Muitiro wokushandura pfungwa yetsika kuva mutemo unomanikidzirwa unomira sorutivi runorondedzera rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi inoshanda. Rwendo rwamaune, rwakarongwa zvakawanda runogadzirirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzana, kuva nechokwadi chokunzvera kwakakwana, uye kubudisa mutemo unobatira zvakanaka zvavose. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa rwendo urwu kubva pachikarakadzo kuenda kunzvimbo harusiwo mavambo edzidzo bedzi evagari vemo vane ruzivo. Iyi inheyo inokudzwa yoga yoga yoga, kubva pamavambo epfungwa kusvikira kukuitwa kwokupedzisira kwomutemo, kusimbisa vatambi, miitiro, uye dziviriro izvo zvinoumba mitemo inodzora upenyu hwedu.

Basa Romutemo: Gadziriro Yemakeki Nedzikamo

Masangano echibvumirano azvino uno, angava panzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende, anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iyo inoputsanya noune simba. MuUnited States, Chikamu I chezvikamu zvechiremera cheGavhura pamutemo muCongress, boka ramabhiyameral rinoumbwa neImba youmenderi neDare. Iri sangano rekabhiyamhonda rinovimbisa kuti hapana boka rimwe ringadzora kugadzira mutemo. Mabhii anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati asvika kuna purezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende dzinoumba mapuraneti dzinoratidza iyi gadziriro, kazhinji kazhinji neimba yakaderera (Sayemuko kana kuti Imba yeVamiririri) uye imba yapamusoro. Muitiro unobatanidzawo mukuru mukuru webazu (mutongi kana kuti mutongi) uye, panguva inotevedzerwa dare kupfurikidza nokuhwirusa. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa hakuwanzova kunzwisiswa nouko.

Nhano 1: Kutanga Kwebhiri – Inzwi Kusumo

Pfungwa iyoyo inogona kubva muzvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana:

  • [ ZVIREGEREZO – Mutezo weDare kana kuti muiti wemitemo wehurumende angazivisa chinetso kana kuti mukaha mumutemo uripo wakavakirwa pazvinofungwa, unyanzvi hwomunhu oga, kana kuti nzvero yemiitiro.
  • Bazu reGuru - Mapurezidhendi, magavhuna, uye vadzori vavo kazhinji kazhinji vanokarakadza mutemo wokufambisira mberi purogiramu dzavo dzemiitiro. Zvikarakadzo izvi zvinorongwa nevashandi vesangano reWhite House kana kuti sangano uye zvinosumwa nomuiti wemitemo ane ushamwari.
  • Masangano eInteterst neMasangano okushambadzira – Sangano dzebhizimisi, masangano asingabetseri purofiti, mibatanidzwa yebasa, uye mamwe masangano anowanzova mabhiri okuedzesera uye vaiti vemitemo kuti vatsigire kuatsigira.
  • [ Vagari vemo naMabhizimisi - Kupfurikidza nemikumbiro, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, kana kuti kuvimbisana zvakananga navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vanhu vamwe navamwe namakambani vanogona kukarakadza mitemo mitsva.
  • [ Hurumende [[[FT:1] – Mitumbi inodzorwa ingarumbidza chinjo dzemitemo dzakavakirwa pakuita denho kana kuti migariro mitsva.

Kana pfungwa yangova, inofanira kurongwa mumutauro wemitemo. Ikoku kunoitwa zvikurukuru nezano remitemo . @ Professional magconstant anonzvera mirangariro yemitemo kuva rugwaro rwapamutemo. Chinyorwa chinoguma chinonzi bhill[. Inogoverwa nhamba yechienzi (g. H.R. 1234 muImba, S.567 muDare remitemo) uye inowana musoro nepfupi. Panzvimbo yehurumende, zvikwereti zvinogona kuiswa mukamuri ripi neripi kana ripi, iro rinofanira kuvamba nenzira yapamutemo muImba). Pazuva rokusuma, pepa rinoraudzerwa muchinyorwa uye kudare rakakodzera.

Nhano 2: Dare Kuhwirudzura – Basa Remisangano

Chiito cheDare ndepanoitika kunzvera kukurusa kwemitemo. Matare masangano chaiwo anobata nzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro ne(Agricurical, Judiary, Mari, Sero reZvombo, uye zvichingodaro. Anoshanda semasefa, achibvumira bedzi zvikwereti zvinovimbisa zvikurusa kufambira mberi kuenda kunzvimbo yakazara. Muitiro wedare unobatanidza zvikamu zvakati kuti:

Kutsiva Nokuzvidzingirwa

Pashure pesumo, matare echibvumirano anogoverwa kudare rimwe kana kuti akawanda akavakirwa panhau. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, gwaro ringaendeswa kumatare akawanda kana richifukidza misoro inosiiwa. Dare rimwe nerimwe rine simba pamapurogiramu akati, masangano, uye nzvimbo dzinotarisirwa. Somuenzaniso, gwaro repaIndaneti rinogona kupiwa kuvose vari vaviri Homeland Security Committee neJudiciary Committee.

Kunzwa

Matare anoita matare anotonga vanhu kuti aunganidze mashoko neuchapupu. Zvapupu zvingabatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, vamiririri vemaindasitiri, vatsigiri, uye vagari vemo vakatapurwa. Mibvunzo inogovera chikuva chokuongorora simba remari, kuneta, ndyiko, uye miuyo inobvira.

Kuzivikanwa

Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinoita kuti dare ritange kuisa chiratidzo. Kana dare ramabhii ranzi ranyatsoumbwa. Pashure pokunge kugadziriswa kwemichero yomutemo kwarangarirwa, dare rinovhota kuti rione kana kuzviita, ringakurukura zvimwe, uye ringataurirana. Masangano anotanga kubatana pasati pasvika dare rakazara. Kana matare akavhota akafa, muromo wacho unenge watozodzorwa, dare rinovhota kana zvichienda ku .

Mushumo Wedare

Kana mushumo wacho ukashumwa, dare rinonyora mushumo unotsanangura chinangwa chegweta racho, chinjo dzakaitwa, uye kudzikamisa kwadziri. Uyu mushumo unova gwaro rinokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri uye nokuda kwedudziro yapashure yedare. Ungabatanidzawo mirangariro yakasiana nemitezo yedare yaishora chikwereti.

Nhano 3: Kupokanidzana Mune Zvokutamba Nazvo – Kunyengetedza

Kana dare rangobvisa bedzi bhii, rinoiswa pa REPANDAR rakazara. MuImba yaVamiririri, Riles Dare [[ rinosarudza kuti dare richaita sei uye apo pamutemo uchakurukurwa. Rinogadza urefu hwekurukurirano, nhamba yezvigadziriso zvinobvumirwa, uye nhevedzano yezvinoitika. Mudare, gakava rakajeka, rinobvumira kukurukurirana kwakarerukira, uye mira kubvumira kukurukurirana kwakatambanurwa, Refiblis, uye kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvebvumirano zvebvumirano zvebvumirano.

Mukati mekurukurirano youriri, mitezo inoitirana nharo nokuda kana kuti mukurwisana nenhau, inokarakadza kugadziriswa, uye kuedza kutsausa vabiyayo vasina kutendeseka. Iyi nhano inokosha nokuda kwokuvaka kuziva kwavose uye kunatsazve muraudzo. Kugadzikiswa kunogona kuva germane[ (kusingachinji kunhau), kana kuti, muzvimwe zviitiko, vatasvi vebhi vebhinyi vakabatanidzwa kumutemo unofanira kupfuudzwa. MuImba, kugadziriswa kunofanira kuva kunowanzova chinhu chisingadzorwi; muDare, gamuchidzanwa rekurukurirano isingaganhuriwi kazhinji kazhinji rinobvumira masangano ezvirongwa zvisina kufanira.

Hurukuro dzekurukurirano dzinosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe kurukurirano dzinopa mifungo, dzine kurukurirano dzine udzame dzetapuro dzemiitiro nemiuyo yemiitiro. Dzimwe dzinobvisa zvikuru kana kuti dzinoda mhinduro. Kunyanguvezvo, kurukurirano yapauriri inobatira basa redemocracy rokubudisa mirangariro yakasiana - siana uye kuparira chinyorwa chavose chedonzo remitemo.

Danho 4: Kuudza Vamwe Zvaunofanira Kusarudza

Pashure pokunge kukurukurirana kwapera, nzvimbo yacho inoenda kuvhota.

  • Vota - Mutungamiriri anokumbira avo vanoda kuti "yee" naavo vanoshora kuti "aiwa." Mutongi ari kurutivi rukuru. Uyu mutoo unoshandiswa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvisina kuvhota.
  • Pepanhau vhoti - Mitezo inofanira kuverengwa. Inoshandiswa apo inzwi rinenge risingajekerwi.
  • Sarudzo yakatemwa [ - vhoti yomutezo mumwe nomumwe inonyorwa pachete kupfurikidza nokuvhota (Mumba) kana kuti kudana mazita (muDare). Iyi nzira inoshandiswa nokuda kwomutemo unokosha kana kuti unokwikwidzwa. MuImba, mitezo ine maminiti 15 okuvhota; muDare, runhare rworusando rwunogona kutora nguva refu.

voruzhinji vaavo varipo nokuvhota vanodikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwokupfuura. Zvisinei, dzimwe nhano dzinoda kukura zvikuru (muenzaniso, matatu okukunda chubhu, matatu okukumbira kurumana uye kugumisa nhumbu muDare, kana kuti matritsi maviri nokuda kwokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Kana muromo wacho unopfuura, unotanhanhamiswa (zvinotenderwa) ndokutumirwa kune imwe kamuri.

Danho 5: Rimwe Dare – Maitiro Aro

Mugadziriro yebidaral, pepa racho zvino rinofanira kudzokorora muitiro wose mukamuri rechipiri. “Imba kana kuti Dare, sezvazvingava. Izvozvi zvinoreva kunongedzera, kunzwa, kuisa, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti. Kamuri rechipiri ringapfuvura mutongo wacho sezvawakagamuchira, kuugamuchira nezvinogadziriswa, kana kuti kuuramba. Kana imba yechipiri inopfuura shanduro yakasiana, makamuri maviri anofanira kuyananisa misiyano yawo.

Uyu muitiro wehiviri . unovimbisa kuti mutemo unonzverwa kubva mumifungo mizhinji uye kuti hakuna kamuri rimwe rinogona kuisa musengwa waro pasina kumanikidzwa. Misiyano pakati pedzimba nemirau inodzorwa zvikuru yeImba uye mashoko mapfupi zvikuru awiriraniswa nomugariro weDare.

Matare Omusangano

Apo makamuri maviri anopesana papepa, dare rokuwirirana [ rinounganidzwa. Iri iboka rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri (kazhinji kazhinji mitezo yavakuru yematare anokosha). Varidziri vanokurukura shanduro inobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira inokurukura misiyano. Mushumo unovapo unodzoserwa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwevhota pasina kudzoserwazve. Kana vose vari vaviri, mushumo unoenderera mberi kumukuru mukuru.

Pamwero wenyika, vabati vazhinji vemitemo vanoshandisawo matare emisangano kana kuti muitiro wakafanana "side chitananiso.

Danho 6: Kuita Zvinotungamirira – Purezidhendi Kana Kuti Gavhuna Anosarudza

Kana dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzangoita mutemo wakafanana, mari yacho inonyoreswa ndokupiwa kumukuru webazi guru, ($) Mutungamiriri weUnited States kana kuti gavhuna wehurumende. Mukuru mukuru ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • [ Chiratidzo chemutengo [ - Chinova mutemo nokukurumidza kana kuti musi wakataurwa unoshanda.
  • Mutengo - Mukuru anodzosera mutezo kudivi redare nezvirambidzo. A vhato inogona kuva [ yakazara (kunyora mutengi wose) kana kuti, mune dzimwe nyika uye pamwero wehurumende nemamiriro ezvinhu akati, line protem vento [kuv] (kuramba zvinhu zvinoshandiswa). (Note: Purezidhendi haana mutsetse programme , Dare gurusaidzo yakaidzika kuisa munenge muna 1998.)
  • Tsarura mutongo kuva mutemo pasina siginicha - muU.S., kana purezidhendi asingashandi mukati mamazuva gumi (anopfuura maSvondo) apo Congress inenge iri murusando, mutengo wacho unova mutemo. Kana Congress yaiwirirana panguva iyoyo, muromo hausati wava mutemo [[FLT:] [ichi] i [[FLT] pocketveto.

Vhoti inogona kushatiswa nevhiyi mbiri mumativi ose ari maviri 93tatu eCongress (kana kuti mudzimba dzomutemo dzehurumende umo mitemo yakakwirira yakafanana inoshanda). Kana kukunda kwakaenzana kuchiita, mutemo wacho unova mutemo pasina mvumo yavakuru vakuru. Kuedza kwokusabata kumeso hakuwanzoitiki uye kunotobudirira zvikuru, kunopiwa chinodikanwa chikurusa.

Danho 7: Kushandisa – Kuchinja Mutemo Kuva Basa

Kuchinja kwapakarepo hakuiti kuti zvinhu zvienderane nemutemo.

  • [ Kugadza [ - Masangano ebazu anotungamirirwa naVatungamiriri ane mutoro wokusimbisa mutemo kunyora mitemo ine udzame nemirau iyo inotsanangura vavariro yomutemo uye inogovera nhungamiro inoshanda. Iyi murairo unobatanidza nguva dzeziviso yavose netsinhiro.
  • Revice wiro ye-Zvondira zvinofanira kudiwa (kana mutemo uchigadzira kushandiswa) uye vashandi vanofanira kugoverwa. Ronga mari yemahofisi namasangano zvinoshandira kuronga zviwanikwa nemirairo mitsva.
  • rovedzo ne – Mabhuku eAPPP, zvokurovedza, uye nhungamiro dzemiitiro kuva nechokwadi chokuti vashandi navanhu vanzwisise zvinodikanwa zvitsva.
  • [ Kumanikidza nokutarisira – Vanzveri veHurumende, vapendi, uye matare anovimbisa kuzviisa pasi. Matare anoona nezvemitemo anewo matare anotonga kuti aone kuitwa nokutarisana nemigumisiro isina kurongwa.

Mutemo usinganyatsoshandiswi ungakundikana kuita zvaunenge waronga, pasinei nokuti wakanyatsogadzirwa sei panguva yokugadzwa kwemitemo.

Basa Revanozvipinza Muropa, Mapoka Anofarira, uye Kutora Rutivi Ruzhinji

Murwendo rwose rwomutemo, vatambi vanopesvedzera. “Lobbyzists ” (___________nobhadharwa vanotsigira fariro chaidzo) Vanoita unyanzvi, mutauro wokunyora madhindindi, uye vanovaka zvikwata. Mapoka echishuvo anobva paAmerican Medical Association kusvika kuSierra Club Mideracture, michina yemichina yemichina yokugadzirira, uye mipiro yokuumba migumisiro.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, uku kusununguka kupesvedzera kuri zvose zviri zviviri simba nekotsekano. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunobvumira manzwi akasiyana- siyana kunzwiwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pesimba remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika uye ngozi yokuti fariro dzinosanopfuudzwa dzingadzora paruzhinji. Mitemo yokuratidzira, yakadai seLobbing Displasure Act, inoda kunyoreswa nokushumwa kwemibato inonyandura. Vagari vemo vanogona kuronda mubato uyu mumanyuko akafanana ne Dare rinogamuchirwa papeji reOpenation .

Mugumisiro: Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Kuita Mitemo

Muitiro wokuita mitemo unonetesa noune. Kurongedzerwa kudzivisa chiito chokukurumidzira, chisingafadzi uye kuumba bvumirano munhano dzakasiyana - siyana. Chikamu chiri chose chedanho iri yose((introduction, hwirudzuro yedare, kurukurirano yapauriri, kukurukura kwebhikameral, kunzvera kwokutungamirira, uye kuita kuti kuve namanyuko okurangarira nokuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa urwu rwendo kunopa vagari vemo simba rokutora nenzira ine revoresa, kubva pakuonana kana kuti kuvhota. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa nhano yokutanga yokuti mitemo inoitwa sei kuva vapindi vechaungarire.

Nokuda kwokunzverazve, rangarira kushanyira Konreg. gov kuronda mubato chaiwoiwo wewisciation recontitution, kana USA.gov's kunzira kunoitwa nayo mitemo [ nokuda kwechiono chakapfupikisa. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kuongororwa kupfurikidza newebsite yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti National Conference of Legastigastitus, iyo inogovera zvitedzo pamusoro pemiitiro yemitemo yadzo kugura zvose 50.