Ziviso: Mugwagwa Une Procedtural Meput yeMutemo Wavagari Vemo

Gadziriro yemitemo inoshanda pahwaro hwemitemo yakarongwa kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro, kufanoziviswa, uye kuguma. Nokuda kwavatsvaki vadzoresi vatsvaki, vakwirirwi vanokwidza dziviriro, kana kuti vanasazvinabhizimisi vanowana ngozi, kunzwisisa upenyu hwemhosva yevagari vemo chinhu chinokosha zvikuru. Rwendo rwokubva kunyunyuta kunoiswa kudare kunotongwa nemitemo, mitemo yedare, uye dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Nhano imwe neimwe, kubva pakunyunyuta kwokutanga kusvika kukukwirira kunobvira, inopa zvisarudzo zvakatanhamara uye zvigumbuso zvepamutemo.

Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inoputsa rwendo rwenharo yapamutemo mugadziriro yedare ravagari vemo. Inofukidza mativi akaoma, zvinodikanwa zvetsika, uye rangariro dzakakodzera dzinoumba rondedzero dzazvino uno. Nepo mitemo yakananga inogona kusiana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende, nheyo huru dzinoramba dziri dzechokwadi. Kuwana kujeka paiyi miitiro kunopa vanhu simba rokuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva uye kushanda nenzira inobudirira nezano remitemo.

Murayiro Wokutanga: Kunyunyuta

Gadziriro yakarongwa yedare idare rokunyunyuta. Irori rinobatira sechinhu chikuru chechiito chapamutemo, chinoratidzira dare ’ kunyunyuta nokugadza hwaro hwedare ’ chiremera chokunzwa nhau yacho. Kunyunyuta kwakasanosa kunoita zvinopfuura kungorondedzera hana; kuisa rondedzero yose kupfurikidza nokuita kutaura kwakananga kwapamutemo.

Mumitemo yeFederal Reformation of Civil Procediture, kunyunyuta kunofanira kuva ne “kutaura kupfupi uye kwakajeka kwokutaura kwokuti mutendi ane maruramiro okusunungurwa. ” Mipimo yokukumbira yazvino uno, yakaumbwa nechiratidzo cheDare Gurusa reUnited States, inoda tsinhiro dzechokwadi dzakakwana kutaura kuti " inooneka pachiso chayo. Izvozvinoreva kuti kunyunyuto zvinofanira kufamba kupfuura mabhii nemhedzisowo zvawo, kuchigovera udzame hwakakwana hwokubatanidza kutaura kwacho kusvikira kusingabviri.

Zvinhu zvinokosha pakunyunyuta zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FT:0] Chiratidzo: chinoratidzira dare, mapoka anobatanidzwa (anopa mhaka neanopomerwa), uye nhamba yenhau.
  • Jouridiction and Venue:[[FLT: 1] inogadza chikonzero nei dare rine simba rokunzwa nhau yacho uye nei iyi nzvimbo yakati yakafanira.
  • Chitatiso chaMaidi: A nhauro yakajeka, yakarongwa yezvinoitika zvakamutsa gakava.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kraims nokuda kweyamuro (ndima): Rondedzero chaidzo dzemitemo umo muputi ari kukwidza (imo, kuputswa kwechibvumirano, kuregeredza, kuzvidza).
  • [[MVURA] Mukumbiro Weyamuro (DEM):[[FMT:1] Chikumbiro chakananga cheizvo dare rinofanira kuita, zvakadai sokupa mibayiro yemari, kupa murairo, kana kuti kuzivisa rutongeso rwokuzvinyima.

Kunokosha kuva akananga pakuronga nyunyuto. Kubatanidza mutauro unofinha usati uri madikanwa kana kuti kutaura kusina chokwadi kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo mumitemo yakadai se 11 yeMitemo yeFederal yeCivil Procediture. Kana bedzi nyunyuto yanyorwa, inosainwa negweta (kana kuti boka racho, kana richizvimirira) ndokuiswa nomunyori wedare, kuvamba pamutemo mhaka. Ipapo dare rinopa [[FLT: 0] masmons , icho chiziviso chehurumende kuanopomerwa.

Basa Romuitiro: Kuzivisa Murevereri

Kupedzisa nyunyuto inongova hafu bedzi yehondo; mukwirirwi anofanira kuziviswa nenzira yakarongwa. Iyi nhano, inozivikanwa se tsigiro yegadziriro [, chinodikanwa chinokosha chomuitiro wakafanira webumbiro remitemo. dare harigoni kushandisa simba romunhu oga pamukwirirwi kutoti rave rakabatirwa nenzira yakafanira nekopi yenyunyuto namadariro.

Mitemo inodzora basa romuitiro inorumano uye inofanira kuteverwa zvakarurama. Kukundikana kubatira mukwiridziri nenzira yakarurama kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa kwenhau yacho kana kuti kunonoka kukuru apo basa rinobviswazve. Mitoo mikuru yebasa inobatanidza:

  • [[FT:0] Basa raiye oga: Kugovera magwaro kumukwiridzwi. Uyu ndiwo mutoo wakavimbika zvikurusa nounodikanwa.
  • Basa rakati: Kusiya magwaro nomunhu wezera rakakodzera nokungwarira paMukwiridzirirwi ’ inzvimbo yokugara kana kuti nzvimbo yenguva dzose, uye ipapo kutumira makopi kukero imwe cheteyo.
  • Kushanda neMatsamba: Mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye mumitemo yakati yehurumende, mukwirirwi angarasha basa romuitiro, kugamuchira basa kupfurikidza netsamba dzakabvumidzwa kana kuti kubvumirana kugamuchira magwaro pakombiyuta.
  • Chinyorwa kupfurikidza nePublication: Mutoo wokupedzisira unoshandiswa apo mukwirirwi asingagoni kuwanikwa pashure pokunzvera kwokushingaira. Chiziviso chinobudiswa mupepanhau rakasarudzwa.

. Urongwa hunozivikanwa hwebasa hunozivisa mukwiridziri wemiganhu yenguva yokupindura (mazuva 21 kusvikira ku 30 mudare rehurumende). Urongwa hunozivikanwa navose uye hunokosha ndehwemubatidzi kukumbira mutengi webasa. Kana mukwiridzi akabvumirana nebasa renguva dzose, kazhinji kazhinji vanogamuchira nguva refu yokupindura, uye mubati anochengetedza mutengo wokuripira mushandiri. Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kupindura kunyunyuto yakafanira, dare ringapinda mutongo [[FLT:] rutongeso [[FFF]], vachivapa rusununguko, pasina kukumbira muedzo.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame zvikuru pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvounyanzvi, unogona kuhwirudzura Kutonga kwavagari vemo kweProceduction 4 pamusoro pebasa rokushanda.

Mutsigiri Anodzora ’ Mhinduro: Mhinduro, Kudzivisa, uye Nhungamiro

Kana angopiwa, mukwirirwi anofanira kuita chiito mukati meganhuriro yenguva yakatarwa kana kuti njodzi yorutongeso rwakarongwa. Chirongwa chiyamuro chinotsamira zvikuru pamaidi enhau yacho nedziviriro dzapamutemo dzinowanika. Sarudzo huru dzomukwiridzwi dzinobatanidza:

  • Mhinduro: A mhinduro yapamutemo, pfundo riri papfundo kuPlacttiff ’ mhesvura. Mukwiri anofanira kubvuma, kuramba, kana kuti kutaura kuti ivo havana mashoko akakwana okubvuma kana kuti kuramba nhema imwe neimwe.
  • Zvikonzero zvepamutemo nei mukwiridziri achifanira kuwina kunyange kana murwi achiratidza kuti ndewechokwadi. Mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza mutemo weganhuriro, waiver, uye fungidziro yengozi. MuMutemo 8(c), dziviriro dzinoramba zvikurusa dzinofanira kukumbirwa mumhinduro, kana kuti kubviswa.
  • [[FLT: 0] framemerclaim: Kutaura kwakaitwa nomukwiridziridziri mukurwisana nomupurisa. Somuenzaniso, kana mutengesi akakwirira mutengesi nokuda kwokupunza chibvumirano, mutengesi angatsiva rugwaro nokuda kwokusaripirwa.
  • Kudzinga: Chikumbiro kudare kubudisa zvose kana kuti rutivi rwedare pasina mukwiridzirwi achifanira kunyora mhinduro. Zvikonzero zvavose zvinobatanidza kushaikwa kwomutemo womunhu oga, nzvimbo dzisina kufanira, kukundikana kutaura kutaura kutaura kutaura ((12(b)) (6)), uye basa risina kukwana.

Kudzosera Kuda Kudzinga inhano yokutanga inozivikanwa navose. Kana dare rikabvumira kufamba, mhaka yacho ingava yapera. Kana ikarambwa, dare richaraira mukwirirwi kunyora mhinduro mukati menguva yakatarwa. Kubatanidzwa pakati pemhinduro idzi ihondo yapakuvamba yakakomba mukurwisana kupi nokupi.

Kuwana: Kugadzira Mhaka

Kana nhau yacho ikaramba iripo pakutanga, inopinda mukuwana. Irworwu rutivi runonyanyova runokosha uye runodhura rwechikamu. Kunzvera kunorongedzerwa kubvisa shamisiko pamuedzo kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vose vari vaviri vatsinhane mashoko anokosha noufakazi. Kuwana kwazvino uno kunodzorwa nemitemo mirefu inobvumira vanhu kuwana mashoko api neapi asingakoshi anokosha kubato ’ kutaura kana kuti dziviriro, chero bedzi kuchiwirirana nezvinodikanwa nenhau yacho.

Kuwanda kwezvingawanikwa kunogona kusanganisira mashoko emhando ipi neipi, anosanganisira:

  • Ufakazi hunoshamisa (ESI): Maemail, mashoko orugwaro, magwaro, masero, uye zviri mumasangano amashoko. Kutarisirwa kweESI, kunozivikanwa se , kunopa denho dzinokosha dzemifungo nedzepamutemo. Zvikamu zvine basa rokuchengetedza ESI inobvira nokukurumidza apo inenge ichitarisirwa nenzira ine mufungo.
  • [[FORT:0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa iyo mumwe munhu anotumira kune mumwe, iyo inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko. matare eFederal anoganhurira chaizvoizvo kubvunzurudza 25 parutivi.
  • Kubvunza: Kubvunza kwebato kana kuti kupupurira pasi pemhiko pamberi pomutori wenhau wedare. Magweta anobvumira kunzvera chapupu ’ kuvimbika nechikiyi muuchapupu. Zvinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwokusataura kana chapupu chikachinja nhau yacho pakutongwa.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudisira (RFP): Zvikumbiro zvetsika nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvakati, mafaira emagetsi, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hunooneka.
  • CHEPURO REAUS (RFS): Zvikumbiro zvokubvuma kana kuti kuramba maidi chaiwo. Iwawa anoshandiswa kupfupikisa nhau dzinofanira kubvumikiswa pakutongwa. Chero idi ripi neripi rinobvumwa nenzira yakasimba nokuda kwourefu hwenhau yacho.

Kuwana hakuna kuganhurirwa. Matare anomanikidzira mitemo yorumano mukurwisana na inopikiswa, i akwuitika apo paboka rinoshandisa nzira dzokuwana nadzo kunetsa mushori kana kuti kunzvenga. Vari kukundikana kubudisa mashoko anogamuchira kana kuti kuparadza (kuparadza) ingatarisana nezvirango zvakakomba, kubatanidza fashoni dzemari, mirayiridzo yakashata kudare, kana kuti kunyange kupeta kutonga . [[FLT:]]

Kufamba Kwapamberi Pezviito Nechisarudzo Chomuchidimbu

Munguva yose yokutonga kusati kwaitwa, mapati angaronga miitiro yakasiana - siana achikumbira dare kutonga panhau dzakati. Uku kutora nzira kunogona kupfuudza mhaka nokuda kwokutongwa kana kuti kunyange kuipedza chose chose.

Kufamba kunokosha zvikurusa kwenhau dzenguva isati yaitwa i Motion yeChitongeso cheChipfupiso. Uku kufamba kunokumbira dare kutonga kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi rechinhu chaiko kuti [ uye kuti boka rinosunda rine kodzero yokutonga senhau yomutemo. Rutongeso rwechipfupiso runosarudzwa paufakazi hwakaunganidzwa mukati mokuwana, kwete pauchapupu hupenyu. Kana dare rikapa rutongeso rwoupfupi, mhaka inoguma pasina kutongwa. Kana ruchirambwa, nhau yacho inopfuurira kutongwa.

Kumwe kutama kunokosha kwapamberi pokutonga kunobatanidza:

  • [[FOT:0] Motion muLimine: Chikumbiro chokubvisa ufakazi hwakati pakutongwa (mutoo., pamusoro pezvitendero zviri pamberi kana kuti runyerekupe). Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinosarudzwa nomutongi pamberi chaipo kana kuti mukati mokutonga.
  • [[FT:0] Motion to Compel: Chikumbiro chedare chinomanikidzira mutsigiri kuwirirana nezvikumbiro zvokuwana. Kana chiito chikabvumirwa, boka risiri renyika ringadikanwa kubhadhara mitero yegweta.
  • [ Kufamba: Kudenha kusagona kwechapupu chine unyanzvi ’ chipupuriro chakavakirwa pakuvimbika nokushanda kwemitoo yavo.
  • [[FT:0] Chikumbiro chokunonotsa kunzwa kana kuti kuedza musi nemhaka yemigariro isingadeyi kuonwa, chirwere, kana kuti rwisano dzinorongwa.

Kudzivisa Kutongwa: Gadziriro Negakava Rinotsiva

Pasinei zvapo nengwariro pamiitiro yokutonga, ruzhinji rwenhau dzavagari vemo dzinonzi — kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura 95% — dzinopedzwa dzisati dzasvika chisarudzo. Matare anokurudzira nenzira yokushingaira vanhu kunzvera kugarwa uye Alternimate Dispute Resolution [ADR) kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvokutonga ndokubvumira masangano kuita zvisarudzo zvavo vamene.

Zvimiro zvikuru zveADR ndeizvi:

  • Muitiro usingamanikidzi apo chikamu chechitatu (murevereri) chinopfavisa kukurukurirana pakati pemapoka. Murevereri haaisi chisarudzo asi anobetsera mapoka kuwana nzvimbo imwe. Kutaurirana kunochinjika zvikuru uye kunogona kurairwa nedare.
  • Arbitation: Muitiro wakarongwa zvikuru apo mutongi asingatori rutivi anonzwa ufakazi nezvibvumikiso zvinobva kumativi ose ari maviri ndokupa chisarudzo chinobatira. Arbitrotion inogona kurairwa nebvumirano (chikamu chemashoko chekare chedate) kana kuti kubvumirana pashure pokumuka kwenharo. Chisarudzo chaarbitrotor ’ chisarudzo chinowanzova chokupedzisira uye chinodzorwa nechedzokororo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Kugara kunogona kuitika chero nguva, kubva padare risati rakwidzwa kusvikira mutongo waitwa asi kusati kwapedziswa. Nzira yokukwirira inowanzobatanidza kushandisa dzvinyiriro yokuwana uye ngozi yokutongwa kuti pave nechimiro chakanaka chokutaurirana kuti kugadzirwe.

Muitiro Wokutonga: Kupa Mhaka

Kana nhau yacho isina kupedzwa nokufamba kana kuti kugadzikiswa, inopfuurira kutongwa. kutonga ibvumirano yapamutemo yegakava pamberi pomutongi (kutongwa kwedare) kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi. Muitiro wacho wakarongeka zvikuru uye unodzorwa nemitemo yorumano youfakazi nomuitiro.

Matanho anodiwa edare rinobetsera vatongi vevagari vemo anobatanidza:

  • [[FTL:0] Chisarudzo (Voir Dire): Muitiro wokubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuva nechokwadi chokuti havasaruri uye vanogona kupa chisarudzo chakarurama. Maatriney nokuda kwamativi ose ari maviri anogona kudenha vatongi "kuitira donzo" kana kuti kushandisa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa che "denho" kudzinga vatongi vakati pasina chikonzero.
  • Kutaura kwokuvhura: Pfupiso isina kujeka yeicho chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoda kubvumikisa. Mupurisa anopa zvipo pakutanga, zvinoteverwa nomukwiridzwi. Kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi nharo; imepu yenzira youfakazi.
  • Plaintiff ’ Case-in-Chief: Mupopa-pasi anopa ufakazi hwavo, kubatanidza chipupuriro, magwaro, uye mishumo. Mufambiro weFoltiff [ wakananga wezvapupu zvavo, pashure pazvo mukwiridzi ane banza nokuda kwe [[FLT:]
  • [[FFLT:0] Defendant ’ Case-in-Chief: Pashure pokunge mupurisa agara, mukwirirwi anopa ufakazi hwake uye anodana zvapupu zvavo, izvo zvinodzorwa kuongororwa nomupoteri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Commentault: Boka rimwe nerimwe rinopeta ufakazi ndokutaura kuti mutemo unofanira kushandiswa sei. Mupurisa anowanzopa mhinduro yokutanga, mukwiridziridziri, uye mupokani anowanzobvumirwa kupfupikisa kupfupi.
  • Jury Mitemo (Kuna Jury): Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro penheyo dzapamutemo dzinowirirana dzaanofanira kushandisa kumaidi. Mapati anowanzopa mirayiridzo inokarakadzwa kuti mutongi arangarire.
  • Jurlibration neVerdict: Vatongi vari voga vanosarudza kusvika chisarudzo. Munyaya dzehurumende, mutoro weuchapupu unowanzova [ kufungisisa ufakazi [ (zvingabvira zvikuru kusava). Kutsamira padare, chisarudzo chingada kuwirirana.

Penzuro yeAmerican Bar Association (ABA) yemashandire anoita matare inogovera mugariro wakaisvonaka pavatori rutivi nokuyerera kwokutonga.

Kufamba Nepashure Pezvikumbiro

Rwendo rwepamutemo harugumiri harwo nechisarudzo. Vari kurasikirwa vanganyora zviito zvepashure pedare kana kuti kuita chikumbiro. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwomurangariro wakazara wekutongwa.

[[FT:0] Tsoka dzePost-Trial dzinochengetwa nomutongi mumwe cheteyo wokutonga uyo akatungamirira mhaka yacho. Kufamba kunowanzoitwa pashure podare kunobatanidza:

  • Commentation for Togument seNhaka yoMutemo (yakavandudzwa):[ Arevi kuti mumwe munhu akanga ane ufakazi husina kukwana hwokugona kusvitsa mutoro wavo wapamutemo, achitaura kuti hapana vatongi vane mufungo vaigona kuvawanira.
  • Commentation for New Triage: Zvikumbiro zvokuti mhaka yacho inodzorwa nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvinofungira mano akaipa, kusazvibata nepati kana kuti mutongi, kana kuti chisarudzo chakanyanyisa kana kuti chisina kukwana.
  • [ Commentaution to Amenid rutongeso: inokumbira dare kuchinja chitsama chemari kana kuti yamuro inokwana kupiwa.

Kana kutora kwapashure pomutongo kukarambwa, mubato unorashikirwa ungaisa appal kudare rapamusoro. Kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti chikumbiro ndi kwete kutonga kwechipiri. dare reAppellate harinzwi ufakazi hutsva kana kuti uchapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chakabva kudare rinotonga kuti rione kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitwa izvo zvakatapura muuyo.

Kukumbira kwacho kunosanganisira pfungwa dzinokosha dzinoverengeka:

  • [[FT:0] Notice of Appeal: Nguva yakatsiga, isingachinjiki yokunyora chiziviso chekukwirira (zvikurukuru mazuva 30 kubva parutongeso rwokupedzisira mudare rehurumende).
  • [ Brief:[ Mapoka anopa zvibvumikiso zvakadzama zvakanyorwa zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei dare rokutonga rakanga rakarurama kana kuti rakakanganisa.
  • Mutemo wehwirudzuro: Ikoku kunosarudza kuti inhau yomutemo inopa kunonotedzeroi kudare rinotonga ’s zvisarudzo.
    • [[FLT:]] DEVO:[[FLT:] Mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa mitsva, pasina kudzorwa kudare rokutonga.
    • [ Zvakajeka: Kuwana chokwadi kunohwirudzurwa nokunonoka kukuru; kuchangoputswa bedzi kana kuchipesana nouremu hwakajeka hwoufakazi.
    • [[FT:0] Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri: Zvirevo zvetsika nezvinooneka zvinodzokororwa nokunonoka kukuru.
  • .ral Relation: Banza rokuti magweta asvike pamberi peboka reappellate kupindura mibvunzo nokusimbisa zvibvumikiso zvikuru. Mitemo yeAppelte Procediture inodzora uyu muitiro muU.S. Dare reZvikumbiro.

Dare redare renhau rinogona [[FLT: 0] kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare rakaderera ’ ndechechisarudzo, kupesana[ chisarudzo, kana kuti [[FLT]] rapashure [[FLT]] ne[FLT] nhau yokudzokera kudare rinotongwa nokuda kwedzimwe nhau dzinowirirana nomurangariro waro. Pashure pokuita rutongeso, zvakadai semubhadharo wemari kana kuti kutora zvinhu, inovamba.

Mugumo: Kudzika Nzvimbo Yepamutemo

Nzira inobva pakuronga nyunyuto kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira ndirwendo runoraira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe — kuzivisa, kuwana, kufambisa, kuedza, uye chikumbiro — anonzvera zano rakajeka nokunzwisisa zvikuru mitemo. Nepo iyi nzvero ichigovera mepu yemugwagwa, magetsi chaiwo ane simba uye kazhinji kazhinji asingajekedzi. Maidi chaiwo enhau, chiremera, uye kunaka kwemireza yapamutemo zvose zvinoita basa guru mumuuyo. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugamuchigamuchi, kutarisirwa kwenhau kwapamutemo uye nhungamiro yegweta rinokwanisa zvinokosha nokuda kwokufambisa iyi nzvimbo yakaoma uye kuwana muuyo wakarurama.