Bumbiro Remitemo Rezvinodikanwa ZveFederal Wardant

Gadziriro yeChina yeChibvumirano kuUnited States inogadza nheyo yokuti mugari wemo ari wose ane maruramiro okudzivirirwa pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha. Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana, zvisinei; inobvumira kupindira kwehurumende apo inotenderwa nenzira yakafanira nebvumirano yakapiwa pachisakiso chakakodzera, ichitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kuongororwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. matare eFederal anodudzira izvi zvinodikanwa nenzira inomanikidzira, achivimbisa kuti zvibvumikiso hazvisi mabudiro asi zvinodzivirira zvechokwadi pachiito chehurumende. Dare Gurusamende rasimbisazve kuti chinodikanwa chinobvumirwa chinobatira senzvimbo chepamutemo pakati pomutemo nerusununguko. Nokuda kwokunzwisisa zvikuru rugwaro rweGejimendementsmeticss nenhau, bvunza [FFF]

Mumuitiro wehurumende, miraidzi kana kuti mutongi woruwa anopiwa maruramiro pashure pokuhwirudzura kumbiriso yakapiwa nomukuru mukuru wedare kana kuti muchuchisi. Kumbiriswa kwacho kunofanira kugadza maidi( kwete mhedziso chete) idzo dzinotanga chisakiso chinobvira. Idzi maidi dzinopiwa zvawo muaffidavit yakapikirwa. Angopiwa, murairo unofanira kuurawa mukati menguva ine mufungo (kazhinji mazuva 14 nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende muMutemo 41 weFederal Rules of Criminal Procediture) ndokudzokera kudare nezvikamu zvakatorwa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvikamu zveprocration zvinokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzepamutemo, vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vemutemo, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kudzivirira maruramiro avo mukati mokunzvera kwehurumende.

Kutsvaka Kunoitirwa Nharo: Zvinodikanwa Zvine Unhu

Kunzvera kunobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kupinda munzvimbo dzakatarwa ndokutsvaka ufakazi hwakananga. Kuti iwane, hurumende inofanira kugutsa zvinodikanwa zvitatu zvinowirirana zvebumbiro remitemo: chisakiso, mhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye chakananga. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinosimbisa zvimwe kudzivisa maruramiro avose () kubatwa zvisina kufanira kumene uko kwakanyandura kugamuchirwa kweGaramende Yechina.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Chisakiso chinovapo apo pane bviro inoparirwa zvakanaka iyo inobvumira kudzorwa, ufakazi hweutsotsi, kana kuti munhu anosungwa achawanwa munzvimbo yacho kuti anzverwe. Iyi mupimo haipiniki kupfuura chibvumikiso chinopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo asi chinopfuura kufungidzirawo zvako. matare eFederal anoyera sezvinobvira chisakiso chokushandisa hwerengedzo ye-countacts, yakatanga kujeka [[FL: 0]] inowanwa mu [[FLT] v. Gates, U. 213. (1983). Affidat).

Munzwa Kana Kuti Kupora

Kushanda kwose kunofanira kupikirwa mumhiko kana kuti kusimbiswa pamberi pomukuru wedare. Chinodikanwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti mashoko anopiwa ndeechokwadi uye anodzorwa. Kana mubato uchiita, affidavit inopika pamberi pomutongi, uyo angabvunzawo chipikirwa. Chinodikanwa chinoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri kushandiswa kwapakuvamba uye kugadziriswa kupi nokupi nokupi kunotevera. Kana mutengidziri wejeri ane mashoko enhema anozivikanwa kana kuti akaitwa nenzira isina kufanira, kodzero ingapfumiswa pasi pomutemo unotangwa mu . Firearosel [FLD:1], U.U.1548) mutongi anogona kuisa mhaka yedare rokusakarurama.

Kurondedzera

Geza reChina Remenderation rinoda kuti chibvumikiso chirondedzere neredikanwo yezvose zviri zviviri nzvimbo yokusechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Ichi chinodikanwa chakati chinorambidza kushandiswa kwezvibvumikiso zvinobvumirwa kunzvera. Nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho, rugwaro runofanira kugovera udzame hwakakwana hwakakwana "zvakadai sekero yomumugwagwa, nhamba yeyunifomu, kana kuti rondedzero inoonekwa yenzvimbo inozoda kugonesa vapa vashandi kuzivisa nzvimbo yakarurama nenhamburiko dzine mufungo. Nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zvinofanira kubatwa, chitupa chinofanira kuvarondedzera nechakakwana chokudzivisa kupfakanyika kusina ukama. Tsinja kwakaenzana ne “mubato woutsotsi” hachineigwinyi; panzvimbo pe, maruramiro anofanira kuronga magenti akadai semigariro yemiitiro yemirimo, mari, uye masero ecelllective anoshandiswa muimwezve yorumano rwedare. [F.]

Kuurawa Nokudzoka Kwechitengi

Federal Rupreme of Criminal Procedure 41 inodzora kuitwa kwemitemo yokutsvaka. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuita murairo kazhinji kazhinji mukati mamaawa emasikati (6: 00.m. kusvikira ku 10:00 p.) kutoti dare richibvumira kunzvera kwousiku nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. Chiratidzo chinofanira kupiwa nomukuru mukuru anopiwa zita murugwaro kana kuti nomumwe mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ane chiremera. Vasati vapinda, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuzivisa kuvapo kwavo nedonzo kutoti “nono - kicken. chirongwa chinoshanda. Pashure pokutsvaka, mukuru mukuru anofanira kugadzirira nokukurumidza kunyorwa munzvero yezvinhu zvakabatwa uye dare. Mutengi wacho unobatanidza kopi yegirobhurosa yepepa nendaro yezvinhu. Mutongi anofanira kuita chiratidzo ndokunzvera kana kuti ashandiswe chinhu.

Vasungwa Mudare Rehurumende

Kusungwa kunosimbisa kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti munhu aendeswe kuchengetedzwa nemhaka yezvinobvira zvokuti munhu wacho akaita mhaka yehurumende.

Chisakiso Chinotongovapo Chokusungwa

Chisakiso chinoparirwa chokusungwa chiripo apo maidi nemigariro zvinozivikanwa kumukuru mukuru zvingatungamirira munhu wenyevero ine mufungo kudavira kuti munyumwiri wacho akaita utsotsi. Mutengi anotsigira chibvumidzo chokusungwa anofanira kugadza maidi akananga kusimbisa rutivi rumwe norumwe rwemhosva. Nemhaka kana kuti mhedzisowo zvayo yokuti munyumwiri wacho “anonzvera zvinodhaka. Anofanira kutadza kurangarira chitemeso chechitendero chomukuru mukuru. Somuenzaniso, kuba bhangi kunofanira kuratidzira kuratidzira kuzivikanwa kwechapupu, kunzvera kwetsoka kuratidzwa kwevanonyumwirwa panzvimbo, uye nokuda kwechapupu chinonyumwirwa. Chisarudzo chedare chinofanira kuva chinokwanisa kuona hwaro chechitendero mu [FEL:].[3]

Kuoneka Muvasungwa

Chiratidzo chinofanira kuziva munhu kuti asungwe nezita kana kuti, kana zita racho risingazivikanwi, kupfurikidza nerondedzero inogonesa mukuru mukuru kuziva munhu ane chokwadi. Ikoku kungabatanidza mavara omuviri, mazita anozivikanwa, kana kuti mamwe mashoko anozivisa akadai serezinesi romutyairi kana kuti nhamba yeSocial Security. Zvinodikanwa zvinodzivisa kusungwa kusina kururama uye zvinovimbisa kuti munhu bedzi anodudzwa murugwaro ndiye anoiswa muchengeteko. Kusafanana nemagwaro okunzvera, zvinyorwa zvokusunga hazvidi rondedzero yenzvimbo yacho kuti itsvakidzwe, asi rugwaro rungabatanidza nhungamiro yokuti mukuru mukuru asungwe papi kana papi papi panowanwa muvhotera, anova nechokwadi chokuti apinde muudzo mudare wechitatu.

Gadziriro Yokushandisa Inokurudzira

Kuti awane maruramiro okusunga mubatanidzwa wehurumende, muroveredzi womutemo kana kuti muchuchisi anopa nyunyuto mutsigiri mutsigiri anotsigirwa nemumiririri anodzokorora maidi anokosha anoparira mhaka. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kupikirwa pamberi pomutongi wemajaji, uyo ipapo anotema kana chikonzero chiripo. Kana dare rikawana chisakafanira, mutengi anopiwa mutongo unoraira mukuru mukuru mukuru kuti asunge mukwiridzi ndokuunza mukwiridzi pamberi pedare. Mutemo unoramba uchishanda kusvikira pakuurawa kana kuti kuhwirukirwa. Pashure pokusungwa, mukwiridzi anofanira kuunzwa pamberi pomutongi pasina kunonoka nokuda kwokutanga, apo popotera inoraviwa, bhiridzo inoziviswa, uye mukwidziridzi anoziviswa maruramiro. [[FLD:]

Kusungwa Pasina Mumiriri: Maganhu Neganhuriro

Mutemo weFederal hausati uchitongoda chibvumikiso chokusunga. Vakuru vakuru vangasunga munhu pasina pamutemo kana vane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira munhu wacho kuti akaita mhaka pamberi pavo kana kuti kana mukuru mukuru ane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti kupara mhaka kwakaitika, kunyange kana kusati kwachengetwa. Zvisinei, Remendement yeChina ichiri kuda kukurumidza kuparira kutsunga kukurumidza pashure pokusungwa kusina mvumo. Kuwedzera, kupinda mumusha kuti vaite kuti kusungwa kuitwe kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda pamutemo, kutoti kana migariro inopesana sechinhu chinopisa kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo noufakazi. Dare Gurusarusaru mu [FLT: 0] . . .V.V.[FLT: 1], 44.U.5 , U.U.555

Kutarisira Kwokutonga: Basa Renyanzvi Dzokuziva

Kuiswa kwechirango hausi muitiro werabha inoiswa murunyararo. Gavhuna anohwirudzura anofanira kushanda sousatori rutivi uye asingawirirani, kwete sechibvumirano chokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Majaji anonzvera kuzara kweaffidavit, angada mashoko okuwedzera, uye anogona kubvunza wirirano. Mupimo wokuhwirudzura ndewokuti, pasi pemiganhu yemigariro, pane bviro yakajeka iyo ufakazi kana kuti munhu anosungwa achawanikwa seanorondedzerwa. Magistrate anewo chiremera chokugadziridza rugwaro rwechibvumirano (h) nokuda kwechinoitika, kupfurikidza nokuganhurira nguva yokuuraya kana kuti kuganhurira zvinhu kuti kubatwa. Pashure pokugamuchira, uye kuratidzira kupfurikidza noudzokoro. [5]

Kudzivirira Kunozivikanwa Navose Nedenho Kuvapoteri

Apo rugwaro rwakavakirwa pakuratidza kusina kukwana kwechisakiso chinobvira, kushaiwa chimwe, kana kuti kuurawa zvisina kufanira, mukwiridzirwi angatanga kudzvinyirira ufakazi kana kuti kudzima kusungwa. Kutonga kwokubvisa kazhinji kazhinji kunodzivisa hurumende kushandisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGwechina. Zvinetso zvinowanzobatanidza kudenha kuvimbika kwezviziviso, kunonongedzera kuzvisaririra zvezvinhu, achiitirana nharo kuti pamutemo wakundikana (imo, kupfurikidza namashoko esimba), kana kuti kusimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vai vezvo vanopfuura mwero wetendero yakawanwa mukuwirirana nenhau yacho. Mu Flawss. Delarew, Dare gurusaidzo rakarangarira kuti mukwiriri anzwe kana vakaratidza kuti varatidziregirwo vane kusaziva kana kuti vasingazivi mashoko enhema nokuda kwamashoko, uye kunzvera mashoko.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kusiyana kwevasingabvumirwi kuchengetwa kwemutemo kunobvumira kuti vatsvake kana kuti vasungwe pasina mvumo, kana pachibvira chikonzero kana kuti kufungira kune mufungo.

  • Chinoitika chokutsvaka kusunga: Varwi vangatsvaka musungwa nenharaunda iri muudzori hwapakarepo kuti vave nechokwadi chekotsekano ndokudzivisa kuparadzwa kwoufakazi.
  • Shoose: Kubvuma kwokuzvidira nokuziva kunzvera, kunopiwa nomunhu ane chiremera panzvimbo yacho, kunobvisa kudikanwa kwegwaro.
  • Migariro yakakomba: Pfupiso dzakadai sokuronda kwokukurumidza, tyisidziro yekare kuupenyu, kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi runogona kururamisa kupinda kusina maruramiro kana kuti kutsvaka.
  • Chiono chomurangariro chaPlain: vakuru vakuru vangawana ufakazi mumurangariro wakajeka kana varipo nenzira yapamutemo uye rudzi rwokupomera rwechinhu chacho runooneka nokukurumidza.
  • Kusiiwa kwemotokari kusingadzorwi: Kana chisakiso chinobvira chiripo chokuti motokari ine ufakazi hwoutsotsi, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera motokari pasina maruramiro, akavakirwa pakufamba kwemotokari yacho uye kariro yakaderedzwa yokuva voga.
  • Kunzvera kwoudzori: Kunzvera kwakati, utano nekotsekano, uye kunzvera muganhu kungapfuurira pasina magwaro akarongwa mugadziriro dzakananga.

Idzi mhesano hadzisati dziri marezenisi okufuratira muitiro wekubvumidzwa apo kunenge kuchibvira; panzvimbo pezvo, dzinokurukura migariro umo kuwana rugwaro rwapamutemo kungava kusingashandi kana kuti kunganetesa mano ehurumende okudzivirira chengeteko yavose.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Nokuda Kwenyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, kunzwisisa mifungo yezvinodikanwa zvinokosha nokuda kwokuronga zvikwaniriso zvinobudirira zvokudzvinyirira. Vashushi, nenzira inopesana, vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kushandisirwa kwemashoko kunorongwa nokusanotsigirwa namaidi akavimbika. Vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanobetserwa nerovedzo yakajeka yeaffidavit, ukoshi hwezvibvumikiso. Kukundikana kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda kunogona kuguma noufakazi hwakaoma, kubviswa kwemhosva, kana kuti mhaka dzevagari vemo pasi pe [[FLT:] V. Vatanhatu Zita risingazivikanwi , 403].[71], , , kupfuunika mativi ose.[7], kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemifungo yemifungo yemifungo, uye masangano ebasa renzanga, uye manyuko manyuko matsva. [5]

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvakatangwa neGaramende reChina nerezvokunatswa nematare ehurumende zvinoranganisa nokungwarira pakati pekotsekano yavose nekodzero dzevanhu. Kana tichitsvaka pamutemo wokutsvaka ufakazi kana kuti chibvumikiso chokusunga musungwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kushandisa gadziriro ine udzame yemitemo inoda chisakiso chinobvira, mhiko, uye pamutemo. Kutarisira kwedare navakuru vakuru vedare kunovimbisa kuti zvibvumikiso hazvipiwi nyore uye kuti simba rehurumende risachenge raongororwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubvumwa kusingabvumiki kuti zvinhu zvokunzvera kwoutsotsi uye kudikanwa kwokukurumidza mumitevedzero. Nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, vamiriri vehurumende, uye vagari vemo vakafanana, kunzwisiswa zvakakwana kweizvi zvinodikanwa kusimbisa kuti ruramisiro kubatira pasina kudzivirira rusununguko urwo runonziridzwa rweChina. [FExter]