Mapazi Anokosha Ane Mutemo: Zvinoitwa Nesangano uye Matapurire Arinoita

Sumo

Bazu remitemo rehurumende yeUnited States, rakaumbwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, iboka rokuumba mitemo inoumba mitemo nemitemo zvinotapura muAmerica ari wose. Kubva pamitero yaunobhadhara kusvikira kumhepo yaunofema, Congress ine simba rokusarudza kuti nyika yako inofamba sei. Bva vagari vazhinji vanoramba vasina kurovedzana namashandire anoita bazu rinokosha. Kunzwisisa chivako, miitiro, uye pesvedzero yeCongress haisati iri bedzi chidzidzo chehurumende — chishandiso chinoshanda chokudzivirira maruramiro ako ndokuita kuti inzwi rako rinzwiwe muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa nheyo dzebazu dzemitemo, inotsanangura kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, uye inokuratidza chaizvoizvo kuti zvisarudzo zvesangano zvinotapura sei upenyu hwako — uye kuti unogona sei kutora rutivi mumuitiro wacho.

Fandesheni Yebumbiro Romutemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakagadzira Congress ine masimba akaverengwa — zviremera chaizvo zvakapiwa panzvimbo pehurumende kana kuti vanhu.Idzi dzinosanganisira simba rokuunganidza mitero, mari, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kuita kuti mitemo yose ive “inokosha uye yakakodzera” yokuita masimba iwayo. Chikamu Ndiyo nyaya refu zvikurusa muBumbiro remitemo, inoratidzira vavariro yavavambi yokuita kuti Congress ivery rebazu rine simba zvikurusa nerinowanika rehurumende.

PaConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, nhume dzakakurukura zvinotyisa pamusoro pomumiririri. Kubvumirana Kukuru kwakapedza ikoku kupfurikidza nokugadzira chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimeral: Imba yavamiririri, umo mufananidzo wakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, uye Dare, umo hurumende imwe neimwe ine mitezo miviri. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti dzose dziri mbiri nyika huru neduku dzine inzwi mumuitiro wemitemo.

Kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pemavambo ebumbiro remitemo reCongress, shanyira U.S. Constitution Annoteated paChikamu I.

Mavambo Emisangano

Congress ibhiadral, kureva kuti ine makamuri maviri ane mabasa akasiyana, mitoro, uye mitemo yemitemo.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiriri ine mitezo 435 inovhota, inogoverwa pakati penyika mukuwirirana nechiverengero chavagari vemo sezvinosarudzwa nokuverengwa kwavanhu kwegore negore. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiaita kuti azvidavirire zvakananga kuvamiriri vavo kupfuura vamiriri. Iyi nguva pfupi inomanikidza mitezo kuti igamuchire itiro hanya dzapakarepo dzavanhu, uko kuri chikonzero nei Bumbiro reMitemo richida kuti zvikwereti zvose zvemari — izvo zvinokwidza mitero — zvive muImba.

• [[FOL:0] : Mutauriri weImba mukuru, akasarudzwa nevoruzhinji. Mutauri anodzora zvirongwa zvemitemo, anogadza zvigaro zvedare, uye wechipiri mumutsara nokuda kwokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi.
• Masimba echimurenga: Imba ine simba rimwe rokupfuudza vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza purezidhendi, uye kutanga zvikwereti zvokuranga.
• Kududzirwa: Mutezo mumwe nomumwe unomirira ruwa rwemisangano rwavanhu vanenge 760 000 (rwakavakirwa pakuverengwa kwavanhu 2020).

Dare

Dare rine mitezo 100, miviri inobva munyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Vasarudzo vanobatira mipimo yegore ritanhatu, nesarudzo dzinozunguzika zvokuti chikamu chimwe chetatu cheDare chinokwidzwa nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose. Iri zita refu rinobvumira vatendi kuita murangariro wamaune zvikuru, wenguva refu pamusoro pomutemo nomuitiro wokumwe.

• [ : Mutungamiriri weUnited States anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare asi anovhota bedzi kana paine tayi. Dare Majority Mutungamiriri wedecoo, anogadza purogiramu youriri uye kukurukura nevorushoma.
• Masimba anokosha: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yekabhinet, vatongi vehurumende, nhume) uye zvibvumirano zvekuvhota ne 3tatu. Dare rinoitisawo dare pashure pokunge Imba yazivisa mukuru mukuru mukuru.
• ... Tsika yeDare inobvumira kurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa kutoti kana vasatamisi 60 vachiigumisa. Ikoku kunopa boka duku simba rinokosha rokudzivisa mutemo.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Peimba Nedare

Feature	House	Senate
Size	435 members	100 members
Term length	2 years	6 years
Constituency	Local districts	Entire state
Rules	More formal, limited debate	Less formal, unlimited debate
Treaty ratification	No role	Requires 2/3 supermajority
Appointment confirmation	No role	Advice and consent

Nokuda kwamashoko apamutemo pamusoro pemiitiro yeImba, shanyira Imba.gov’s “Imba yakatsanangurwa” uye nokuda kweDare, ona [ Sate.

Maitirwe Anoitwa Mitemo: Gadziriro Yomutemo

Rwendo rwechibvumirano chezvikwereti kubva papfungwa kuenda kumutemo rwakareba, rwakaoma kunzwisisa, uye rwakazara nezvipingamupinyi. Chinenge 2-4% bedzi chezvikwereti zvose zvinotangwa muCongress chinombova mutemo. Kunzwisisa nhano dzacho kunobetsera vagari vemo kuona kwazvinogona kupesvedzera muitiro wacho.

Danho 1: Kutanga

Mutezo wedare unogona kutangwa nenhengo ipi neipi yeCongress. MuImba, mumiririri anodonhedzera mutongo wacho mu “Enter.".” MuDare, mutarisiri wedare anousuma pauriri. Mabhii anogoverwa nhamba (mutoo, H.R. 1 kana kuti S. 1). Zvikwereti zvemari zvinofanira kutanga muImba; zvimwe zvikwereti zvose zvinogona kuvamba muimba ipi neipi.

Nhano 2: Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Matare ndiwo anoita kuti basa chairo riitwe.

• Iva nemhosva kuzvapupu zvine unyanzvi uye kupupura pachena.
• “ Chengeta mutengo wacho” — pedza muganhu wacho nemutsetse.
• Ziva mari yacho zvakanaka, zvakaipa, kana kuti gara nayo (iite).

Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinofa mudare. Ikoku ndokweune: matare akarongedzerwa kuchenesa mutemo wakaiswa zvisina kufanira.

Nhano 3: Nharo Yakanaka Neyoruzha

Kana dare rikapfuudza, rinofanira kuenda pauriri hwekamuri rakazara. House Pages Parder Committee inowanzogadza mitauro nokuda kwekurukurirano (miganhu yenguva, nhamba yedzosero). Dare, negamuchidzanwa raro rekurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa, rinowanzoda vhoti yokugumisa nhubu — 60 kubva ku 100 vatengi vanofanira kubvumirana kuganhurira gakava kumaawa 30. Pashure pekurukurirano, mitezo inovhota. Voruzhinji (218 muImba, 51 muDare) vanopfuudza chibvumirano, kunze kwenhau dzakati sezvibvumirano (2/3) uye kugadziriswa kwemitemo yemitemo (2/3).

Nhano 4: Imwe Dare

Kana imba yechipiri ikapfuudza imwe shanduro — iyo inowanzoitwa nguva dzose — mari yacho inoendeswa kudare remusangano kuti rigadzirise kusawirirana kwacho.

Nhano 5: Dare Romusangano

Vanotaura nezveshanduro yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, iyo inofanira kutenderwa nevose vari vaviri Imba neDare — hapana kumwe kugadziridza kunobvumirwa.

Danho 6: Chiito Choutungamiriri Hwehurumende

Shanduro yokupedzisira inotumirwa kupurezidhendi, uyo ane mazuva gumi (anopedza maSvondo) kuti aite chiito:

• [[[FRAT:0] Chiratidzo [ mumutemo.
• [ `Iye', kuidzorera kuDare nokuramba. Dare rinogona kudzora chivhoti nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
• [ Usaita chinhu [ — kana Congress iri muchikamu, mutongo unova mutemo pashure pamazuva gumi. Kana Congress yapika, mutemo unofa mu “veto."

Kutsvaka mutemo wenguva chaiyoiyo, shanyira .gov.

Muitiro Wedare: Uko Kutonga Upenyu Kana Kuti Kunofa

Dare rinoita kuti pave nematare anobatsira pamabasa aro.

Matare Akamira

Matare enguva dzose ane chiremera pamusoro penhau dzakati — somuenzaniso, House Ways and Foracts (Mitero), Dare reMaruwa, House Judicary, Dare Rinoshongedzerwa. Basa rakawanda remitemo rinoitika muno.

Mibatanidzwa Yapamusoro

Mapoka maduku ari mumatare akamira anonangidzira ngwariro pamisoro mitete, yakadai seGue Sub Comsettee on Health (Pasi peSimba neChambery). Mahofisi ekadzisa anochengeta kutongwa uye mari dzekunyoresa zvisati zvapfuudzira kudare rakazara.

Sarudza Matare Kana Kuti Anokosha

Matare enguva pfupi akatangwa nechinangwa chakati, zvakadai sokuongorora kurwisa Capito kwaJanuary 6 hakuwanzoshuma mutemo asi anoita mishumo nerumbidzo.

Matare Ehama

Kubatanidza mitezo yomumakamuri ose ari maviri, matare akabatana aripo nokuda kwemibato yokutarisira kana kuti yokuchengeta dzimba (sezvinei, Joint Committee on Taxation Committee yeZvomhutuko).

Matare Omusangano

Sezvarondedzerwa pamusoro apa, aya mabhodhi echinguvana akaumbwa kuwiriranisa Imba neDare remitemo.

Matare anotarisirawo — anoongorora masangano ebazi makuru, anoita kuti nyaya dzinzwiwe pamusoro pokupambadzwa uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye anomanikidza vanhu kuti vapupurire.

Simba Rokutarisira Nerokunzvera reCongress

Dare haringoiti mitemo chete; rinotarisirawo mashandisirwo anoitwa mitemo iyoyo.

Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina kutaurirwa neCongress.

Muitiro Webhajeti: Uko Mari Inoita Muitiro

Basa regore negore reCongress riri kudarika mari yaishandiswa nehurumende.

1. Purezidhendi wacho anopa chikumbiro chemari yokushandisa kuCongress pakazosvika Muvhuro wokutanga muna February.
2. Dare Rokuronga Mari Rinogara Mumba neDare rinopa chirongwa chemari yokushandisa — purani inoita kuti vanhu vade kushandisa mari uye mari.
3. Kana mari iyi yemabhiri ikasaitwa paOctober 1, hurumende inovharwa kutoti chisarudzo (CR) chinopfuurira chapiwa kuti chipfuure mari.
4. Mutemo wezvemari (chinjo dzemitero) unotevera miitiro yakasiana, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuyananisa, uko kunobvumira kupfuura nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo muDare.

Gadziriro yemari inowanzononotswa, kuchitungamirira kukupedza zvimbambaira zvokupedzesa zvitsama. Understandings inokosha nemhaka yokuti Dare rinoshandisa mari kufambisira mberi kana kuti kumisa muitiro — somuenzaniso, kurambidza kushandiswa kwemari nokuda kwegadziriro dzakati dzehondo kana kuti kurangarira zvakati zvakapoteredza.

Kutapura Kunoita Dare Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Hedzino nzvimbo dzinokosha dzaunofunga kuti ndidzo dzinoita kuti uite zvisarudzo zveCongress:

Kurapwa

Pamusana pezvinoitwa nesangano rinonzi Medicare, Medicaid, Act yeAffordal Care, uye Children’s Health Inshuwarence Program, inorongawo kutengesa zvinodhaka, kutengesa inishuwarenzi, uye kutsvakurudza kwezvokurapa kupfurikidza nemasangano akadai seNational Institutes of Health.

Dzidzo

Zvikwereti zvavadzidzi veFederal, Pell Grants, Head Star, uye Umutwe I zvokutsigira mari nokuda kwezvikoro zvinotambirwa zvishoma zvose zvinotsamira pamisangano yemisangano. Musangano unopazve chiremera Chibvumirano cheDzidzo Yapamusoro panhambo nenhambo, kuchitapura kukweretesa kwavadzidzi nekoreji.

Mitero

Komiti yeInternFreeance ivhura dare reCongress. Kuchinja kwemabhuroko emitero, mari inobviswa, zvikwereti, uye mari yebhizimisi kunokanganisa mari yako, mari yawakanga wachengeta pamudyandigere, uye kuva nemusha. Kuchinja kukuru kwemitero, seTrusse Cuts neJobs Act ye2017, chakanga chiri chiito chedare.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Migwagwa, mabhiriji, nhandare dzendege, kufambiswa kwevanhu vose, uye Internet inobhanwa nekombiyuta inowana mari kupfurikidza nezvikwereti zvemvumo yamakore akawanda zvakadai seInfrapublicature Investicement and Jobs Act. Congress inogadzawo mipimo yekotsekano kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seFederal Highway Administration.

Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Mitemo pamusoro pekotsekano yezvokudya (FDA), chigadzirwa chinoyeuka (CPSC), kubiridzira mune zvemari (SEC, CTC), uye kodzero dzokuva woga (FTC) yakaumbwa zvikurukuru neCongress. ChiPS and Science Act yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi uye mitemo yakabatana inodzora kugovera nhevedzano yezvoruzivo rwamabasa muserura yako.

Mhoteredzo Nesimba

Dare rinoronga mipimo yezvinobudiswa mumhepo, mari inowanazve magetsi, rinobvumira kugadzira mafuta, uye rinopa mari yokutsigira nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu zvipenyu.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose Nemazakwatira emari

Dare reHurumende rinozivisa hondo, mari yemauto, uye rinobatsira vagara nebasa racho richishandisa Department of Veterans Affairs, rinotarisirawo masangano anoona nezveuchenjeri, kuchengeteka kwemuganhu, uye mutemo wokutama — zvose zvinokanganisa kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri, kufamba, uye kuchengeteka kwenyika.

Kubatana Nevamiririri Vako

Vavambi vacho vakagadzira Congress kuti ive bazi rinonyatsoteerera vanhu.

Onana Nevamiriri Nevamiririri Vako

Nyora, ridza mhere, kana kuti email mahofisi avo. Vataputer vanonyora tsamba dzinobatanidza ndokushuma kutezo. Kufona nebhii zvakazvimirira zvinotakura uremu hwakawanda kupfuura kuita maemail. Unogona kuwana mashoko eonano pa House.gov uye [FLT:] SATE.

Pinda Dzimba Dzeguta uye Zviitiko Zvinoitika Panzvimbo Yavose

Mitezo yakawanda inoitira vanhu nzvimbo dzemitambo mumaruwa ayo kana kuti munyika, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dzezororo.

Ronga Zvinosarudzwa Zvose

Sarudzo huru inowanzosarudza kuti ndiani achakumiririra, zvikurukuru mumaruwa umo mubato mumwe unotonga. Sarudzo dzeMidter — apo zvigaro zvose 435 zveNdhumus uye zvigaro zveDare zvinenge zviri pabhorati — ibanza rako rokuchinja kunyorwa kweCongress. Kuvhura ndicho chinhu chinokosha zvikuru uye chine simba.

Wedzera Masangano Okudzidzisa

Mapoka akafanana neChinzwano chaVakadzi, Chisakiso, uye masangano akajeka enhau (sezviito, American Civil Liberties Union, AARP, Sierra Club) anogamuchira Dare nokuda kwefariro dzavanhu vose. Mitezo inopfavisa inzwi rako navashandi vebasa nezviwanikwa.

Kupupurira Pakutonga Kana Kuti Kutsinhana

Kunyange vagari vemowo zvavo vanogona kutora rutivi mugadziriro yokutungamirira nokupa tsinhiro kuFederal eRuleging Portal (Mitemo.gov).

Shandisa Zvirongwa Zvenzanga

Kutevera mitezo yako paX (Twitter) uye mamwe mapuraneti kunogona kukuchengeta wakagadziridzwa pamavhoti avo namashoko.

mhedziso

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti Congress inoshanda sei — marongedzero ayo, maitiro ayo, matare ayo, uye bhajeti rayo — unogona zviri nani kudzora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokudzivirira fariro dzako. Mitemo inoumba chinhu chiri chose nemhepo yaunofema uye migwagwa yaunochaira kumari yaunowana netarisiro yaunowana.

Nokuda kwedzidzo inopfuurira, nzvera raibhurari huru yezviwanikwa pa .gov nenopartisan USA.gov resaibhurari yavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa[.