Mutezo Wechigumi Nemana: Muchinjiziri Wekodzero Dzevagari veAmerica Neruramisiro

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment kuUnited States chinomira sechimwe chezvishandiso zvepamutemo zvinochinja zvikuru munhau yeAmerica. Chikatamisirwa pana July 9, 1868, mukati menhambo yokugadziridzwazve, chakaitirwa kusimbisa chimiro chapamutemo chavanhu vaichimbova varanda uye kugadza mupimo wenyika nokuda kwougaro, uenzani, uye kururama. Kunopfuura zana rimwe nehafu gare gare, kugadziridzwa uku kunoramba kuri mumwoyo yenyika, nharo dzinotevera zvikurusa pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwomunhu, uye ganhuriro dzakakodzera dzehurumende. Zvikamu zvakwo zvitatu zvehuganhuro zvapamutemo nokuda kwougari hwemo, unzi Claus, uye dziviriro inowirirana yapa pamutemo mumitengo yazvo, hakutongotongove kwakaitika, sezvisarudzo zvedzinza, uye kupfuurirana kugona kunzwisisa zvikuru, kupfuumbika kwazvinopfuudzira kubereka.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kuvaka Fandesheni Itsva Pashure Pehondo Yevagari Vemo

Nyaya yeKinayith Amendment inotangira padota reHondo yevagari vemo. Pakarega kuzviisa pasi muna 1865, United States yakatarisana nebasa guru rokubatanidzazve nyika yakaparadzwa nepo ichirondedzerawo mugariro wevanhu vomuAfrica vanenge mamiriyoni mana vakanga vachangosunungurwa. Hurumende ye105, yakabvumirwa muna December 1865, yakanga yabvisa uranda nenzira yakabvumirwa, asi yakasiya mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro porusando, dziviriro yepamutemo, uye kodzero dzezvematongerw enyika. South inotaura nokukurumidza kuti "Mitemo yemitemo" yakaganhurira zvakakomba rusununguko rweAfrica, ichiparira gadziriro inorongeka inobvumirwa nomutemo iyo yakatyisidzira kuparadzwa kwedonzo chairo renyika.

Mumhinduro, Republican Congress yakapfuudza Civil Rights Act ya1866, iyo yakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vaiva vagari vemo uye vakafanirwa nedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Muuyo wakanga uri weKingress ye145 Development, asi yaipfuura panzvimbo yake. Zvisinei, kunetseka pamusoro pechiito chebumbiro remitemo nenguva yacho refu yakasunda Congress kuisa mipimo yayo mikuru murumbiso. Muuyo wakanga uri weKinneth Amend Rendement, iyo yapfuura kupfurikidza neCongress muJune 18666 uye yakatenderwa namatafuti matatu ainodikanwa muna July 1868.

Kugadziridzwa kwakanga kuri denho yakananga kuchisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), iyo yakanga yazivisa kuti hakuna muAfrican American aigona kuva mugari weU.S. yakavawo nevavariro yokubvisa Mabumbiro emitemo eBlack uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yehurumende yaikwanisa kuva nechiremera chokudzivirira kodzero dzavanhu pahurumende inopesana. Muitiro wekudzoronga waida kutendera kutenderwa kwenyika yeSouth kuti iziviswe semamiriro okunyoresa Union. Iyi zvamatongerwe enyika inosimbisawo chinangwa chapakuvamba: kutanga murairo mutsva wakavakirwa paunziri uye kuenzana pamutemo.

Gadziriro: Ugari hwemunyika, Gadziriro Yakafanira, uye Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Mutezo weKinai weMitemo wakarongwa kuva zvikamu zvishanu, asi chikamu chokutanga chine zvikamu zvitatu zvamashoko zvakava netapuro huru zvikuru pamutemo weAmerica nenzanga:

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Mutongo wokutanga weChikamu 1 unosimbisa rondedzero yakajeka neinobatanidza yokuva mugari worudzi: "Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poumambo hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Iyi rugwaro rwakatongerwa Dred Scott [ ndokuita mupimo wakaenzana nokuda kwounzi wakavakirwa paudangwe, pasinei zvapo norudzi kana kuti rudzi. Runoramba rwuri hwaro hwapamutemo hwouvagari hwenhaka muUnited States, nheyo yave inotsigirwa yatsigirwazve nematare uye inopfuurira kuva nhau yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

The The Batts Process Clausle inotaura kuti hakuna hurumende icha "nyika ichashandisa dziviriro dzakawandasa muBill of Rights, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi gadziriro inotambanudza muitiro weFindrence Mendment wakafanira kuvimbisa hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, pfungwa inozivikanwa sejokuwedzera. Nhengo hurusa yashandisa Nhevedzo yeChengedzero yaClaus Claus kuti ishandise dziviriro dzakawanda muBill of Rights, kana kuti zvinhu, yakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, uye dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo kwadzoka. Chitsauko chinewo rutivi rwechiduku, dziviriro chakakomba icho chiri "chinonyorwa mumufungo werusununguko rwakarairwa," kunyange kana zvisati zvarongwa zvakarongwa zvemitemo. Iyi inowirirana nemitemo yehurumende yakavanzika, uye kubatana nemitemo yemhuri.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Weact Protection Claus inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi mukati morudzo rwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo". Iyi gadziriro ndiyo fandesheni yebumbiro remitemo yeAmerica inorwisana norusaruro. Kunoda kuti vanhu varimo nenzira yakafanana vabatwe zvakafanana, uye inopa simba matare kutema mitemo inoronga vanhu vakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, kana kuti mamwe mapoka anofungidzirwa. Masangano aSiving Classia ave motokari nokuda kwavazhinji vekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, kubva pakuderera kwemasangano ezvikoro kusvikira kukuvakwa pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakarondedzera Amendeji

Revo yeKinaiter Amendment yakaumbwa nenhevedzano yemitemo yeDare Gurusa iyo yakaedza ndokuwedzera kusvika kwayo. Dzimwe dzenhau dzine pesvedzero zvikurusa dzinobatanidza:

[[FOLT:0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Zvichida hapana mhaka yakabatana zvikuru neKirentement yechigumi namana kupfuura Brown v. Board of Education. Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Nhlangano weSangano. Dare rakaramba "kupesana asi rakaenzana" dzidziso yakagadzwa mu [[FLT:] P [FL] P [v] v. Ferguson [1866], richiita kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzanave dzakanga dzisingawirirani. [FLT: 4.] Brown] haina kugumisa nokukurumidza kunyorwa, asi yakagovera nheyo dzapamutemo netsika nokuda kwekodzero dzetsika nemitemo yeboka ravanhu uye mutemo wakafuridzirwa, kubatanidzawo chiBootiko chiK.

[[ITSO:0] Roe v. Wade[[[FLT] [1] (1973)

.Rade v. Dare rapamusoro rakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri pasi peGeneti yeClaus. Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yokuva woga, iyo yaiwanikwa kare kuva inooneka mumurangariro weI145 Demendment werusununguko rwomunhu, yakanga yakafara zvakakwana kubatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT]] RO] yaiva imwe yezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvenharo munhau yeAmerica, uye yakaputsika pakupedzisira [FLT:] Dobs v.Allson Health Organization yaVakadzi [FF:] [5] [20], iyo inodzorera kugadzikisa kupfurikidza.[FLT]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu Obergefell v. Hodges, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti Iwenaith Amendment inoda hurumende kubvumidza ndokuziva roorano dzevatano imwe chete. Dare rakapa chisarudzo charo muzvose zviri zviviri Group Claus, iyo inodzivirira maruramiro okuroora, uye Ecompate Protection Claus, iyo inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri rukundo runokosha rweLBGTQ+ maruramiro echinongedzero yekugadziridza kuchinjirwa kunzwisiso yokuenzana nechiremera.

Zvimwe Zvisakiso Zvinokosha

  • [FLT]GUTY v. New York (1925): Yakapa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzeFirst Amendment kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGungano reChiitiko chaClaus, kutanga muitiro wokubatanidza.
  • kudzosa v. Virginia (1967): Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yamarudzi ose, kurangarira kuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Muitiro wapamberi napadziviriro yakaenzana.
  • . Reed (1971]: Kekutanga, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Dare Rakakura Kudzivirira Claus Kuparadza mutemo waitsaura pahwaro hwevatano.
  • [FLT]McDonald v. Chicago [2010] : Yakabatanidza maruramiro eChipiri e Amendmentedment kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neGwara reChiitiko raClaus.

Tapuro Pakodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzazvino Uno uye Ruramisiro Yenzanga

Mubatanidzwa we14 weDzidziso unoramba uri chishandiso chinokosha mukurwisa kwepanguva imwe cheteyo ruramisiro nokuenzana.

Kuenzana Kwedzinza

Kurwisana norusaruro rwedzinza kunopfuurira kuvimba zvikuru neFelt Protection Claus. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakataura chiito chokubvuma mudzidzo yakakwirira, maruramiro okuvhota, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi kuchinjwa. Mu Figadent for Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], Dare Gurusa renhau rakataura kuti zviito zvinotenderwa nedzinza mukubvuma kwekoreji zvakaputsa Ex Protection Clausle, zvinosanochinja nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwezviito zvemhindu.

Kuenzana Kwevanhurume Nevakomana

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri chinhu chikuru kukodzero dzevakadzi. Dare repamusorosoro rakashandisa kuputsa mitemo inobata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiyana pasina pembedzo inokosha. Mitemo inobatanidza kusarura basa, kodzero dzepamuviri, uye kunetsa muvatano yose yakashorwa pasi peMitemo ye14, pamwe chete nemitemo yehurumende yakadai seTitle VII.

Kupa Kodzero

Chikamu 2 cheKineth Amendment chinogovera kuderedzwa kwemitemo yehurumende kana ichiramba kodzero yokuvhota vagari vemo vakakodzera. Nepo gadziriro iyi isingawanzoshandiswi, nheyo dzakakura dzakashandiswa mumitemo yokuvhotera mitemo, gerrymaninder, nemimwe miitiro inofungidzirwa kuti inodzikisa vavhoti. Chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro mu Shelby County v. Hamer[FLT][20:]]

Kodzero Dzokutama

Chigaro chave chiri dziviriro yakakomba nokuda kwavana vavatami, ichivimbisa kuti munhu upi noupi anoberekerwa muvhu reU.S. mugari wemo pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokutama yavabereki vavo. Iyi nheyo yakadenhwa mukurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika asi yakatsigirwa nguva dzose nematare. Gwendero reCream Claus rinodzivirirawo kodzero dzavasiri vagari vemo mukati menharaunda yeU.S., richivavimbisa kubatwa kwakarurama mukubuda munyika uye mamwe mabasa ehurumende.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nechibvumirano

Dare reSamende Claus reSangano reProce Claus ibwe renheyo yemiitiro yeutsotsi yeAmerica, inoda kutongwa zvakanaka, majaji asingasaruri, uye dziviriro pakubvunzurudzwa kwemasangano. Mutevedzeri wokudzivirira Claus wave uchishandiswa kudenha kunyorwa kwedzinza, kupiwa mhosva, nemimwe miitiro inotapura zvisingaenzaniswi vanhu vashoma. Sangano remapurisa rokuchinja nokuzvidavirira kweutsotsi rinowanzoda kuti Iwewewewewewewewewewewe wegumi naMane.

Dzidzo Ne Amendement Yechigumi Nechina

Kunzwisisa Mutezo weMitemo we14 kunokosha kuvadzidzi nevadzidzisi zvakafanana kunogovera gadziriro yokukurukura maruramiro avagari vemo, ruramisiro yenzanga, uye nhau yeAmerica.

Kudzidzisa Zvirongwa

  • Taura nevadzidzi nezvenyaya dzepanguva iyoyo dzine chokuita neKineth Amendment, yakadai sokubvuma, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye mutemo wokutama.
  • Ongorora nyaya dzeDare Repamusorosoro mukirasi, uchishandisa zvinhu zvikuru zvinobva mumashoko zvakadai sepfungwa dzedare uye nharo dzinotaurwa.
  • Kurudzira vadzidzi kunzvera uye kupa migumisiro iyo kuchinja kwacho kunoita sei mapoka akati nhasi, kubatanidza mapoka maduku edzinza, vakadzi, LGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe, uye vanhu vasina dzinza.
  • Shandisa rovedzo yokuita rutivi apo vadzidzi vanopokanidza mativi ose emubvunzo webumbiro remitemo, vachivabatsira kunzwisisa mipimo inokwikwidzana muhutongi hwe 144t Amendment.
  • Enzanisa Ivhu Revhu ra 14 negadziriro dzakafanana mubumbiro remitemo redzimwe nyika, zvakadai sevimbiso yokuenzana muCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms kana kuti Bumbiro Remitemo reIndia.

Urongwa uhwu hunogona kubatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa zvinorehwa neKineth Amendment munzanga yanhasi uye kuvagadzirira kuti vave vagari vemo vachiziva, vavimbisa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Gadziriro yegumi namana inopfuurira kuparira gakava rakakomba rapamutemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuberekwa Wakakodzera

Chigaro chainzi Claus chakatarisana nedenho dzenhambo nenhambo dzinobva kuna avo vanotaura kuti kuva mugari wemo kunokurudzira kutama kusiri kwapamutemo. Vamwe vaiti vemitemo vakakarakadza mutemo wokutsanangurazve chitsama chamashoko, asi nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinobvuma kazhinji kazhinji kuti chinjo ipi neipi ingada kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro harina kukurukura zvakananga ukoshi hwebasa rounzi Claus chifo cha 1898 nhau United States v. Wong Kim Ark, iyo inoregiodverame revana vevanhu vasiri vamazioni.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Dzidziso yomuitiro wakafanira wokusasarura inoramba ichipokanidzwa zvikuru. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inobvumira vatongi kurava zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvetsika muBumbiro reMitemo, nepo vadziviriri vanoomerera kuti inodzivirira rusununguko runokosha runokosha kunzanga yakasununguka. Gakava rave rakapinza zvikuru kubva pakuchinjwa kwe Roe v. Wade[, navamwe vanopanikira kuva nomutemo wemuitiro wakafanira wekuzvidzora chose chose uye vamwe vanodana kusvika kwakaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nechiito Chinosimbisa

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi Dare Gurusa rakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro perevo yedziviriro yakaenzana. Mu Nhevedzo dzeFair Admissions mhaka, Dare rairangarira kuti gadziriro dzokubvuma mitoo yokusaziva yedzinza mudzidzo yakakwirira dzakaputsa Test Protection Claus, asi rakasiya bviro yokuti rudzi rungangogona kurangarirwa mumamwe mapfundo, zvakadai sezvibvumirano zvehondo. Chisarumbidzo chakasunda mayunivhesiti kunzvera mitoo yakasiana yokusimudzira mhatsa, uye yakawedzera pamusoro penzvimbo yedzinza muupenyu hwavose hweAmerica.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi yeMitemo Yechigumi Nemana

Gemende re14th Amendment inoramba iri chinhu chehwaro hwehurumende yeAmerica. Simbiso yayo pakuenzana uye muitiro wakafanira yakaumba nzvimbo yepamutemo uye inopfuurira kupesvedzera kurwira kodzero dzevanhu. Kuvambira pamavambo ayo mushure meHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira pakushanda kwayo munhau dzenzanga dzinomanikidzira dzezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga, kuchinja kwakaratidza kuva chishandiso chinosimba zvikuru uye chinochinjika cheruramisiro. Kunzwisisa uku kugadziridzwa kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda nhau dzeAmerica nerwisano dzakwo dzinopfuurira nokuda kweruramisiro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira kunzvera rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza ne National Archives, kuhwirudzura mhaka dzechiratidzo chedare rapa Oyez Project[, kana kuti kunzvera kunzvera kwapa [[FLT]] Legal Information Institute.