Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanorongwa yeparadzano yamasimba, ichiparadzanisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Ichi chivako hachisati chiriwo murangariro werondedzero chete(chinoumba zvakananga mitemo, mirau, uye mabasa zvinotapura nzanga iri yose munyika. Kuvambira pakupiwa kwemari kwezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo kusvikira kukuchengetwa kwemirau yezvoutano hwavanhu vose, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nebazu rimwe nerimwe zvine miuyo inooneka nokuda kwenharaunda, mataundi maduku, uye maguta makuru zvakafanana. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anoshanda sei uye anobatira pamwe chete kusimbisa vagari vemo kuti vabatane nehurumende yavo uye vatsigiriri vezvinjo dzine revo munzanga dzavo vamene.

Bazu Romutemo: Kugadzira Mitemo Inopesvedzera Nzanga

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa zvikurukuru neUnited States Congress, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo yehurumende. Rine makamuri maviri: Dare, uko hurumende imwe neimwe inowana vamiririri vaviri, uye Imba yaVamiririri, uko kumirira kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo. Mitezo yeCongress inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, uko kunoreva kuti vanozvidavirira kunzanga dzavanobatira. Bazu iri rine simba rechikwama chejecha chejeti .

Kushandisa Dzidzo Nokushandisa Mitemo

Imwe yenzira dzinokosha zvikurusa iyo bazu remitemo rinotapura nzanga iri kupfurikidza nedzidzo.Dare rinotema mwero yemari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakadai seTit I anopa mari nokuda kwezvikoro zvinowanwa zvakaderera, Ambuyadzi Vane Urema Husingashandisi Edzidzo (IDEA), uye Pell Grants nokuda kwavadzidzi vekoreji. Apo vanoisa mitemo vanokurukura bhajeti yehurumende, vari kutosarudza kuti maruwa ezvikoro omunharaunda anogamuchira sei. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera muTit I mari inogona kureva mwero miduku yeboka uye mipiro yakawanda nokuda kwavadzidzi vari mumishanga misha yegore yekoresi, nepo kucheka kungamanikidza zvikoro kuderedza migove kana kuti mapurogiramu.

Kutarisirwa Kweutano uye Utano Hwevanhu Vose

Kudzikamiswa kwomutemo kunodzorawo kuwanikwa kwezvoutano pamwero wenzanga. Affordcable Care Act, yakapfuudzwa neCongress muna 2010, kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano nokuda kwamamiriyoni eAmerica uye kubvumira nyika kukudza Medicaid. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mitemo ine chokuita nemari yemari inodzorwa nePublic Health Service Act yakaumba kuti nzanga dzomumaruwa dzinogamuchira sei tarisiro dzezvokurapa. Zvipataratidzo zvezvoutano zvemo, zvipatara, uye nzanga dzenzanga zvinotsamira pamitengo yehurumende inobvumirwa uye inodzorwa neYakakodzera neDare reProgiongment rinogadza mitemo yezvokushandisa mishonga, kuparadzira mushonga, uye kuparadzirwa kwepfungwa yezvoutano izvo zvinotapura utano hwevagari vemo vezuva nezuva.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Apo Congress inopfuura bhiriji regadziriro yehwaro, haisati iri chinhu chakavanzika . inoita kuti migwagwa mitsva ive yakachena. Mutemo wakadaro unogadzirwa namatare muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, kazhinji kazhinji nomubatanidzwa wevakuru vakuru vemo uye mapoka echikwata chemitengo. Mugumisiro ndewokuti chikoro muruwa rwokumaruwa chingava nemari inovimbwa nemigwagwa mikuru, Internet yakafara, uye mvura yokunwa yakachena. Mitemo yakadaro inogadzirwa nematare muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, kazhinji kazhinji nemubatanidzwa wevakuru vakuru vemo vemo uye mapoka ezvokutende. Mugumisiro ndewokuti chikoro muruwa rwokumaruwa pakupedzisira chingava chakavimbika nokuda kwemitengo yemapanyu, Internet, kana kuti mapaipi emvura okukwegura eguta angatsiviwa, angatsiviwa, kuvandudza upenyu zvakananga.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Mitemo inodzora kuchengetwa kwomutemo, kutongerwa, uye kuchengeteka kwenzanga inobva muCongress. Somuenzaniso, Chibvumirano chaRholth Crime Control and Law Entorcement cha1994 chakagovera mari nokuda kwamadhipatimendi emapurisa uye nhano dzemapurisa enzanga. Mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, wakadai seFirst Step Act ya2018, wakana chinangwa chokuderedza mitongo mishomanene nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzehurumende uye kuvandudza mapurogiramu ejeri. Iyi mitemo inoumba mashandire anoita madhipatimendi emapurisa omunharaunda, mashandisiro evachuchito, uye matauriro anoita nzanga nhau dzoutsotsi, chengeteko, uye ruramisiro.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Mitemo uye Kuendesa Mabasa

Bazu guru rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States uye rinobatanidza Vice Prezidhendi, Kibita, uye masangano makuru ehurumende akadai seBato reDhipatimendi reDzidzo, Department of Health and Human Services, uye Environmental Protection Agency. Bazu iri rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nokutungamirira zvirongwa zvehurumende. Zviito zvaro zvine miuyo yapakarepo neinooneka panzanga.

Kushandisa Mitemo Nokugadza Mitemo

Apo Congress inopa mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji inosiya udzame kuti huzadziswe namasangano makuru kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo. Somuenzaniso, Ceaner Air Act inopa chiremera cheEPA kugadza mipimo yebutsi remafekitari nemotokari. Iyi mipimo inotapura zvakananga kunaka kwemhepo munzanga, zvikurukuru idzo dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Dhipatimendi reDzidzo pamusoro penziradzo dzinoparadzirwa neyamutezo yemari inogoverwa, ichipesvedzera kusvika kwavadzidzi vomumakoreji. Vatengi veruwa vanoisa mabhangiro enzvimbo yenzanga (socineti yemhoteredzo, makambani ezvikoro, uye mabhizimisi) vanotora rutivi rwetsinhiro dzavo mukuita pamutemo mukati medziro yebasa rezvokugadzirwa, kuita kuti manzwi avo anzwirwe mubazu rezvo.

Mhinduro Yekurumidziro Neyamuro Yengwavaira

Purezidhendi anogona kuzivisa njodzi yehurumende, iyo inobudisa mari nezviwanikwa kubva kuFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Ikoku kunokosha apo nzanga dzinotarisana nemhepo dzinopisa, mafashamo, kana kuti zvirwere. Zvisarudzo zvechiremera pamusoro pokuti yamuro yehurumende inokurumidza kusvika sei, kuti inharaundai dzinoiswa pachirongwa, uye kuti marudzii ebetsero anogoverwa anogona kureva musiano pakati pokunaya nokukurumidza nenhamo yenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, pashure peHurricane Katrina, tsinhirano yeboka revakuru nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvakaumba kuvakwazve kweNew Orleans. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, chikwata cheWhite House chinotsinhirana chitsamiro cheCHOVID, kunzvera migove, uye mitero yemari yakasvika mhuri munyika yose.

Gadziriro Dzamagariro Nekuparadzirwa Kwezvipo

Gadziriro dzenzvimbo yenzanga dzakawanda dzinotsigirwa uye dzinorongwa namasangano avakuru vakuru. Department of House and Urban Development (HUD) inogovera maguta anoshandisa nokuda kwedzimba dzinobhadharwa, kuvandudza kwakati kuti, uye zvirongwa zvenzvimbo. Department of Transation rinopa mari yezvirongwa zvokufambisa zvavose kupfurikidza neFederal Transit Administration. Department of Justice inopa mari kumapa mapurisa omunharaunda nokuda kwekamera dzeboka, desareji, uye nhano dzenzanga. Izvi zvinopa mari inobvumira makwikwikwi uye zvinoda hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuti dzishandise, kuratidzira kuti bazidziridza sei nharaunda yeboka rezvokufambisa nokuzvirongwa.

Gadziriro Dzavatungamiriri Netapuro Yenzanga

Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa miraidzo yakananga masangano ehurumende kuita zviito zvakati. Somuenzaniso, murayiro mukuru weruramisiro yemhoteredzo ungada masangano kurangarira tapuro yeshatiso panzanga dzinowanwa zvishoma nenzanga dzemavara. Imwe nhevedzano ingadirana kuti nzira yokuyamura nayo vanhu, inotapura mhuri muruwa rwechikoro chomunzvimbomo. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru isingaisi mitemo mitsva, vanogona kuchinja zvikuru maitirwe emitemo papasi. Masangano anowanzoronga kutsigira kana kupesana nemirayiro yakadaro, vachiziva kuti chiito chokutungamirira chinogona kuparira chinjo nokukurumidza.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo uye Kudzivirira Kodzero

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo inopfuudzirwa neCongress nezviito zvinoitwa nebazu guru, richivimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Inobatanidza Dare Repamusorosoro, Dare Redunhu reZvikwiro, uye Dare Roruwa.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nedziviriro Dzenzanga

Zvisarudzo zveLand Court Supreme zvakagadziridzazve upenyu hwenzanga. Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Dare rakagumisa kuganhurana kwechikoro, kuchitungamirira kukubatanidzwa kwezvikoro zvavose munyika yose. [ Obergefell v. Hodges[[[FLT]] [2015], yakanyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo, ichitapura nzira iyo mhuri dzinozivikanwa nayo mudzimba dzomunzvimbomo, nhaka, uye mitemo yokurera. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, nhau dzinobatanidza maruramiro okuvhotera, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, uye kukwanisa kudzora utano dzakasarudza kuti nzanga itsigire mhoteredzo yazvo. Gabhuro reFernl rinonzwawo zvinetso kumitemo inoparadza roorano, kugovera Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Nokurwisana Kwemunyika

Matare anopedza mhatsa huru yerwisano dzinotapura upenyu hwenzanga: kukakavadzana kwemuri wenzvimbo, kubvumirana kusabvumirana, kukuvara kwomunhu oga, uye kurwisana pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo navagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, apo dare rinogarwa maguta rinonyima rinoramba mvumo yenzvimbo yenzanga, mukwidziridzi angadenha chisarudzo mudare rehurumende kana kodzero dzemitemo dzemitemo dziri mungozi. Nenzira yakafanana, kakavadzano pamusoro pomufambiro wamapurisa, chirango chechikoro, kana kuti mvumo dzemhoteredzo dzinowanzoguma mudare. Idzi dzinotonga dzinogadza mipimo yemagariro yokuti mativi ose anofanira kuzvibata sei, kuchipesvedzera kufambidzana kwomunguva yemberi munzanga.

Kuronga Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Kuchinja

Zvitsauko zvokutonga zvinotevedzerwa nedare gurusa (zvikurukuru) nheyo dzapamutemo idzo matare akaderera nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvinofanira kutevera. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare paFirst Amendment chinoraira kuti rudzii rwomutauro rwupi runogona kudzora hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kuchitapura chinhu chiri chose kubva mukuramba kubvumidza kubviswa kwamabhuku eraibhurari. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pekodzero dzezvinhu zvinotapura sei maguta pasimba reChipiri rePremendment reDramendment. Masangano anonzwisisa aya magariro anogona kushandisa zviri nani zvinetso zvepamutemo uye kutsigira mitemo mukati meset remitemo.

Kusvika Kururamisiro Nezviwanikwa Zvenzanga

Bazu redare rinotongawo kuti kutora betsero yapamutemo kunowanika sei kuvanhu vezuva riri rose. matare eFederal anopa zviwiro zvakadai sebetsero yepro sese (betsero nokuda kweavo vanozvimirira vamene), makiriniki emitemo, uye mabasa okuturikira. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziva maruramiro okupa zano mudzimwe nhau, kunyange zvazvo mukaha uchiri munhau dzehurumende. Masangano enzanga kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobatira pamwe nezvikoro zvemitemo namasangano ebharo kuti agovere makiriniki akasununguka kana kuti kuziva masuruvara ako apamutemo. Magariro edare anogadziro avagari vemo vakaderera, vakurukuri veEngland veBritain, uye vanhu vakaremara vanotapura zvakananga zvinoitika munzanga zvakarurama.

Kupindira Pakati Pemapazi: Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Kunoita

Kugara kwadzo dzichiri kure nedziri kukwanisa kudzora kunenge kwaita kuti dzisanyanya kunetseka.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Nokuzvidavirira

Congress ine simba rokunzvera bazu guru. Kutonga kweDare kunogona kunzvera kuti sangano rehurumende rakaita sei gadziriro yenzanga kana kuti rakaita sei kungwavaira. Somuenzaniso, pashure penjodzi yeFlint, Congress yakaita mhesano dzemvura kuti ibvunze vakuru vakuru veEPA ndokusarudza kuti mari yehurumende ingagona kushandiswa sei kutsiva mapaipi anotungamirira. Uku kutarisira kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo mitsva, chinjo dzemitemo, kana kuti mipiro iyo inobetsera zvakananga nzanga. Mitezo yenzanga yemunzvimbomo inogona kudzora kupfurikidza nokugoverana nhau dzavo navamiriri vavo kana kuti kupa uchapupu pamberi pematare.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga: Dare Secherekedzo

Dare rinogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Apo Congress yakapfuudza mutemo unoganhurira kusvika kuInternet yakavakirwa pazviri, Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Reno v. ACLU (1997) yakawana kuti haina kubvumiranwa, inodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka paIndaneti nokuda kwenzanga dzose. Nenzira yakafanana, zviito zvechiremera zvinopfuura chiremera chaPurezidhendi zvinogona kuvharwa. Kuhwirudzura kunovimbisa kuti nzanga hadzina kuiswa pasi pesimba rehurumende. Iro inopawo vagari vemo vanodavira nzira yapamutemo yokudenha nayo mitemo yavanodavira kuti haina kutongwa, kubva mumunyengetero wechikoro kumiraumbiriro yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo.

Simba Rezvipembenene Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress, achimanikidza vaiti vemitemo kurangarira kana kuti kutaurirana. Simba iri rinowanzotungamirira kukubvumiranisa kuumbwa kwezvikwereti zvokupedzisira zvinotapura nzanga. Somuenzaniso, mutongo wokugovera mari yakafara kunharaunda dzomumaruwa ungaitwa kana Purezidhendi akadavira kuti haina gadziriro dzokutarisira. Dare rinogona kukunda kuvhota ne3, asi kunoda kutsigira kwakafara. Kutyisidzira kweveto oga kunogona kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuti vaite mitemo inoda kugadziriswa nokungwarira zvikuru, kudzika mifungo yenzanga nezvinofungwa zvorudzi.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga: Kuita Kuti Inzwi Rako Rinzwiwe Mhiri Kwemapazi Ose Matatu

Bazi rimwe nerimwe rinobatsira vanhu kuti vakwanise kupindira munzanga.

Kubatanidzwa Nebazu Romutemo

Vamiririri vanogona kuonana navamiririri vavo nerunhare, tsamba. Mitezo mizhinji yeCongress inoita misangano yehoro yetaundi, mungava mumunhu kana kuti munenge, uko mitezo yenzanga inogona kubvunza mibvunzo ndokutaura funganyo. Kuongorora dare ndeimwe nzira ine simba yokugoverana nayo zvinoitika zvomunhu oga nomutemo unokarakadzwa. Mukuwedzera, kutorawo muvhoti(mazah) kuvhota, kuisa, kana kuti kuzvipira (majekiseni) anomirira nzanga muCongress. Mapoka enzanga anowanzoronga mapepa etsamba kana kuti masangano anoshandira masangano anosunda kutumira manzwi enzanga pazvikwereti zvakananga.

Kugoverana Nebazu Rine Chiremera

Vanhu vanogona kutsinhira pamusoro pemirau inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzakadai se mirau. gov. Tsinhiro idzi dzinova rutivi rwechinyorwa chapamutemo uye dzinogona kupesvedzera kuti masangano anoshandisa sei mitemo. Mitezo yenzanga inogonawo kukumbira mari kana kuti mubiyayo wehurumende yemahofisi ehurumende. Kutarisira kwaPuercester kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunokumbira kutaura kupfurikidza namarusando okuteerera, uye zvikumbiro zveWhite House zvinogona dzimwe nguva kukwevedza ngwariro kunhau dzomunzvimbomo. Vo muSarudzo yeSarudzo yeSarudzo yeSangano yeSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rehurumende.

Kubatanidzwa Nebazu Rokutonga

Dare parinogadzirirwa kusasarura, vanhu vanogona kutora rutivi. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kunyora matare kuti vapikise mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinokuvadza nzanga yavo. matare mazhinji anokumbira tsinhiro dzavose pamitemo inokarakadzwa. Amicus curiae inobvumira mapoka okunze kugovera mashoko nenharo mumhaka dzinotapura fariro dzavo. Masangano enzanga anogonawo kubvumira zvirongwa zvedzidzo yapamutemo kana kuti kuchengeta kutongwa kwedare kusimbisa muitiro wokutonga. Kunzwisisa nzira yokupinda nayo matare.

Kurava kwapachipiyaniso: Kusvika kwakaiswa panzvimbo yapakati

Kuronga nzanga kunobudirira kazhinji kazhinji kunonanga mapazu akawanda panguva imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, nharaunda inotsvaka mweya wakachena ingamanikidza Dare kupfuudza mitemo yorumano inobudisa tsvina, kutsigira EPA kubudisa mitemo yakasimba, uye kuisa dare rokumanikidzira mipimo iripo kana kuti kudenha kuchengetwa kwemitemo. Kubatanidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, kusonganirana namayunivhesiti, uye kuvaka mibatanidzwa nedzimwe nzanga kunogona kusimudzira nhamburiko idzi. Hurumende yeU.S. yakarongedzerwa kuita kunzwi rakarongwa, rinopfuurira (hn) kubva kutaundi duku romumaruwa rwomumaruwa kana kuti ruwa makuru.

Kupedzisa: Kunzwisisa Hurumende Pari Paduku

Mapazu matatu ehurumende haasi masangano ari kure muWashington, D.C. anoshanda zuva riri rose munzira dzinotapura chengeteko, utano, dzidzo, uye kubudirira kwenzanga iri yose. Bazu remitemo rinonyora mitemo inotsigira zvikoro nezvipatara; bazu guru rinoshandisa mitemo iyoyo kupfurikidza namasangano uye rinogovera; bazi rinotonga rinoadudzira ndokudzivirira maruramiro. Kutamba kwavo necheki nedziyo nedzinomwero zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kufuratira zvinodikanwa zvenzanga.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa ichi chivako nokubatanidza nenzira ine revo — kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kurukurirano, kutora rutivi mukuita mitemo, uye chiito chapamutemo — vabati vanogona kuumba mitemo inoratidzira uchokwadi hwavo hwomunzvimbomo. Hurumende inobudirira zvikurusa apo nzanga dzinoziviswa, dzinoshingaira, uye dzinopfuurira. Simba ramapazu matatu harisati richingova rerondedzerowo zvayo; chishandiso chokuvaka nzanga dzakasimba zvikuru, dzisingaganhuriwi kubva kumusoro.