamba huru yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo muUnited States inokatyamadza: kune mapoka anopfuura 90 000 ehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza hurumende dzemo dzinopfuura 19 000 nemisha 16 000. Imwe neimwe ine mutumbi wayo yemitemo nechiremera chokugadza mitemo. Kusiyana mumitemo yomunzvimbomo kunogona kuva kwakanyanyisa. Guta rakafanana neSan Francisco rine mirau inodzora miganhu yemagariro yemaparera. taundi muMontana ingabvumira zvipfuwo panzvimbo dzinogara vanhu, nepo ruwa rweguta muVirginia runorambidza kuchengeta huku mukati memiganhu yeguta.

Muitiro Wokuita Mutemo: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kukumanikidzwa

Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiyana pamwero wehurumende, nzira yose iyo mutemo unoshandisa kubva papfungwa kuenda kumitemo inotevera murairo wakafanana mumativi ose.

Kupiwa Mutongo uye Kupiwa Mutongo

Mutemo unovamba sepfungwa. Mutengi wemitemo anofanira kutsigira mutengi wemitemo ndokuupinza mukamuri ravo. Panzvimbo yehurumende uye munyika dzakawanda, mutengi unogoverwa nhamba yezvikomborero, kana kuti mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe.

Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Matare ndiwo anoitirwa basa gurusa rokubatira. Ane mhesano apo nyanzvi, mapati akatapurwa, uye vanhu vanogona kupupurira. Mitezo yeDare inokakavadzana pamutemo, inokarakadza kugadziriswa, uye vhoti kuti mari ichatumirwa kunzvimbo yakazara. Chibvumirano chingafa mudare kana chikakundikana kuwana tsigiro yakakwana. Chikamu ichi chakaoma: zvigaro zvedare zvine simba guru rokuisa kana kuti kunonotsa mutemo. Gadziriro yedare inogadzirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvikwereti zvinosanosvika pauriri nokuda kwevhoti.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nedzokuchinja

Kana mutezo ukabuda mudare, unokwira pauriri hwekamuri nokuda kwekurukurirano. Mumimwe mitumbi, gakava rakarongedzwa zvikuru neganhuriro dzenguva; mune mimwe, rinogona kupfuurira kwenguva refu.Vaiti vemitemo vane banza rokupa gadziridzo, iyo inofanira kuvhoterwa mumwe nomumwe. Mutengo wacho ungachinjwa zvikuru mukati mouyu mutezo sezvo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunoitwa uye kushambadza kunokurukurwa.

Kufambisa Uye Kupfuura

Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yapera, mavhota ose papepa. Masangano emitemo mazhinjisa anoda voruzhinji kuti mutemo wakapfava upfuure, kunyange zvazvo matanho akati echinzvimbo kana kuti ebumbiro remitemo angada kuwirirana kukuru. Kana chinyorwa chacho chikapfuura, chinoenda kune imwe kamuri (mumiitiro yemabhiya) umo muitiro wose unodzokororwa. Kana makamuri maviri achipfuudza shanduro dzakasiana, dare remitezo yemitezo yakabva mumakamu ose ari maviri rinofanira kubvumiranisa misiyano. shanduro yokupedzisira inofanira kutenderwa nemimwe misha muchimiro chakafanana.

Rumbidzo Yavane Simba

Nhano yokupedzisira yemitemo iendeswa kumukuru mukuru: Purezidhendi pamwero wehurumende, gavhuna pamwero wehurumende, kana kuti meya pamwero womunzvimbomo. Mukuru mukuru angasaina chibvumirano mumutemo, achichibvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha (kazhinji kazhinji pashure pechiverengero chakati chamazuva), kana kuti kuikwirira. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vane mutsetse wechinhu chinobvumira kuramba gadziriro chakananga dzokutenga pasina kubudisa bhiribhiri rose. Kana vevhu rikasairwa, kazhinji kazhinji kacho vangaedza kudzorwa, vachida vhoti mbiri.

Kutonga Kwevamiririri

Kana mutemo wangoitwa bedzi, kunoda chaizvoizvo kumwe kurongwa kupfurikidza nemirayiro yokutarisira. Masangano ehurumende anonyora mitemo ine udzame iyo inoshandura donzo rakafara remitemo kuva zvinodikanwa zvakajeka, zvinomanikidzirwa. Uyu muitiro unowanzobatanidza nguva dzavose netsinhiro, uchibvumira vagari vemo namabhizimisi kuyera kuti mutemo unofanira kuitwa sei. Mitemo inovapo ine simba rakazara romutemo uye inogona kudenhwa mudare kana vachipfuura sangano ’ chiremera chamasangano.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rinoitawo basa mukuumba mutemo. Apo mutemo unodenhwa seusingawirirani nemitemo kana kuti seunorwisana nemimwe mitemo, bazu rinotonga rinosarudza kushanda kwaro. zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvepanyika zvinogona kuputsa mitemo, kuwedzera kana kuti kuganhurira misengwa yazvo yapamutemo. Marbury v. Madison anosimbisa nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare pamwero wehurumende, uye matare ehurumende anoshandisa chiremera chakafanana pamitemo yehurumende.

Kuumba Kwavanoita Vagari Vemo Mitemo Yavanorarama Maererano Nayo

Kupa mitemo hausi mubato woga wevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, Vagari vemo vane mikana yakawanda yokupesvedzera mitemo inovadzora.

Kurumbidza Muzvisarudzo

Kurumbidza ndiwo mutoo wakananga zvikurusa kuti vagari vemo vapesvedzere kuumba pamutemo. Voters vanosarudza vaiti vemitemo, vatongi, mameya, uye mitezo yedare inonyora ndokuita mitemo. Nhuuro dzinobvumirawo vagari vomunyika kutendera zvakananga kana kuti kuramba matanho emitemo panhau dzakati, kubvira pakuwedzera kwomutero kusvikira kukuchinjwa kwapamutemo kwembanje. Kuvhota nguva dzose mugadziriro huru, yavose, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kunovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa varambe vachigamuchira kuvana vavo.

Kuonana Nevakuru - vakuru Vakarongwa

Vatongi vanopa ngwariro kune zvinotaura vamiriri vavo. Kuridza runhare kwasanoita nguva dzose, email, kana kuti tsamba kunogona kuita musiano pakuti muiti womutemo anovhota sei papepa. Musangano navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vashandi vavo mumahofisi oruwa kana kuti panzvimbo yehurumende zvinoshanda zvikuru. Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvemitemo zvinotsamira pavamiriri vebumbiro remitemo vanogamuchira kuvanhu vavanomirira. Nhau dzomunhu oga pamusoro pokuti mutemo ungatapura sei ’ upenyu hunova nouremu hukuru hukuru.

Kupindura Pachena Nekunzwa

Misangano mizhinjisa yemitemo nemirau inogovera mikana yetsinhiro yavose. Vagari vanogona kupupurira padare, kutaura pamisangano yehoro yetaundi, uye kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa pamusoro pemirau inokarakadzwa. Iyi mirau inobvumira vanhu kupa mirangariro yavo zvakananga kuvagadziri vemitemo navakuru vakuru vesangano. Kutora rutivi mukutongwa kwavose kunotapura zvikuru pamwero womunzvimbomo, apo zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuronga, bhajeti, uye mabasa omunzanga zvinoitwa nemubatanidzwa wakananga wevagari vemo.

Kuronga Nokuronga

Masangano anokumbanira kana kuti kutsigira kuisa pfungwa dzavanhu vamwe navamwe. Mapoka anonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzakananga — rusununguko rwevagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, muitiro wemitero, kana kuti vezvoutano vaparuzhinji &mdash, vanoronga masangano edzidzo yavose, uye vatsigiri. Pamwe chete, idzi nhamburiko dzinogona kuumba murangariro wavose nenzvimbo dzokuisa mitemo pakutanga. Grassroots, umo vagari vezuva riri rose vanoronga vavakidzani vavo nenzanga, vakaparira chinjo huru dzemiitiro yose munhau yeAmerica.

Kumhanyira Hofisi

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kugadzira zvakananga mitemo, kumhanyira nzvimbo inosarudzwa chisarudzo pamwero uri wose wehurumende. Madare ezvikoro, madare eguta, masangano eruwa, matare ehurumende, uye Congress vose vanoda kupiwa miganhu. Kumhanya nokuda kwehofisi kunobvumira vagari vemo kupinza zvakananga mirangariro yavo mumuitiro wokuita zvisarudzo uye kumirira nzanga dzavo mukugadzira mitemo inovatapura.

Kubatira Mumabhodhi Nemabasa

Hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo nehurumende dzinogadza vagari vemo kuti vabatire pamapuranga namasangano anopa zano vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vane chiremera chokuronga. Masangano okuronga, mapurai ezvikumbiro, mabhodhi ezvikoro, uye mabhodhi eraibhurari. Nzvimbo idzi dzinobvumira vagari vemo kupesvedzera mativi emitemo akananga uye kuwana ruzivo rwemaoko nomuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Kupedzisa: Zvaunoita Mugadziriro

Mitemo haibudi mugadziriro iri kure, isinganzwisisiki. Inosikwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yamaune, yakarongeka inoshanda pamwero dzakawanda dzehurumende.

Kana ukakurukura nemutongi wehurumende nezvechibvumirano chaunoda kuronga, pupurira pamberi pedare reguta panyaya inoitirwa vanhu vose, kana kuti kungokanda chivhoti chauchiziva pazuva rekusarudza, kutorawo zvaunoita kunobatsira kuti mitemo yaunorarama nokuratidza tsika uye zvavanoda vanhu vavanotonga.