Chikonzero Nei Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Zvichitsigira Utongi Hwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Murangariro wechekero nedzikamo inheyo yakavakirwa panheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichiita kuti simba rive risina kuiswa mubazu rimwe rehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inosimudzira kuzvidavirira uye inodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, ichiiita chinhu chinokosha chenzanga yedemocracy inoshanda. Pasina iyi dziviriro yegadziriro yamatomukiro, ngozi yehurumende dzinopinda muudzori, apo mutemo unova udzoresa kutonga kwomunhu mumwe kana kuti boka. Kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nechiyero zvinoshanda sei uye chikonzero nei zvichiri madikanwa nokuda kwomugari wemo wemo wehurumende yehurumende yese anoda kudzivirira maruramiro avo uye anozvidavirira kuhurumende.

Kunzwisisa Kunonzvera Nokudzikama: Muchina Webumbiro Romutemo

Pakati pezvisakiso, nzvero nedzikamo zvinonongedzera kumiitiro inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuganhurira masimba avamwe. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti maruramiro avagari vemo anodzivirirwa. Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba, inorondwa kuzvinyorwa zvaMontesquieu uye gare gare yakaiswa muU.S. Constitution, inokamura chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi matatu anoenzana. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogamuchira maruramiro akasiana emasimba, asi rinogoveranawo mukushandiswa kwamamwe mabasa anopfuudzira.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

MuUnited States, hurumende inokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu, rimwe nerimwe rine basa raro guru:

  • [ Dare reBazu: Mutoro wokuita mitemo. Congress (Imba yavamiriri neDare) inobata simba rechikwama, inogona kuzivisa hondo, uye ine chiremera bedzi chokuva vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa.
  • [ Bazu rePurezimendi: Mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, anogona kuisa mutemo, uye anogadza mitezo yedare reSangano reSangano reHurumende (inozviisa kusimbiso yeDare).
  • Bazu reJodicial: Mutoro wemitemo yokududzira. Matare eFederal, anotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, ane simba rokuhwirudzura dare(] mano okuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba chaiwo nemitoro, uye rinoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira. Uku kuparadzana kunokosha mukuchengeta hurumende yakadzikama. Asi kuparadzana kwoga hakuna kukwana.(8) Mapazu anofanira kuvawo namano okunzverana. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutongo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress anogona kudzora kupfurikidza nechiverengero chikuru chezvitatu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mutemo usingatsiviki, asi Congress anogona kukarakadza kushandura kududzirwa kwedare. Uku ndiko kunoita kuti gadziriro ine simba ive inonzvera nechiyero panzvimbo penheyo inodzosera.

Kushandiswa Kwemakeki Nedzikamo

Kupfuura kukamukana kwakafara kwamasimba, miitiro chaiyo iripo kuti imanikidzire kuzvidavirira. Pakati pezvinokosha zvikurusa ndeidzi:

  • `ITY] Simba: Mutungamiriri anogona kuramba mutemo, achimanikidzira Congress kurangarirazve. Ikoku kunodzivisa bazu romutemo kuisa mitemo iyo mukuru mukuru anorangarira kuva isina kuchenjera kana kuti isingagamuchirwi.
  • Sarudza Kusimbisa: Sangano raPurezidhendi nokuda kwavanyori vekabhineti, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume dzinofanira kutenderwa neDare. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo chirevo muna anoshandisa simba rehurumende nerokutonga.
  • Kupasa nokubvisa: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi weSangano, kana kuti mutongi wehurumende nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakaipa." Dare ipapo rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri.
  • `JUdicial Review: Kubvira Marbury v. Madison (103), matare ehurumende ane simba rokusarudza kana mitemo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Iyi icherekedzo ine simba pazvose zviri zviviri Kokorodzano nePresidente.
  • Simba rePfuma: Congress rinodzora ndyiko dzehurumende. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa muVhirmendi pasina mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress. Ikoku kunoganhurira mano omukuru okuwanira mari nhamburiko pasina tendero yemitemo.
  • Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinotaurirwa naPurezidhendi zvinoda zano nemvumo yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveDare. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru haasundi rudzi kuzvibvumirano zvokumwe pasina tsigiro huru.

Izvi zvirongwa hazvisi zvokungofungidzira chete; zvakaedzwazve munhau yose yeAmerica. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akarondedzera zvakakurumbira zveSecond Bank yeUnited States, asi kuona kuti Congress inokundikana kumudzora. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kurambidza kufamba kwaPrezidhendi Trump kwakashorwa mudare uye kwakatsigirwa kana kuti kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma navatongi vehurumende vakasiyana - siyana, zvichienzanisira mutambo unopfuurira wechiito chevakuru vakuru nehwirudzuro.

Kukosha Kwekero Nedzikamo Mukuchengetedza Rusununguko

Kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu kunobatsira mabasa anoverengeka anokosha munyika inosarudzwa nevanhu isingagoni kurerutswa:

  • [ Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba: Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mano okunzvera mamwe, hakuna bazu rimwe rinogona kudzora. Ikoku kunodzivisa kubuda kwomudzvinyiriri kana kuti boka roudzvinyiriri.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe:[ Iyi gadziriro inobetsera kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye kuti hakuna bazu rehurumende rinogona kudenha vanhu kana kuti mapoka nenzira yamaune.
  • [ Kushandiswa kweCollation: Kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe pakati pamapazu kunokurudzira kurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchimanikidzira vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kushanda mumativi ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vawane miuyo.
  • Ubhangi: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinozvidavirira kune mamwe, richisimudzira kujeka muzviito zvehurumende. Apo rimwe bazu rinodarika, rimwe rinogona kuripa mhaka.
  • Kushanda: Kupfurikidza nokuderedza muitiro wewiroori uye kuraira bvumirano yakafara, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinoderedza ngozi yokusangwarira kana kuti mitemo inokurumidza kuiswa ingagona kuparira kuvadziko yenhambo refu.

Pasina kunzvera nedzikamo, pane ngozi yeudzvinyiriri nedzvinyiriro, sezvo nhau yakatiratidza nguva nenguva. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kuiswa kwesimba muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kunogona kubvisa rusununguko. Rangarira kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru pasi paPurezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt mukati mekuderera kukuru kweProfesimendi neHondo Yenyika II. Nepo zvizhinji zvezviito zvake zvakanga zvakakurumbira, ivo vakatangawo nharo pamusoro peganhuriro dzechiremera chapurezidhendi. Dare Rapamusoro pakutanga rakarovanya zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zveNew Deace, chiyeuchidzo chokuti kunyange munguva dzenjodzi, Bumbiro remitemo rinodzika miganhuro.

Mienzaniso Yenhau: Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Kwakaita Hurumende

Munhoroondo yose yevanhu, hurumende dzakasiyana - siyana dzakaongorora uye dzakaita zvinhu zvakadzika midzi kuti dzichengetedze vagari vemo uye kuti vachengetedze vagari vemo.

  • The Roman Republic: yakagadza gadziriro yakaoma umo mavhozheni, Dare, uye magungano zvakanzvera masimba omumwe nomumwe. Masangano akaraira hondo asi akabatira gore rimwe bedzi; Dare raidzora mari; uye magungano akapfuudza mitemo. Gadziriro ino inodzivisa munhu upi noupi kudzora republic kwamazana amakore.
  • Constitution yeUnited States: yakagadzira gadziriro yamaune yechekeso nedzinodzikama pakati pemitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye mapazu okutonga. Vagadziri, vanopesvedzerwa navafungi vokujekeswa neruzivo rwavo vamene rwokudzorwa naMambo George III, vakaronga hurumende yemasimba akaganhurirwa. Federalist Papers (Zvikuru Aiwa. 10 naAiwa. 51) vanotsanangura kuti kunzvera nechiyero zvingadzora sei idikariro negwinyiro.
  • Hurumende yeUnited Kingdom: Isina bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, UK inoshanda mugadziriro youchangamire hweparamende, asi necherekedzo dzakadai seImba yaMadzimu yakaganhurirwa, hwirudzuro yedare reSangano rePuremhesa, uye kudzorwa kwemitemo kwamambo kwetsika kunenge kwabvumirwa (zvino yava muitiro). Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, UK yakaona kusawirirana pakati pomukuru mukuru (Mukuru mukuru mukuru nakambani) uye mujeresi pamusoro penhau dzakafanana nokunyorwa kweParamende muna 2019, izvo Dare rapamusorosoro rakatonga zvisizvo.
  • Mitemo yetsika: Nyika zhinji nhasi dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji nemisiano. Mutemo weGermany weSicreen yeSangano reHurumende unosimbisa gadziriro yakasimba yehurumende neDare reMitemo inogona kurovanya mutemo. Muitiro weFrance unobatanidza purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga, gurukota guru ringapindurirwa kuparamende, uye Dare reMitemo rinohwirudzura mitemo. Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unoratidzira muganhu wedzikano unowirirana nenhau yaro nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti macheki nedzikamo hazvisi chinhu chimwe chete chinogadziriswa. Zvinoda kugadziridzwa uye kugadziridzwa. Kana padanho rimwe rebazi, rimwe racho rinofanira kupindura. Kana gadziriro yacho yadzika miganhu, vagari vemo vanofanira kuda kuchinja.

Zvinetso Zvokuongorora uye Kudzikama Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwawo, nzvero nedzikamo zvinotarisana nedenho dzakakomba muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno:

  • Parisan Polareation: Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzoisa fariro dzawo pazvakanaka zvakarovedzeka, kuchitungamirira kuruvara. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora ose ari maviri mapazu ehurumende nemitemo, vangazengurira kushandisa utarisiri. Kana udzori hwakakakamukana, kudzongonyedzwa kunogona kuodza hurumende.
  • Kushanda Kurebesa: Mapurezidhendi kana kuti mapuresi makuru angaedza kufutunura masimba avo kupfuura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji achidudza chengeteko yorudzi kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvekurumidziro. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yehurumende, kutaura kwokusaina, uye masimba akakudziridzwa ehondo kwakawedzera zvikuru. Kunzvera kubva kuBrennan Center ye Justice mapepa ayo vose vari vaviri purezidhendi veRepublican neDemocratic vakakudza nawo chiremera chavakuru vakuru paha yehafu yehafu yezana rapfuura.
  • judicial Activs. Dare Rokutonga: Matare angadarika miganhu yawo, achipesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemitemo panzvimbo pokungodudzira mitemo. Kukakavadzana pamusoro poukoshi hwakafanira hwedare kunopfuurira. Munguva ino, kudenha kwezvamatongerwe enyika pahururamisi hwejaji kunogona kunetesa simba raro rokunzvera mamwe mapazu.
  • Kudzorwa kweNorms: Kunyange apo nzvero dzechirongwa dzinovapo, vanotsamira pamipimo isina kunyorwa namagamuchidzanwa. Apo mirau iyoyo inoputsika (mutoo., kuramba kuwirirana namapunda, kudzorwa kwebasa regweta renyika), tsika ingasashanda serinorongwa. Congregational Research Service yakacherekedza zvinoitika zvinowedzera zvokusawirirana nezvikumbiro zvoutariri.
  • Dysformation naDislate: Vagari vemo vanogoverwa namashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa vangarasikirwa nokutenda mumasangano. Kana vanhu vakasadavira kuva pamutemo kwematare kana kuti kusasarura, gadziriro yose yokunzvera nedzikamo inoregeredzwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kudenderedzwa apo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinotaura kuti rimwe harisi pamutemo, rinoputsa tsiga yedemocracy.

Kungwarira uye kushingaira kunoitwa nevagari vemo kuti vatsigire mitemo yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji hakungobvi paurongwa hwemitemo asiwo patsika yezvematongerwe enyika uye kuda kwevatungamiriri kuremekedza miganhu.

Fundo Yenhau: Nhevedzo Yavakuru naHondo Yesimba

Imwe nharaunda umo nzvero nedzikamo zvinoedzwa kazhinji kazhinji kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru. Nepo Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokupa nhungamiro kubazu guru, iyi mirairo inofanira kupfuurira kuwirirana nemitemo yakapiwa neCongress neBumbiro reMitemo. Apo Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akaraira kuvadziko yeJapan mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira chiito mu Koritatsu v. United States[FL:1] [1944] chisarudzo gare gare gare gare chakashurikidzwa sekundikano yehwirudzura. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, Purezidhendi Obama yaparo pami aidzwa zviito zvokutama mudare, uye muganhuro woruwa yakavhara pamutemo inobatira purogiramu yavabereki vabereki vaAmerica (DA). Chisarukurukuru [194] (194) mudare reDare gurusa rinosiya nzvimbo inosi rinosiya 2016, zvinetso zvakafanana nero yomutemo.

Kusimbisa Makepi Nedzikamo: Basa Renzanga Yavagari Vemo Nedzidzo

Kuziva kuti unoona sei kana kuti hauna kutsigisa, kunokosha kuti udemokrasi huve noutano hwakanaka.

Kubatsira Hurumende Kudzidza

Zvikoro zvinofanira kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pechimiro chehurumende uye revo yechekero nedzikamo kubva pazera rapakuvamba. Curcula anofanira kupfuura kuziva nomusoro mapazi matatu ndokubatanidza fundo dzenhau dzemakemikari akashandiswa (//na apo anenge akundikana. Programu dzakafanana neiCbics, dzakavambwa neyaichimbova Dare rePruscent Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, dzinogovera pfuma yapachena nokuda kwedzidzo yehurumende. Hurumende inofanira kuraira kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chapamusoro vapfuure kuedza kwehurumende kwakafanana neU.S.

Kusimbisa Kukurukurirana Kwavose Nokubatanidzwa

Misangano yemunharaunda nekurukurirano zvinogona kugovera zvikuva kuti vagari vemo vapinde muiyi mifungo. horo dzeguta, matare avose, uye misangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo zvinopa mikana yokuti vanhuwo zvavo vaone nzvero nedzikamo zviri kushanda. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nzira yokukumbira nayo vamiriri vavo, kutora rutivi munhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, kana kuti kunyoresa mhaka kuti vapikise zviito zvehurumende zvisiri pamutemo, vanova rutivi rwegadziriro yokunzvera vamene. Sangano rakaita Sangano reVakadzi Voters rinochengeta zviitiko zvedzidzo zvevotabheti zvisati zvichingotsanangura bedzi zviitiko asi chiyero chesimba pamiteshingano yose yehurumende.

Kuzvidavirira Kwezvinobudisa Nhau uye Kushuma Kwechokwadi

Vatori venhau vanogona kusimbisa nhau dzine chokuita nokunzvera nokudzikamisa, kusimudzira kungwaririra kwavose. Vatori venhau vanoshuma pamusoro poukuru hwevapurisa, kukundikana kwemitemo, kana kuti rwisano dzokutonga dzemhindu dzinobatira basa rinokosha rokutarira. Mashoko okubudisa anofanira kutsanangura kwete bedzi izvo hurumende inoita asiwo ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pamabasa ayo. Somuenzaniso, apo purezidhendi anoronga dare, vatori venhau vanofanira kujekesa izvo nhevedzano inogona uye isingagoni kuita mukusariraniswa kwamasimba. Website yeNational Archivesss inogovera rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro remitemo nerectory, kuchiita zviri nyore nokuda kwavatori venhau uye vagari vemo vazvirongwa chaizvoizvo.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kunoita Kuti Zvikunde Zvinetso Zvanhasi

Kuchinja zvinhu kungada kudzorera kushanda kwecheki uye dzikamo. Zvimwe zvacho zvinosanganisira:

  • Kusimbisa Simba Revolution reHondo kunoda tendero yesangano nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwehondo kwakapfuuridzirwa.
  • Kuronga mitemo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru nokuda kwechinjo huru dzemiitiro, kuchida vhoti yesangano.
  • Kushandisa tsika kuti kuderedzwa rwisano dzefariro uye kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwokutonga.
  • Kuchinja muitiro wekuvhota kuti kuderedze kutsigira kwevavhoti uye kuwedzera kutora rutivi, uko kunosimbisa nenzira isina kunanga kuzvidavirira kwedare.

Iyi chinjo haisati iri huru; idzodzo dzinoziva kuti vagadziri ve 18-century havagoni kukarira tyisidziro dzose dzazvino uno. Gadziriro inochinjika inogona kuchinjira kudenho itsva nepo ichichengeta nheyo dzamanyuko iri madikanwa. USA.gov inogovera kupfupikiswa kwakajeka kwemapazu kuti anobatirana [, uko kunobetsera munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa chimiro chazvino.

Mugumisiro: Kudzivirira Makepe Nedzikamo Zviri Kudzivirira Utongi Hupi Humene Hwokutonga

Mitemo yeSangano reMitemo yeChitemo-sesei inokosha mukushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inokarira kutsungirira. Vanovimbisa kuti simba rinoramba riri rechokwadi uye kuti hakuna sangano rimwe rinogona kudzora hurumende. Savagari vemo, mutoro wedu kunzwisisa nokutsigira nheyo idzi kuchengetedza mipimo yedu yedemocracy. Zvikamu zveBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo yesestiki zvinodavira kuti donzo rinofanira kuitwa kuti rikurire chinzvimbo. Njeresa nhasi sezvarakanga rakaita muna 1787. Asi kunzvera nokudzikama hakusati kuri kuzvideredza. Vanoda kuchengetwa nguva dzose, kungwarira, uye kukumbirwa kwavose kuzvidavirira. Apo tinodzivirira kuzvimirira kwechipokaro kuti Hurumende ishandise chiremera chayo, uye apo tinotsigira nokuziva kwedu simba redu resimba rinoshanda. Tinenge tisingatsigiri murumbidzodzo. [FF]