Murangariro wecheki nedzikamo ibwe rekona reUnited States Constitution, dziviriro yechivako yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba mubazu rimwe ripi neripi rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera pakati pomutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga, iyi gadziriro inoparira simba routariri hwedare rinobatira pamwe iro rinoita kuti udzvinyiriri huve hwakaoma kuzadzika. Kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa basa nedzikamo kushanda kwesimba kweUnited States kwakagadzirika sei kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri neiko kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kusimba kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo ouzivi, miitiro inoshanda, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvenheyo iyi yenheyo yenheyo.

Mavambo Echeki Nedzikamo

Midziyo youchenjeri yemipimo nedzikamo yakananga kurondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yakare. Wezvenhau wechiGiriki Polybius akanzvera Roman Republic ̱ bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana, iro rinobatanidza madzimambo, zviremera, uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti zvivakire dzikamo. Asi pesvedzero yakananga zvikurusa pavatangi veAmerica yakanga iri muzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra 1748 [FL:] Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo, Montesquieu adai kutaura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, chiremera, namasimba okutonga zvinoparadzana. Akanyevera, Ü apo masimba emitemo akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti mumuviri mumwe cheteyo, hamugoni kuva nerusununguko.

Iyi mifungo yakaumba zvikuru vagadziri veU.S. panhau dzeReformation. Mukati mekurukurirano dzekubatanidza, James Madison akarondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira ungwaru hwecheki nechiyero mu Firest. 51 , kunyora: #820; kunofanira kuitwa kuti vakurire chinzvimbo. ” mafreams akaramba kuparadzanisa kwakachena kwamasimba mumutsaro wetsika umo bazu rimwe nerimwe ringava nemwe denderedzwa rokudzora pane mamwe, nokudaro kuvimbisa kuti hapana chinhu chimwe chaigona kudzora. Uku ndiko kwakanga kuri kubviswa namaumbirwe eCerner, akaumba mitemo yehurumende yakaitwa isina simba. Hurumende inoparira mamiriro ezvinhu akasimba zvikuru kuti ipararire.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Hurumende yeUnited States inokamura chiremera chayo pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana yebumbiro remitemo. Uku kuparadzana ihwaro apo gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvinotsamira.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa ne Corer [Imba yavamiriri neDare], rinogoverwa simba rokuita mitemo. Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga masimba acho, kubatanidza mitero, mirau yezvokutengeserana, uye kuzivisa hondo. Dare rinobatawo simba rechikwama chehomwe(H) inogona kupedzwa pasina kunzvera kwacho kwomukati: Imba neDare zvinofanira kubvumirana pamutemo wakaenzana pamberi pokunge ratumirwa kupurezidhendi.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinotungamirirwa ne President, uyo anobatira somutungamiriri wehurumende, mukuru mukuru, uye mutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Chikamu II chinopomera purezidhendi kungwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Purezidhendi ane zvishandiso zvinokosha zvisina mumwe, kubatanidza zvirango zvevakuru vakuru, kuva nesimba, uye mano okugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru (nekusimbiswa kweDare). Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru mukuru mukuru akawedzera kusvika kwaro, zvikurukuru mumuitiro wokumwe nokuchengeteka kwamarudzi, achiita musangano nokutarisira kwose kwokutonga.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa ne Dare redare reSangano reSangano uye rinotsigirwa nematare ehurumende epasi, rinotsanangura mitemo ndokusarudza pamutemo wayo. Chikamu III chinosimbisa judicariary yehurumende noupenyu hwevatongi, inodzidzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero yedare ine simba zvikurusa ndi [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [mano okuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rakasimbiswa muchapupu chenyika [[FLT:]].Masbourcerbury.[FLD]

Kuongorora Nokudzikama Kunoita Basa

Kukurukurirana uku kunoita kuti chiito chimwe chete chiome uye chikurudzire kufunga uye kubvumira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

  • O kushata kwemifungo: Dare rinogona kupfuudza mutemo pamusoro peveto yapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Kupasa nokubvisa: Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza purezidhendi navatongi) kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji vakapfava; Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri namatatu.
  • Kusimbiswa kweChibvumirano: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vamiriri vedare nokuda kwenzvimbo dzamatare, zvigaro zvehurumende, uye vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • [ Treaty Revision: Dare rinofanira kubvumira zvibvumirano zvinotaurirwa napurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri.
  • Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora kupiwa mari nokuda kwemibato yose yehurumende, kubatanidza masangano anotungamirira nedare rinobetsera matare.
  • [ Utariri hunoyera: matare eCongress anogona kunzvera zviito zvavakuru vakuru vebazu, magwaro echiduku, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro.
  • Kutendeutswa kweJuriscion: Congress inogona kuchinja kudzora kwedare reChikurusa, mukati meganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo uye Muzinda Wacho

  • Veto Power: Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira nhamburiko ingakurira inobvira.
  • Simba rePradon: Purezidhendi angapa kanganwiro nokudzoserazve mhaka dzehurumende, idzo dzinogona kudzivisa tongero yokutonga.
  • Simba rokugadza: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, achiumba judiary ̱ nyora kwamakumi amakore.
  • [[FOL:0] Mirairo Inoshanda: purezidhendi anogona kupa nhungamiro dzinotakura simba romutemo, dzinodzorwa nokuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga neganhuriro dzemari dzesangano.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

  • [[FUT]Judicial Review: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kusiana nemitemo, ichibvisa zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yesangano nezviito zvavakuru vakuru.
  • [ Kubatanidza Mitemo: Vatongi vanodudzira izvo Dare rakareva pakunyora mutemo, kuzadzika kwemiitiro nenzira inobudirira.
  • Vatongi veFederal vanoshanda mukati momufambiro wakanaka, kuvadzivirira pakutsiva namamwe mapazu.

Aya masimba anotsiva anoita tsinhirano huru. Somuenzaniso, kana purezidhendi akasainira mutemo uyo gare gare unobvumikisa kuva une chinetso, Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kuuparadza; asi Congress inogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokudzosa mutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuraira gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinoreva Cheki Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yacho inoshanda mabasa anoverengeka anokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chikuru pakati pawo kudziviswa kwoudzvinyiriri hwuri — vavariro imene Madison akaziviswa muFederalist N. 51. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzanya simba uye kuda batira pamwe, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti munhu upi noupi kana kuti sangano ripi ritore udzori hwehurumende yose.

Kudzivirirwa Pakudzvinyirira

Nhau yakazadzwa nemienzaniso yehurumende dzakava dzinodzvinyirira nemhaka yokuti hakuna miitiro yomukati yakadzora simba ravo. Vadzori vaiziva zvikuru nezveiyi ngozi, vachiva vane ruzivo rwokutonga kwehurumende pasi pomutongi uyo anogona kudzora mitemo yehurumende yehurumende ndokudzinga. Constitution ’ nzvero dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa zvakaenzana zvipi nezvipi zvazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa hondo; Congress anofanira kubvumira chiuto. Purezidhendi haagoni kuisa vagari vemo pasina muitiro wakafanira; judiary inogona kubudisazve whits of habeas corpus. Iyi haisi inoedzwa munjodzi dzakadai seHondo yeChigari chavagari vemo, kudzoka kwaMajani mukati meMerikan yeHondo yeNyika II, uye kudzorwa kwehondo dzehondo dzemitemo yepamutemo, nguva imwe neimwe inodzorwazverwazvero yehurumende yehurumende, nguva iyo &17; protam yeSalsonson.

Kukurudzira Kuzvidira Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Nemhaka yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kazhinji kazhinji kutsvaka batira pamwe yomumwe kuti riite nharidzano dzaro, kunzvera nokudzikamisa mamiriro. Muitiro wemitemo muenzaniso mukuru: mutongo unoda kupfuudzwa namakamuri ose ari maviri eCongress, uchiteverwa netendero yapurezidhendi. Kana purezidhendi wehotoes, Congress anogona kukunda bedzi nemasimba makuru. Iri mauto anoraira kuvaka mibatanidzwa mizhinji, kuronga zvikarakadzo zvakanyanyisa. Nenzira yakafanana, kuronga kwedare kunoda kuti pave napurezidhendi napanoyera netsigiro yeDare, kuchitungamirira kumuitiro wokukwidziridza bvumirano kana kuti kurwisana kwamasimba masimba.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Mitemo inodzivirirawo rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Zvisarudzo zvekodzero zvinodudza zvakananga dziviriro dzakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza kworudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira, asi idzi maruramiro aizova asina purogiramu inodzivisa bazu risingazvitsigiri. judicary, newinourefe, zvinokosha zvikurukuru muna ikoku. Matare ehurumende anogona kuhwirudzura mabasa ehurumende anodzokorora vagari vemo ’ kodzero, somunhau dzechiratidzo dzakafanana ne Brown v. Board yeDzodzidzo yeDzirowa [54] [FLT:] [12]]. . .[FFFLT]

Matambudziko Egadziriro Yezvinhu

Kubatana kwenzvimbo dzinogara kwakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiita kuti kushanda pamwe chete kwemapazi kuve kwakaoma.

Kuvharwa Kwemvura

Kana purezidhendi neCongress zvikadzorwa nemapoka akasiyana - siyana, kana kuti apo mativi makuru eCongress anenge akatetepa, kazhinji kazhinji anoguma. Hurumende inovhara [1] sekudzima 2013 Afford Care Act uye 2018-2019 kuvhara rusvingo rwemuganhu nemari inotsigirwa nejekiseni kugona kuva mhingani pane kuva dziviriro. Vavambi vacho vaikarira kuti kuda chinzvimbo kukunda chinzvimbo, asi havana kukarira kuti ruvimbiko pane dzimwe nguva rungakurira ruvimbiko rweboka.

Kunyanyodzora

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akakudza simba ravakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru namabasa anoitwa pasina wekumwe. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa bazu rewisciogn ’ basa. Somuenzaniso, zvirango zvavakuru vakuru pakutama, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika zvakadenhwa mudare, nebudiriro yakasiyana. Dare Rapamusoro rapamberi pane dzimwe nguva rakava nechengeta, semu [[FLT: 0] Pritation & Tube Co. v. Sawer[FL:] [12] [15], (18], izvo zvakarova Purezidhendi Tru Ù kukwidzwa kwezvigadziko mukati mehondo mukati mehondo yeKorea, uye [FLDT]][F]][5]

Kutonga Nokuganhurirwa

Vatongi vamene vakatarisana nepomero dzokudarika miganhu yaro. Apo matare anotonga mitemo yakakurumbira, vatsoropodzi vanoapomera nezviito zvokutonga zvinoda kutongwa. Nenzira yakapesana, vadziviriri vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kuita kuti ganhuriro dzemitemo dzive kunyange apo mugumisiro wacho unenge usingadiwi. Kusimbisa paDare guru redare kwazova kusingadzorwi zvikuru, uye boka rimwe nerimwe richitsvaka kuumba murwi wedare kwemakumi amakore. 2016 kuramba kurangarira Merrick Garland ̱ kuisa muganhu uye kusimbiswa kwapashure kwaAmy Coney Barrett kwapa ratidzisai kuti kunzvera kwacho kwazova chombo chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuparara Kwemaoresa

Kupfuura masimba ebumbiro remitemo rakarongwa, mipimo mizhinji inotsamira pamipimo isinganyorwi. Somuenzaniso, mapurezidhendi anoremekedza nenzira yamagamuchidzanwa kuzvimirira kweDhipatimendi reRuramisiro, vanodzivisa kushandisa simba rokukanganwira kubatsira vasonganiri vanopomerwa ushati, uye kutsvaka tendero yesangano nokuda kwechiito chehondo kupfuura mhinduro pfupi. Apo iyi miraudzo inoputswa, mamiriro ezvinhu ̱ simba rinoderera. Kunzvera kwetsika, kwave kuchishandiswa kukurukura nokudzvinyirirwa kunofungidzirwa, asi kubudirira kwayo kunotsamira pakudavirira kwevamiririri kuti vadzore kutendeka kweboka.

Kunaka Kwazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yemakerekero Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri yakaremara; inochinja kupfurikidza nokushandisa nokududzira. Kupfuurira kurukurirano pamusoro pesimba rechiremera, kuronga kwedare, uye rock roumbitisti kunosimbisa kudikanwa kwokuti vagari varambe vakavimbisana. Sarudzo yakasanoumbwa icherekedzo yamasanga imene, sezvo murangariro wavanhu unogona kupesvedzera vagadziri vemitemo napurezidhendi zvakafanana.

Zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvakasimudzirwa kusimbisa nzvero nedzikamo, kubatanidza miganhu yenguva imwe yevatongi veDare Gurusa, chinjo kukoreji inosarudzwa, uye matanho okuderedza kuderedza kudzorwa kwemasangano anotsiva. Munguva ino, kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga uye nhambo dzenhau dzamaawa 24 zvakachinja kuti mapazi anokurukurirana sei uye anokwikwikwidzana nokuda kwetsigiro yavose. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha mukuchengetedza nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinoramba zviri rutivi runokosha rwekudzora kweAmerica, gadziriro yamaune yakaitirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri nokudzivirira rusununguko. Nepo tsika inotarisana nedenho dzinokosha kubva kudivi rimwe divi, kuwedzera kwehurumende, uye rwisano dzinobatanidza, yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvikuru mumazana maviri amakore. Mafirrs ̱ nzwisiso (jekeserano) inodzorwa kubatira zvakanaka zvavose kuti itsigire nyika ̱ inova democracy yekare karesa. Nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo yokutonga kuti itsungirire, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kunzwisisa mitoo yacho ndokudzivirira perero yacho. Savagari vemo, tine mutoro wokupedzisira wokuvimbisa kuti chishuvo chinopfuurira kutsigira zvishuvo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[FLT: 0] National Archives ’ kopi yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rugwaro rwakazara rwe [[[FLT:] Fiteraderan Nhai. 51 naJames Madison[[FLT:]], Dare Rapamusoro & #217; chisarudzo mu [[[FLT:]] marbury v. [183] [185] [5], kunzvera kwazvino uno [[FLT] uye chiyero chazvino uno muzana ramakore 21 kubva kuBrookiat [FL:], uye mafact 7]