Kunzwisisa Pomero Dzoutsotsi: Rwendo Rwakabva Kumutongo Wokumutongo

Nzira inobva pakuronga kupomerwa mhosva kumugumo ndeimwe yemiitiro inoguma yaparirwa zvikurusa mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kana uri mudzidzi womutemo, nyanzvi mugadziriro yeruramisiro, kana kuti mumwe munhu anoedza kunzwisisa zvingaitika kana iwe kana kuti mudiwa akapomerwa, anonzwisisa rutivi rumwe norumwe runokosha. Nyaya inokufamba mudanho rimwe nerimwe rakakomba, kubva pakutonga kwokutanga kupfurikidza nokutonga, kutongwa, mutongo, mutongo, uye chirango. Uchadzidzawo pamusoro pekodzero dzemupomerwi, basa rokukumbira, uye kugona kukwirira. Kuzosvika mugumo, uchava nokunzwisisa kwakakwana, kubetsera kwemhaka yemhaka mudare.

Nei Kuronga Izvi Kuchikosha

Tsika yekutonga kwemhosva yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa simba rehurumende rokutonga nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Nhano imwe neimwe (kubva pachisarudzo chikuru chedare rinobetsera vatongi) kupomera kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira chedare rinobetsera dare rokutonga (jekiseni) kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana munhu anopomerwa pasina muitiro wakafanira. Masumo epanhambo ipi neipi anogona kuchinja zvikuru muuyo wemhaka. Kunzwisisa idzi nhano kunobetsera vapomeri, vanyajambwa, uye vanhu vanoona kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa sei chaizvoizvo.

Chii Chiri Mhosva?

Kupomera mhaka itsika, yakanyorwa kuti munhu akaita mhaka. Hakusati kuchingova zvako pomero yemapurisa; chisarudzo chinoitwa nedare guru kuti pane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira mupomerwi akaita mhaka yacho. Findfter Amendment kuU.S. Constitution inoda kuti nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba (matsotsi), kupomera kwehurumende kunofanira kupfuurira nokupa mhaka kutoti kana vapomerwi vapikiswa vakarurama. Masangano mazhinjisa anotevedzera mitemo yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachibvumira vachuridzi kunyora mhaka zvakananga ne “Interlation” nokuda kwemhosva shomanene.

Basa Rechijuri Chikuru

Vatongi vakuru iboka ravane 16 kusvikira ku23 vagari vemo vakadanwa kuzonzwa ufakazi hunopiwa nomuchuchisi. Kusafanana nedare rinotonga, vatongi vakuru havasarudzi kuva nemhaka kana kuti kuva asina mhaka. Panzvimbo pezvo, inopindura mubvunzo mumwe: pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwokuunza mupomerwi kukutonga? Kutonga kwacho kwakavanzika, uye vapomerwa kazhinji kazhinji havana maruramiro okupa ufakazi kana kuti kunyange kuvapo.

  • Chisakiso chakarurama: Vatongi vakuru vanofanira kuwana kuti munhu ane mufungo angadavira kuti mupomerwi angangoita utsotsi. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura “kusava nechokwadi chine mufungo.”
  • Simba rokuyananisa: Kana vatongi vakuru vakawana ufakazi husina kukwana, rinodzorera “mutongo,” uye mhaka yacho inoderedzwa (hwunongedzero) pane dzimwe nguva vachuchisi vangadzorera ufakazi hwakasiana kudare guru rinobetsera.
  • Muuyo unopinza: Angopa bedzi dare guru rinobetsera vatongi “mutongo wechokwadi,” kupomera kuva rugwaro rwokupomera runotanga nenzira yapamutemo kukwirira.

Nokuda kwezviwanikwa pamusoro pokushanda kwakaisvonaka kwedare redare redare, bvunza [FLT]U. Dare rinotsanangura pamusoro pematare makuru ne [[FLT]] .[FLT]

Kutanga Kupa Mirayiro Nenhanho

Kupa mhosva chinhu chinotokosha chinotadzisa hurumende kumanikidza vagari vemo kumira vachitongwa nemhaka yepomero dzisina musoro kana kuti dzisina kururama.

Kuongorora uye Uchapupu Zvaiunganidzwa

Masangano anotarisira mutemo − mapurisa, FBI, DEA, kana kuti mamwe masangano ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende . Anounganidza ufakazi chaihwoihwo, anobvunzurudza, hwirudzuro, uye angashandisa zvikamu zviduku kuti zvimanikidzire chipupuriro kana kuti zvinyorwa. Nharidzano ndeyokuvaka nhau yakasimba zvakakwana kupa kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuratidzwa Kuimba Yamajeri Yakanaka

Zvapupu zvingadanwa, uye muchuchisi anotsanangura kuti ufakazi hwacho hunotsigira sei rutivi rumwe norumwe rwemhosva inonzi. Nemhaka yokuti vatongi vakuru vanonzwa rutivi rwomuchuchisi bedzi, muitiro wacho unowanzorondedzerwa sowakayamurwa mumwe chete (jekiseni) rutivi rwamaune kuvimbisa kuti mhaka dzisina kusimba dzinotongwa vasati vasvika pakutongwa.

Kusarudza Nokushandisa

Pashure pemharidzo, vatongi vakuru vamaune. Vanovhota kana kuisa mhaka pachivande. Chiverengero chamavhoti anodikanwa chinosiana kupfurikidza nehurumende; mutemo wehurumende unoda vanenge vakuru 12 kuti vabvumirane. Kana voruzhinji (kana kuti vatongi vakakwirira) vachibvuma, “mutemo wechokwadi” unobudiswa, uye mutongo unoiswa kudare.

Mhaka: Chitarisiko Chedare Rokutanga

Kana mutongo wangopiwa bedzi, nhano inotevera imhosva.

  • Pomero yacho inoraviwa zvinonzwika (kana kuti kupetwa) naizvozvo mupomeri anonzwisisa chaanopomerwa.
  • Mukwirirwi anoziviswa nezvekodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero kugweta.
  • Mukwirirwi anopinda muchikumbiro: [[FLT: 0] mhosva, kwete kuva nemhaka, kana kuti nolo imadiere (hapana makwikwi).

Chikumbiro che [[FT:0] chisina mhaka chinoreva mhaka ichapfuurira kutongwa. Chikumbiro chine mhaka chinonyandura nhambo yokutonga. Hapana chikumbiro chemhosva chakafanana nokukumbira kwemhosva asi hachigoni kushandiswa kurwisana nomukwirirwi mudare rehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Pakutonga, mutongi anosarudzawo pabhegi kana kuti migariro yokusunungurwa.

Kutanga Kufamba: Kupedza Kutonga Munhandare Yemhosva

Pashure pokutonga uye pamberi pokutonga, mativi ose ari maviri anonyora zviito pamberi pedare. Uku kutora zvinhu kunogona kutapura nenzira inoshamisa ufakazi hunonzwa vatongi uye kunyange kana mhaka yacho ichienda kukutonga. Kufamba kunowanzoitwa pamberi pedare kunobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzinga:[[FLT: 1] Kuzvidzivirira kunotaura kuti pomero dzinokundikana kutaura mhaka, kuti mutemo weganhuriro wapera, kana kuti kupomera kwakanga kwakashata.
  • Kutsunga Kudzvinyirira Ufakazi: Mudziviriri anokumbira mutongi kubvisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweFine Amendment (kutsvaka kusina mufungo nokubvumwa), Finummergate (kuzvidira), kana kuti Sikisith Amendment (kodzero yezano). Kana ufakazi hunokosha hukadzvinyirirwa, kupomera kungava kusingagoni kubvumikisa mhaka yahwo.
  • Commentation for Chinjo yeVenue: Kana kuzivisa pamberi pedare kukaita kuti kuve kusingabviri kuwana vatongi vasingasaruri, dziviriro ingakumbira kuendesa kutonga kuimwe nyika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Motion muLimine: Kutanga kwedare kubvisa ufakazi hwakati kana kuti ufakazi husati hwapiwa kuvatongi, zvakadai senongedzero kuchinyorwa choutsotsi chomunguva yakapfuura chomukwiridziridziri.

Uku kutora zvinhu kunotevedzerwa mukutonga, uye kutonga kwomutongi kunowanzosarudza ukuru hwekutongwa. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru, ona nhungamiro yeNolo kumiitiro yedare mumhaka dzoutsotsi[FLT :3].

Kuwana Matura: Muuyo Wavose Zvikurusa

Kunokosha kucherechedza kuti ruzhinji rwemhosva dzoutsotsi (dzinopfuura 90% mumiganhu mizhinji) dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nemhedziso, kwete muedzo. Chikumbiro chibvumirano pakati pomuchuchisi nedziviriro umo mukwirirwi anoteterera ane mhaka kumuripi muduku kana kuti kune imwe yepomero dzakawanda mukutsinhana mutongo wakareruka kana kuti kudzingwa kwezvimwe zvinhu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kutaurirana: Muchuchisi anoderedza pomero (mutoo, kubva pamhaka kuenda panhema) achidzorera nokuda kwokukumbira mhaka.
  • Kutaurirana: Muchuchisi anorumbidza mutongo wakananga (mutoo., kuedzwa panzvimbo petorongo) nokuda kwechikumbiro.
  • [ Chibvumirano chokutaurirana: Mapoka anobvumirana namaidi akati achapiwa kudare.

Mutongi anofanira kutendera chibvumirano chacho ndokuvimbisa kuti chinenge chiri chokuzvidira uye kuti mukwiridzi anonzwisisa migumisiro yacho. Nepo achiitiranwa nharo, kukumbira kunokosha kutarisira matare edare. Zvisinei, vakwirirwi havatongodikanirwi kugamuchira chikumbiro; vanogona kuomerera nguva dzose pamaruramiro avo kukutonga.

Muitiro Wokutonga: Uko Mhaka Inoedzwa

Kana nhau yacho isingapedzi kupfurikidza nechikumbiro, inopfuurira kutongwa. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinovimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera risingasaruri mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Kutonga idanho umo muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwoutsotsi kusava nechokwadi chine mufungo[. Kudzivirira hakufaniri kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka; kunongoda bedzi kumutsa panikiro ine mufungo.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Vatongi vanotanga kutaura vasati vatanga, vanosarudzwa muboka ravagari vemo. Vose vari vaviri vachuchisi nedziviriro vanobvunza mibvunzo yokuziva mirangariro inobvira. VaAttorney vanogona kudenha vatongi nokuda kwechisakiso (mutoo, hama yokunyama nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo) kana kuti kushandisa denho dzokusunungura kubvisa vatongi pasina chikonzero (neganhuriro). Vavariro yacho idare rinotonga rakarurama nerisingasaruri.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kudzivirira kungapa mashoko okuzarura nokukurumidza pashure kana kuti kuachengeta kusvikira pashure penhau yomuchuchisi. Uku kutaura hakusi ufakazi; iko iko kunyora migwagwa yedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Vachuchisi vanodana zvapupu ndokusuma zvinyorwa, zvinhu zvinooneka, uye chipupuriro chenyanzvi. Kudzivirira kwapachipiyaniso chimwe nechimwe pashure pokunge vapomerwi varega, dziviriro ingapa ufakazi hwayo imene nezvapupu, kubatanidza mukwiridziri (uyo ane maruramiro okusapupurira). Ufakazi hunodzorwa nemirairo yorumano, yakadai semitemo yorunyerekupe nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda.

  • [[FOLT:0] Kunzvera kunonyandura: Papati inodana chapupu inobvunza mibvunzo yakapedzwa pachena.
  • [ Cross kunzvera: Vapokani vanobvunza mibvunzo inotungamirira kuidza kuvimbika.
  • [[FT:0] Kuratidza nokupazve: dzimwe mativi kuti ajekese kana kuti kutaura kunodenha.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Vachuchisi vacho vanoti uchapupu hwacho hunoratidza kuti pane mhosva pasina mubvunzo.

Mirayiridzo Yechikoro

The judge instructs the jury on the law they must apply, including the definition of the crime, the burden of proof, and the elements that must be proven. The jury must follow these instructions when deliberating.

Mhosva Yacho: Ane Mhaka, Kwete Ane Mhaka, Kana Kuti Hung Jury

Vanofanira kusvika pachisarudzo chimwe chete mumhosva dzemhosva (mumasangano akawanda uye mumatare omubatanidzwa).

  • [[FLT: 0] GUITY: Vatongi vanowana kuti vatongi vakabvumikisa chinhu chiri chose pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  • Haana mhaka: Vatongi vanosarudza mukwirirwi nemhaka yokuti muchuchisi akakundikana kusvitsa mutoro wake. Kuregeredza ndokwokupedzisira, (8) hurumende haigoni kukwirira murevi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vatongi vaHung (dare):[[FLT: 1] Vatongi havagoni kusvika chisarudzo chinowirirana. Mutongi angazivisa mhaka isiriyo, uye muchuchisi anogona kusarudza kugadzirisa nhau yacho nedare idzva rinobetsera vatongi.

Kana mutongi wacho aine mhosva, anogona kukurumidza kuronga musi wokutongera kana kuti dzimwe nguva, angatongerwa musi iwoyo.

Kutongera: Kuziva Chirango

Kutongwa idanho rakafanira kuranga kutongwa nodare; mutongi ane njere padanho rakagadzwa, asi anofanira kurangarira;

  • Ukuru hwemhosva [ (umh. mwero wokukuvadza, kushandiswa kwamasimba masimba).
  • Nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi (kupwiswa kwemashoko kunogona kutungamirira kukuwedzerwa kwetongerwo).
  • [[[NHAU]] Zvinhu zvinoparira [ (panguva, batira pamwe, nhau dzoutano hwendangariro, pwere).
  • Zvinhu zvinowedzera [ (kunyanya mufambiro woutsinye, basa routungamiriri, kudenha vanyajambwa vasina dziviriro).

Mitsetse inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • [[FT:0] sungwa (nebviro kana kuti isati iri yepasuole).
  • Chirango[ (kusunungurwa kwapera nemigariro yakadai sokuedza mirimo, kupa zano, kana kuti nguva yokusvika pamba).
  • [[[FOL:0] uye mutengo [ (ripo kuvanyajambwa).
  • [ Basa rekommuni, kusungwa mumba, kana kuti kutariswa kwemagetsi.

Nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, mutongi anonzvera Varentensing Guides yeU.S., iyo inogovera nhevedzano inorumbidzwa yakavakirwa pamwero wemhosva nenhau youtsotsi. Zvisinei, nhungamiro dzacho idzoro, kwete kusungirwa, kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu United States v. Booker [2005] (2005)] Hurumende ingava nemitsetse yayo inotonga.

Kukwirira Nokurapa Kwokupedza Kudya

Mukwiri ane kodzero yokukwirira kudare repamusoro, achitaura kuti zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakaitika paitongwa nyaya yacho. Zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa navose zvokukwirira zvinosanganisira:

  • Kubvuma kana kuti kurasa uchapupu zvisina kukodzera.
  • Miraidzo isina kururama yedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • Kuzvibata kusina kunaka kwokutonga.
  • Rubatsiro rusingashandi rwezano.
  • Ufakazi husina kukwana hwokutsigira kupwiswa kwacho.

Dare rokukwirira rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga uye rinoona kana pane chikanganiso chipi nechipi chakachinja zvikuru mugumisiro wacho. Kana zvakadaro, chingachinja kutendwa, kurayira kuti mutongo mutsva uitwe, kana kuti kuchinja mutongo. Muchuchisi haawanzogoni kukwirira mutongo waasina mhosva, asi angakwidza zvisarudzo zvakati kana kuti mutongo usiri wapamutemo.

Pashure pokunge kukwirira kwakananga kwapera, vakwirirwi vangatsvaka betsero yapashure pokukwirira (habheas corpus) mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, vachipokanidza kuputswa kwemitemo uko kwakanga kusina kusimudzwa kare.

Kodzero Huru Dzomutemo Mumuitiro Wose

Tsika yekutonga kwematsotsi yakavakirwa padziviriro dziri muBill of Rights.Hedzino kodzero dzinokosha zvikurusa padanho rimwe nerimwe:

  • [[FLT: 0] Foundation:[[FLT: 1] Kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari; ufakazi hunowanikwa zvisiri zvapamutemo hungaderedzwa.
  • Fith Amendment: Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara, dziviriro panjodzi mbiri, chinodikanwa chemhosva huru yedare rinotonga nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, uye muitiro wakafanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] SSHmendment: Amaruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, ziviso yepomero, kurwisana kwezvapupu, muitiro wokumanikidzirwa nokuda kwezvapupu, uye betsero yezano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yeMitemo yeChibvumirano: Kudzivirirwa pabhedha rebhedha rakanyanyisa nechirango chechienzi.

Kunzwisisa idzi maruramiro kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotarisana nepomero kana kuti anoshanda mugadziriro. Nokuda kwechidimbu chakakwana, ona [[FLT]] American Bar Association’s inhungamiro kutsika yeruramisiro yeutsotsi.

Mugumo: Chinokonzera Kururamisira

Kubva mufungidziro dzakavanzika dzedare guru rinobetsera vatongi kusvikira pamutambo wavose wekutongwa uye mhedziso yechisarudzo, rwendo rwemhosva dzakarongedzerwa kudzivirira vose vari vaviri nzanga nomunhu. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe(kupomera, kumira, kukumbira, kutongwa, kukwirira, uye kukwirira) chinangwa chakananga mukusimbisa kuti kupwiswa kwakavakirwa paufakazi hwakavimbika nemiitiro zvakanaka. Kana uri kutevera mhaka yakakwirira yedare kana kuti kungoda kunzwisisa kodzero dzako, kuziva muitiro uyu kukupa simba rokuita basa negadziriro yepamutemo. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kurava, shanyira [[FLT:][5]