Iyi mitemo inosarudza kuti mashoko api anowanika pachena uye kuti vanhu vangawana sei zvinyorwa zvine chokuita nokufeyafeya kwoutsotsi, kusungwa, uye zvitendero. Kunzwisisa mitemo iyi kunokosha kuvanyori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye vagari vemo vanofarira kuona nokuzvidavirira. Kurongwa kwemitemo yehurumende kunoumba nzvimbo yakaoma uko chikumbiro chimwe chetecho chinogona kubereka migumisiro yakasiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakudzora.

Nhoroondo Yokuwana Zvinyorwa Zvamapurisa

Pamberi pama 1960, kuwanwa kwavose kwezvinyorwa zvehurumende kwaiwanzodzorwa nomutemo mumwe kana kuti chisarudzo chesangano. Freedom of Information Act ya1966 yakatanga muenzaniso worudzi, asi yakashanda bedzi kumasangano ehurumende. MaUnited States akavamba kugamuchira mitemo yawo amene yakavhurika muma1970 na 1980, yaiwanzoratidzirwa neFOIA asi nemhatsa huru. Madhiredhi emapurisa, ayo aishanda munhau nenzverongedzero huru, akaunzwa zvishoma nezvishoma mumitemo iyi, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nemitemo inosunungura. Kumuka kweboka remitezo yemite yemite yemitezo yema 2000 akawedzera mativi matsva kuinoita kuti ive chinyorwa che "public].

Mabhuku Akanyorwa Zvitendero Zvepamutemo Zvehurumende: Anoita Kuti Pave Nenhoroondo Dzakaita Zviito

Nyika yose ine rudzi rwakati rwomutemo wezvinyorwa zvapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo zvinganzi Freedom of Information Acts, kana kuti Mitemo yeSunshi. Iyi mitemo inowanzoita chisarudzo chokuti zvinyorwa zvehurumende (kubatanidza marekodhi emapurisa) zvinovhurika kuvanhu. Zvisinei, ukuru hwechirongwa ichocho hunosiyana zvikuru. Chikamu chikuru chemitemo iyi chinosanganisira:

  • Kuzivikanwa kwe "rekodhi renyika" - Dzimwe nyika dzinorondedzera shoko racho zvakafara kubatanidza gwaro ripi neripi rinoitwa mubhizimisi rehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichiriganhurira kumapoka akati.
  • Kuedza [ - Dzinenge nyika dzose dzinorega zvimwe zvinyorwa, zvakadai sezviya zvine chokuita nokunzvera kunopfuurira, mafaira evashandi, kana kuti mashoko ouchenjeri. Nhamba nokusada kusunungurwa zvinosiyana.
  • [ Iva nenguva nemitero - United States inoisa misi yaanotambira kuti masangano apindure zvikumbiro (mazuva ebhizimisi anowanzosvika 10-10-20) ndokubvumira mari yokukopa nokudzorera. Dzimwe nyika mari yepepisi; dzimwe hadzipi.
  • [ Mitoo yokumanikidza [ – magweta eHurumende, matare, kana kuti masangano akasarudzwa okuona. Kukwirira kunogona kuva kunononoka uye kunodhura.

Somuenzaniso, mutori wenhau muFlorida anogona kutarisira kuti munhu akurumidze kukumbira, asi mukumbiri weRhode Island angasangana nebhadharo remari rakawanda.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwezvinyorwa Zvamapurisa

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yehurumende ichisiyana, kuhesvura kwakati kunooneka kwaitikazve muUnited States.

Kunzverwa Kunopfuurira

Zvikamu zvizhinji hazvibvumiri kuzivisa unyanzvi hwokuongorora, uchapupu, kana kuti ufakazi munhau dzinoshingaira. Uku kuhesvura kunoitirwa kudzivisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwemabasa emitemo anopfuurira uye kudzivirira kuvimbika kwematare. Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji kunoshandiswa kudzivirira mafaira enhau kuti asaongororwa. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naColorado, dzinoda kuti munhu wacho arege kunyoreswa kana kuziviswa kukanganisirwa kana zvomenemene kukuvadza kunzvera.

Kuva Woga uye Zvinyorwa Zvevaduku

Mazita eJuvenile anoganhurirwa kunenge kwose kwose kusvikira kumwero wakasiana. Mumaruwa kufanana nePennsylvania, zvinyorwa zvokusungwa kwepwere zvinovharwa kutoti mwana apomerwa semunhu mukuru. Mune dzimwe, zvakadai seConnecticut, marekodhi epwere angawanwa muchimiro chakatemerwa pashure penhambo yakati.

Nzira Dzokushandisa Mutemo Nokuchengeteka

Marekodhi anokurukura miitiro yechengeteko, miitiro yemazano anowanzosainwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza mitemo yokutenderera, unyanzvi hwokuongorora, uye mapurani okuvaka. Kukura kwe midzi yekamera [ yakavhiringidza iyi nyika dzakapa mirauriro yakananga inobvumira mapurisa kumira pasi pemigariro yakati, zvakadai seapo inoratidzira imba yapachivande kana kuti mukati memusha mukati mekutsvaka.

Zvinyorwa Zvenyaya Dzavashandi Nedzevanhu Vasiri Munzvimbo Yacho

Zvinyorwa zvokuranga, nzvero dzomukati, uye nzvero dzinoda zvikurukuru kugadziridzwa kwevazivi vomunhu oga. Sangano rinokura rokuchinja rinotsvaka kuzarura aya manyoro, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvomufambiro wakashata wavakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, SB 1421 neS16 yeCalifornia zvino inoita kuti zvinyorwa zvakati zvevakuru vakuru vorugare zvive mufambiro wakashata wakakomba kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba kusvikwa navanhu, kuputsa dziviriro dzapachivande dzakareverevesa. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naNew York neMassachusetts, dzakatevera nechinjo dzakafanana.

Kuwana Ruramisiro Yeruramisiro Youtsotsi: Kupfuura Zvinyorwa Zvamapurisa

Zvinyorwa zvamapurisa zvinongova bedzi chikamu chimwe chemashoko makuru eruramisiro emhoteredzo yapasi.

Zvinyorwa Zvokuva Nekutenda Zvakasimba Zvinoratidza Kusungwa

Mapepa okusungwa anoratidza idi rokuti munhu akasungwa asi asingaratidzi kuti ane mhaka. Dzimwe nyika dzinobata marekodhi okusungwa semashoko avose, nepo dzimwe dzichida kuti asimbiswe kana pomero dzakaregwa kana kuti munhu wacho asunungurwa. Mitemo yakadai seUtah neCalifornia yapfuura "bhan bhokisi" mitemo inodzivisa vashandirwi kuwana mapepa okusunga mukati menhambo dzokubhadharwa, kunyange zvazvo marekodhi achiripo kuti mutemo uchengetedzerwe.

Zvinyorwa zvinotendiswa zvinowanzowanika zvikuru nemhaka yokuti zvinobatanidza kuwanwa kwedare kwemhosva. Zvisinei, kunyange izvozvi zvinogona kuiswa chisimbiso kana kuti kubviswa pashure penhambo yokumirira munyika dzakawanda. The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers inotevedzera iyi mitemo inodzorwa nehurumende.

Zvinyorwa zveDare Nezvikamu Zvemanyoro Zvemadocket

Masangano akawanda edare rehurumende anochengeta masuo epaIndaneti kuti aumbe mashoko. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yaPublic Access to Court Electronic Recorders (PACE) inofukidza matare ehurumende, asi mamwe anopesana. Texas inopa Stock Portal, nepo New York inoshandisa mapepa anoshandiswa kunyoresa. Mabhuku aya anoda mari inobhadharwa pavhiki. Kusvika kumapazirobhuro emapaziro emagetsi hakudzoreki, asi dzimwe nyaya dzinovara mwoyo dzinoda kumira kumira, zvinhu zvoutano hwepfungwa (*whosssss asss asviending) haairwi kana kuti munhu oga.

Kururamisa Nemashoko Okutongera

Mashoko pamusoro pavanhu vakasungwa, kubatanidza nzvimbo, musi wokubudisa, uye mhaka, anowanzowanika pachena kupfurikidza nebato rejeri reruramiso renzvimbo dzepawebsite dzehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinogadzira mashoko angarerutswa nokuda kwavanzveri. Vera Institute of Justice uye mamwe mapurofiti akaunganidza mapepa anogamuchirwa pachena emwero yezvitengo zvetsoropodzo nokuparara kwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, kusawirirana mumawirirano emhosva anoita kuti kuenzanisa kwenhau nerevokupesana kuve kwakaoma.

Kuenzanisa Kusvika Kwehurumende: Kusanonzvera

Kuti tienzanisire kusiyana - siyana kwemitemo yenyika, funga nezvemienzaniso mitatu inoratidza nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuona nadzo zvinhu.

California: Kuwana Zvinhu Zvakawanda Nemagadzirirwo Enguva Yapfuura

California Public Records Act (CPRA) ndiimwe yedzinopa mashoko ose. Inorondedzera zvinyorwa zvavose zvakafara uye inoisa mutoro pamasangano ehurumende kuti iruramisire. Mutemo wa 2019 (SB 1421) wakaita zvinyorwa zvamapurisa zvokuranga nokuda kwezvinoitika zvakati (kushandiswa kwesimba, denho yevatano, kusatendeseka) zvinoparirwa kuziviswa kwavose. Kutevedzerwa kwomutemo (SB 16, 201) kwakakudziridza ikoku kubatanidza mamwe mapoka okusazvibata. Somuuyo, California yazova mutungamiriri mukuwadzani wezviono zvamapurisa, nezvitepfekedzo zvizhinji zvenhau zvinowana nenzira inobudirira nhau dzomukati. Zvisinei, hurumende ichiri inodzivisa kunzvera kunopfuurira kwavose uye nhau dzakati.

New York: Kuwana Kwakaganhurirwa, Kuzarurwa Kunopfuurira

Freedom of Information Law yeNew York munhau yakabatanidza kusunungurwa kukuru nokuda kwemadonzo e "mutemo wokuchengeta pamutemo" muna 2020, kutevera kunyunyuta pamusoro poutsinye hwamapurisa, New York yakadzokororwa 7650-at woMutemo weCivil Rights, iyo yakanga yakadzivirira zvinyorwa zvamapurisa painenge yaziviswa. Zvino, zvinyorwa zvokuranga zvinenge zvaiswa pasi peFOIL, asi madhipatimendi akawanda ave achinonoka kuwirirana. Hurumende inochengetawo dziviriro dzakasimba dzekarerekera kumiviri yemiviri yemiviri inodzo inodzorwa nemitemo yakasiana inobvumira masangano kuramba zvikumbiro kana makumbo acho aizodzorwa nokunzvera.

Texas: Fee-Heavy uye Manyoro

Act yeTexas Public Information Act (TPIA) inoda kuti masangano ehurumende apindure zvikumbiro nokukurumidza, asi inobvumira kubhadharwa kwenguva inopedzerwa mukuwana nokudzorera zvinyorwa. Zvinosanganisira mishumo yemapurisa. Texas Attorney General anogona kudzora kana zvinyorwa zvisipo. Kureva izvi, vakumbiri kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nefungidziro dzendyiro dzezvikumbiro zvikuru. Texas inewo chiverengero chakasiyana che "marekodhi akarekodhesi" nokuda kwemashoko ane chokuita nenzvimbo dzinovaravirira nokuchengetedzwa. Nepo marekodhi okusungwa achiwanzova pachena, hurumende haina purojeti yepa wepakombiyuta yemapepa emapurisa, achiita kuti zvikumbiro zviome.

Denho Mukuwana Kutsigirwa Neruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo iri papepa ichiita kuti zviome, zvinonetsa izvi zvinokanganisa vatori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye vanhuwo zvavo.

Kushandiswa Nokurovedzwa Kunochinja - chinja

Vashandi vepaAgency kazhinji kazhinji havana rovedzo pamusoro pomutemo wenhau, kuchitungamirira kumhinduro dzinopesana. Chikumbiro kudhipatimendi guru ramapurisa reguta guru chingaitwa nesangano remarekodhi akatsaurirwa, nepo hofisi duku yomukuru mukuru wemapurisa iri munharaunda yomumaruwa ingasava nomuitiro wakajeka. Uku kusawirirana kunogona kuguma nokunonoka kusina mufungo, zvikumbiro zvinorasika, kana kuti kuramba kunobva padudziro dzisina kururama dzokuregeredzwa.

Zvipingamupinyi Zveruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Madhipatimendi akawanda emapurisa achiri kuvimba nezvinyorwa zvepepa kana kuti mapurogiramu ehurumende asinganzverwi nyore. Kunyange kana marekodhi emichina aripo, angachengetwa mumafora asingasvikiki nyore nyore (sezvinganzi, maPDF ascan emishumo yakanyorwa nemaoko). Mutengo wokubatanidza mapepa ekare unogona kurambidza, uye mitemo yenyika haiwanzoda masangano kugovera mapepa mugadziriro yomuchina. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neWashington, dzakapa mitemo inobvumira mipimo yemazita akazaruka noruoko, asi kugadzirwa kwacho kunononoka.

Ndyiko Dzakakwirira Nevacheri Venyama

Mafee anogona kuva mhinganidzo huru. Nepo nyika zhinji dzichibvumira masangano kubhadhara bedzi nokuda kwendyiko dzakananga dzokubereka, dzimwe dzinobvumidza kubhadharwa nokuda kwenguva yavashandi. Chikumbiro chakaoma chinogona kukurumidza kupinda mumazana kana zviuru zvamadhora. Mitemo mishomanene yenyika inogovera mari inodzorwa yoga nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvavose, uye vatori venhau kazhinji kazhinji vanofanira kushandisa gadziriro dzemari kuti vakurukure mari yakaderera. Komiti yeFreedom of the PROM

Kusawirirana Nekunonoka Mumutemo

Apo chikumbiro chinorambwa, mukumbiri angada kukwirira kumutumbi unodzora kana kuti mudare. Ikoku kunogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore. Masangano maduku enhau navanhu havawanzova nepfuma yokupa. Kunyange apo matare anenge achitsigira kuziviswa, masangano angakwirira, kumwe kunonoka kusvika. Mhaka dzakakwirira, dzakadai sedare rinotsvaka kupfurwa kwechikwata chamapurisa, dzakaguma nechisarudzo chemitemo yomugariro asi dzinotora makore kuti dzipedze.

Basa Revatori Venhau Nemapoka Evafundisi

Vatori venhau vave vari pamberi pakushandisa mitemo yakazaruka yokufumura kusazvibata uye kuita kuti mapurisa ave nokuzvidavirira. Nzvero huru mukushandiswa kwamapurisa kwesimba, rusaruro rwedzinza, uye chirango chomukati zvakatsamira pazvinyorwa zvavanhu zvinopfuurira kukumbirwa. Masangano asingapinzi mhindu akafanana MaMock uye Center yeperety yeProvision [[FLT]]] inogovera zvishandiso nenhungamiro nokuda kwokuita zvikumbiro zvinopfuurira. Masangano aAssociated Press akaisa miganhuro yemiteko yapamutemo yekupinda yemapurisa. Basa ratungamirira kugadziriso, zvikurukuru kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa.

Miitiro Yemiitiro Yetsika Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Zvinhu zvakawanda zviri kuumba remangwana rokuwana mashoko emitemo inotongwa nevanhu.

Kuwedzera Kujeka Kwochirango Chamapurisa

Sezvacherechedzwa neCalifornia neNew York, masangano ari kusunungura dziviriro dzapamberi pezvisainwa zvesimbi nokuda kwamafaira amapurisa. Mabhii akafanana akaitwa munyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri. Masangano akafanana ne Civil Liberesties Union yeAmerican Convil Union mutsigiri wemipimo yenyika. Zvisinei, masangano amapurisa ari kukwikwidza iyi chinjo mudare, achiitirana nharo kuti anoputsa maruramiro avakuru vakuru.

Zviteshi Zvemashoko Zvakakura

Hurumende dzose dziri kuisa mari mumapepa enhau anoshandiswa paIndaneti anoisa mashoko edare rinopa mhosva. Purogiramu yeFBI yeCHEPF’ICRIM Reporting (UCR) neNational Intemplificided Reporting System (NIBRS) inogovera mapepa enyika, asi masuo enzvimbo dzehurumende anowanzopa zvinhu zvinowirirana zvikuru uye zvinonzwika. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naVirginia naKentucky, dzakagadzira mawebsite ehurumende anobvumira vanhu kunzvera marekodhi okusunga mapepa nenhau dzedare. Izvi zvinogonawo kuderedza mutoro weFOIA zvikumbiro zvoga zvoga zvoga zvoga.

Kudzikamisa Kuona Zviri Pakati Nezvinhu Zviri Pachena Nezvinhu Zvisiri Zvepabonde

Kuiswa kwemitemo yemapurisa nedare kwakaita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kupinda nokuda kwapakati pezvikamu. Zvisinei, zvakaparirawo zvinetso zvitsva zvechivande. Migshot website idzo mifananidzo yapashure pokusungwa uye kudzorwa kwokubviswa zvakanyandura mitemo muhurumende dzakadai seTexas neOregon. Kubviswa kwemapepa eutsotsi nekambani dzemunhu oga kunogona kutungamirira kurusarura mudzimba nemabasa. Majeri emitemo ari kurwisana nenzira yokuchengeta nayo marekodhirobhoti evoruzhinji nepo anodzivirira vanhu panjodzi dzisina kufanira. Zvigadzikiso zvinobatanidza mitemo yemitengo yemitengo yemazita omunhu oga, nguva inoganhurirwa pamusoro pokuti mapepa anoramba aripo paIndaneti, uye kodzero dzinowedzerwa kuti ashandiswe kutsika.

Basa Remakhamera Omuviri

Makamera omuviri anenge angova ose zvino, asi kubatwa kwawo kwapamutemo sezvinyorwa zvavose kunoramba kusina kudzorwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinotapurwa sechinyorwa chavose, nepo dzimwe dzichiibata seyahesvurwa kana kuti inoganhurira kusunungurwa kwayo. Nhungamiro yeFederal inobva kuDhipatimendi reRuramisiro inokurudzira kuva inopenya, asi mitemo yomunzvimbomo inosiana zvikuru. National Association of Criminational Lawyers yakadana nokuda kwemipimo yakajeka yokuvimbisa kuti tsoka dzinochengetwa uye dzinosvikirirwa nokuda kwamadonzo omutemo.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavakumbiri

Pasinei nokuti uri mutori wenhau, mutsvakurudzi, kana kuti mugari wemo ane hanya, kunzwisisa muitiro wacho kunogona kuvandudza mwero wako wokubudirira.

  • Kuratidzira sangano rakarurama. Marekodhi amapurisa anowanzoitwa nedhipatimendi ramapurisa rakaasika. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvokusungwa, jeri romunzvimbomo kana kuti hofisi youkuru hwenhau ingavawo yakafanira. Mazita edare anobata nomunyori wedare.
  • Ratidza mutemo werekodhi rako rehurumende. Tsvaka rugwaro rwomutemo, kusazvinyima, uye chivako chemari. Manyika mazhinji anobudisa FAIA nhungamiro. Freeal Freedom of Information Coalition inochengeta zviteshi zvehurumende.
  • Nyora chikumbiro chakajeka, chakananga. Dzivisa mutauro usina kujeka. Batanidza mitsetse yemisi, mazita, nhamba, uye manyorerwo aunoda.
  • [[[FOL:0] Gadzirira kunonozeka nokuramba. Tevera pakunyora, chengeta zvinyorwa zvetsamba dzose. Kana uchiramba, kumbira kusunungurwa nokukumbirwa kana kwakafanira.
  • Tsvakai betsero. Sa Dare remishumo reRusununguko rwePress rinopa chitsama chikuru nokuda kwavatori venhau. Maganhuro omunzvimbomo eAmerica Civil Liberies Union angagovera zano rapamutemo.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende pazvinyorwa zvamapurisa namashoko eruramisiro youtsotsi inokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuona nokuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kusiyana kwemiitiro munyika dzose kunoreva kuti kodzero dzokuwana dzinogona kusiana zvikuru. Chimiro chiri kukusununguka zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvechirango zvamapurisa uye kushandisa zviitiko zvekufambisa, asi zvinodzivisa zvinokosha zvinoramba zviri muchimiro chokuregeredza, mitero, uye mhinganidzo inoshanda. Kuramba uchiziva pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende yakananga uye kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa apo kuita zvikumbiro zvinobetsera vagari vemo navanyori venhau kunzvera nomutoo unobudirira nzira yokuwana nayo manyoro avose. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuurira kudzokororo ose ari maviri, varevereri vanoramba vachingwarira kuchengetedza maruramiro evoruzhinji kuziva apo kudzivirira fariro dzapamutemo. Dziridzo dzapamutemo hadzina nyore kana kuti dzina kugadziriswa, asi dzinoramba dziri madikanwa kudzora.