Chitanga: Kutonga Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Mapazu matatu ehurumende `nopa chiratidzo chokuuraya, chibvumirano, uye chitongi haisi mifungo isina kujeka yakavakirwa kumabhuku anoshandiswa. Michina inoshanda inoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwekuvapo kwezuva nezuva, kubva kukuvakwa kwemigwagwa yaunotyaira kuenda kuuremu hwemhepo yaunofema uye kusasarurana kwezvibvumirano zvaunoisa chiratidzo. Kunzwisisa kuti mapazi aya anoshanda sei uye kufambidzana zvinokosha sei nokuda kwomugari wemo upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi mune chinzvimbo chavose, mutsigiriri wechinjo, kana kuti kungozivawo nzira yokushandisa nayo masangano anotapura upenyu hwavo. Nyaya inopfuudzira miuyo yawo inokosha pamaitiro anozivikanwa navose, uye inopa nhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo.

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba − kwakarongedzerwa kudzivisa sangano ripi neripi kuva rinonyanyodzora — rinogadzira gadziriro yechiremera chakagoverwa netarisiro yoga yoga. Iyi gadziriro haisati iri mhinganidzo kukubudirira asi dziviriro yorusununguko. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa aya mabasa, vanogona kuziva zviri nani kwokutungamirira itiro hanya dzavo, nguva yokuvhota, uye nzira yokushandisa nayo tsika yapamutemo kudzivirira maruramiro avo.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Riri Kushanda

Mabasa Nemabasa

Bazu guru rine mutoro mukuru wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Pamwero wenyika muUnited States, mukuru mukuru anotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, anobatira sevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Purezidhendi anotsigirwa nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kabati (anoronga vakuru vedhipatimendi revakuru vakuru vakadai seDefense, State, Treasurence, Health and Human Services) uye basa guru remasangano ehurumende nemabasa ehurumende. Mumasangano iwayo, vashandi vanoshanda muhurumende vanobatira basa rezuva rekutungamirira mapurogiramu, kubva pakuongorora zvokudya zvinochengetedzwa neSocial Security kuti vaongorore kugadzira zvokudya panzvimbo dzinogadzirwa zvivako.

Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoratidzira ichi chivako namagavhuna, vanameya, vanamamaneja veguta, uye madhipatimendi adzo ose. Somuenzaniso, bazi rehurumende ringabatanidza mapato emotokari, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye utano hwavanhu. iyi mitumbi inogadzira ndokushandisa mitemo inowirirana nemitemo inoumbwa nemitemo inodzorwa nemitemo yakafara yemitemo inopesvedzera zvakananga mabhizimisi uye kuti vagari vemo vanofambidzana sei namabasa ehurumende.

Migumisiro Yezuva Riri Rose

Bazu guru rinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzisingaverengeki. Rangarira chengeteko yavose: mapurisa (icho zvikurukuru basa routungamiriri hwomunzvimbomo) anopindura migariro yekurumidziro, anonzvera utsotsi, uye anomanikidzira mitemo yomumugwagwa. Mumwero mukuru, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inogadza mitemo yemhepo nemvura, inotapura zvakananga rucheno rwemvura yaunonwa nemhepo yaunofema. Department yeDhipatimendi yeDzirowa redzidzo rinotarisira mapurogiramu edzidzo yapamusoro, inoumbawo kukwanisa kuwana dzidzo yakakwirira. Bazi rezvo rinotarisira , zvivako zvese, mabhiriji, kutakura vanhu nehurumende. Paunokwira ndege yechengeteko yechengeteko yezvokuchengetedza chengeteko (TS) inoshanda pasi pebazu rehurumende kuti rivaravi rezvokuchengetedza.

Mitemo yezvemari, yakadai sokuchengetwa kwomutero neInternal Revenue Service (IRS) kana kuti zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvinotaurirwa nomukuru mukuru wehurumende, zvinopesvedzera ndyiko yezvinhu nehurumende yebasa. Utarisiri hwezvoutano, kubatanidza Medicare naMedicaid, ibasa guru rinotapura mamirioni eAmerica. Mukupfupikisa, bazu guru ndiro ruoko runooneka zvikurusa rwehurumende muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kubatanidzwa Nomugari Wemo

Vagari vanobatana nebazu guru zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuvhota nokuda kwavanameya (mutungamiriri, gavhuna, meya) avo vanowirirana nezvinoiswa pakutanga. Kupfuura dare, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuonana namasangano makuru nenyunyuto, kutora rutivi munhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose nokuda kwemirau inokarakadzwa, kana kuti kukumbira nzvimbo mukati mebasa rehurumende. Misangano yetaundi yomunzvimbo inopa mukoto wakananga kuvakuru vakuru vakuru veguta avo vanoshanda savakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Masangano mazhinji anewo mahofisi eambudssman okubata zvichemo zvavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo iyi mikoto inopa vanhu vamwe navamwe kuzvidavirira nokuitwa kwomuitiro wehurumende.

Nzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Mutungamiriri wehurumende haasi mukuru. Bazu remitemo rinogona kukurira mavhiri apurezidhendi, kutendera kana kuti kuramba kugadza nezvibvumirano, uye mufambiro wokutonga. Bazu redare rinogona kutonga zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina wirirano. Iyi ganhuriro inovimbisa kuti simba ravakuru vakuru rinoramba riri mukati memiganhu yapamutemo nerehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuvagari vemo, vachiziva izvi zvichekedzo zvinobetsera mukuyera apo mukuru mukuru angava anodarika uye kuti chii chinowanika kupfurikidza namamwe mapazu.

Mitemo Yemapazi Younyanzvi Inoumba nzanga

Kuvaka Nebasa

Bazu remitemo (_zvinowanzodanwa kuti Congress panzvimbo yehurumende) ine mutoro wokuita mitemo. MuUnited States, idare rebhimeral rinoumbwa neDare (mitezo 100, miviri pahurumende) uye Imba yeVamiririri (mitezo 4,35, inogoverwa navanhu). Misangano yehurumende ine zvivako zvakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji nedare kana kuti imba yavamiririri. Mibato mikuru inobatanidza kunyora nokupfupikisa mutemo, kutendera, kuzivisa hondo, uye kugovera matare ebazu anotungamirira kupfurikidza nebvunzo.

Vatongi vanokarakadza zvikwereti, izvo zvinopinda mudare, kurukurirano, kugadziridzwa, uye mavhoti akawanda. Kana mahofisi ose ari maviri apfuvura shanduro dzakafanana, mutengi unoenda kupurezidhendi nokuda kwokusayina kana kuti kuisa zita. Kana yaiswa, Congress inogona kupfuudza nembiri mbiri 93. Iyi muitiro unoda kubvumira nokusarurwa kwakakwana uye kubudiswa kwavose. Kunzwisisa uku kubetsera vagari vemo kuona apo inzwi ravo rinogona kuva chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa.

Kutapura Kunoita Mutemo Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Upenyu hwezuva nezuva hunoumbwa nemitemo inopiwa nebazu remitemo. Mitengo yemitero, mari inobhadharwa, mipimo yezvoutano, kwezvakapoteredza, mari yokutsigira dzidzo, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye muitiro wokutama inosarudzwa nomutemo. Somuenzaniso, Affordcable Care Act yeinishuwarence youtano yemamiriyoni; Decheace Air Act yakavandudza kunaka kwemhepo; uye Covil Rights Act yakarambidza rusaruro rwebasa nedzimba dzavose. Kunyange mitemo yomunzvimbomo semitemo yeruzha, uye mitemo yokupaka tsvina yehurumende. (jerefu) Paunobhadhara mitero yemitero yezvokutengeserana. Paunotumira mwana wako kuchikoro chavose, kana kuti tsvina tsvina, unoona marara epamba, unenge uchiwana migumisiro yezvisarusarusarudzo.

Kubatanidzwa Mugadziriro Yomutemo

Vagari vane nzira dzakawanda dzokupesvedzera mutemo. Chakananga zvikurusa kuvhota nokuda kwavamiriri vanobvumirana nemi murangariro. Pakati pesarudzo, unogona kunyorera vakuru vakuru vako vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza norunhare, email, kana kuti muvane makomo anoshanyira. Misangano yehoro yeguta uye kunzwiwa kwavose zvinogovera mikana yokutaura mirangariro pamabhiri anenge aswedera. Mapoka mazhinji ezvemitemo anopa maturusi okushandisa kuronga mitemo uye kutumira mashoko akanyorwa pasati apa prograti. Kunoyera pamberi pedare (* kuchinjwa kwenzvimbo kana kuti mari yeutano yomubatanidzwa yehurumende kuzivisa inzwi rako.) ndiyo imwe nzira ine simba yokuzivisa uye yakananga: kiyi inopindura zviri nani kumiraudzo inosano, idikanwa kubva kuMaskienceg.

Imwe nzira ndeyokukumbira.First Amendment inovimbisa kodzero “yokukumbira Hurumende kuti igadzirise zvigumbu.” Kukumbira paIndaneti kunogona kuratidza kuti nyaya dziri kunetsa, uye matanho evagari vemo mune dzimwe nyika anobvumira vavhoti kuti vape mitemo zvakananga. Zvisinei, kuronga kutsigira uswa kunoramba kuri nzira inoshanda zvikuru yokupesvedzera miganhu yemitemo.

Basa Rokubira Nokunyengera

Nepo shoko rokuti “kunyepedzera” rinowanzova nerevo dzakaipa, ibasa rinodzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo rinobvumira mapoka ezviwaro (kubatanidza mafariro asingabetseri, masangano, masangano, uye vagari vemo) kupa mirangariro yavo kuvaiti vemitemo. Kunzwisisa kunoshanda zvikurusa apo kunobatanidza kurukurirano ine revo nemashoko echokwadi. Vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi mukupesana mukuwirirana nemitemo yavo, yakadai seAmerican Civil Liberates Union, Sierra Club, kana kuti AARP. Kunzwisisa simba rekukurudzira kubetsera vagari vemo kuti vaone kuti fariro dzinokwikwidzana dzinoumba sei mitemo inotapura upenyu hwavo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Guardian of Rights and Trastity

Kuongorora Kuduku - duku Kwegadziriro Yedare

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti iwirirane nebumbiro remitemo. MuUnited States, gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatanidza Dare reRuwa (matare edare), Dare reZvikwiro (matare ehurumende), uye Dare reSupremesa reUnited States. Gadziro dzehurumende dzinosiana asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza matare okutonga, matare epakati, uye dare rehurumende rapamusorosoro. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une chiremera chakananga. judicariary inozvimirira, zvinoreva kuti vatongi havasati vachidzorwa kudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika mukutonga kwavo kweUnited States. Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinokarirwa kuva nemitemo nezvokwadi bedzi.

Nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare() yakagadzwa mu Madison (1803)] (inobvumira matare kurova mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinoita kuti dare rive nzvero yakakomba pazvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, matare ari umo maruramiro akasiana anodzivirirwa, makakavaratirwa anopedzwa, uye ruramisiro inodzorwa.

Nhau Dzepamutemo Dzezuva Nezuva

Gadziriro yedare inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzose dziri mbiri dziri pachena nedzisingaonekwi. Kana ukabatanidzwa mutsaona yemotokari, dare ringasarudza mhaka nebhadharo. Kana ukasaina chibvumirano, kutenga imba, kana kuti kutanga bhizimisi, nharo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nematare. Nhau dzedare dzedare dzemhaka dzedare dzinotonga nhau dzemotokari dzinobatanidza tikiti retsono dzemotokari kumhosva nemhosho. pamutemo wemhuri, kubatanidza kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kugamuchirwa kwavabereki, zvinogadzirirwa nedare redare. Kunyange apo iwe pachako umene unenge usina mudare, zvisarudzo zvedare zvinogadza miganhuro inotapura kodzero dzako: rusununguko rwekutaura, rusununguko rwekupinda, chigaro chepamutemo, uye muitiro wakafanira unoumbwa nedare rose nekutonga.

Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) chinonyoreswa muchato wezvevatano yorudzidziso munyika yose. Mairanda v. Arizona (1966) yakatanga chinodikanwa icho mapurisa anonyumwira kodzero dzavo. Iyi mhaka yechiratidzo yakabva kuvanhu vaishandisa tsika yedare kudenha mitemo kana kuti miitiro yavakawana kuti haina kutongwa. Kunzwisisa muitiro wokutonga kunopa simba vagari vemo kuziva apo kodzero dzavo dzakapunzwa uye kutsvaka kushata.

Kuwana Ruramisiro Nedzidzo Yechibvumirano

Kusvika kumatare chinhu chinokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvisinei, kufamba mumitemo kunogona kuva kunodhura uye kwakaoma. Vagari vakawanda vanovimba nemasangano eyamuro epamutemo, magweta eprobo, kana kuti kuzvibatsira vamene zviwanikwa zvinogoverwa nematare. Dzidzo yeCOVICO inokosha: kuziva mashoko epamutemo, marongerwo etsika dzedare, uye nzira yokuita nayo kunyunyuta kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu pakukwirirana. Zviwanikwa zvemabhangi zvinogona kubatanidza website ye U.S.S. Dare redare reSango dzinopa mazano nezvimiro.

Basa reJury ikodzero uye mutoro; rinovimbisa kuti vanhuwo zvavo vane basa mukusarudza nyaya, kunyanya mhosva dzoutsotsi.Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rinovimbisa kodzero yokutonga kunoitwa nedare rinosarudza, zvichiita kuti basa redare riite basa redare rinotonga rive chinhu chinokosha.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokusasarura

Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunokosha nokuda kwechisarudzo chokusasarura. Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (pamberi pomufambiro wakanaka) uye vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokurayira, uko kunovadzivirira pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatongi vehurumende vangasarudzwa kana kuti kugadzwa, asi ivowo vanokarirwa kushandisa mutemo pasina rusaruro. Vagari vemo vanofanira kutsigira mutemo kupfurikidza nokuremekedza zvisarudzo zvedare kunyange apo vasingabvumirani. Kudenha pamsoro pomutemo (hwunowirirana netyisidziro), kutaura, kana kuti bhajeti rinocheka (h) mano ebazu okudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Chiziviso chapachena chinobetsera kuchengetedza pamutemo chinozvimirira chinobetsera iyi nzverongedzo inokosha pasimba.

Kubatanidza Pakati Pebazu: Kunzvera Nedzikamo

Mienzaniso Yezvikamu

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakuna kukwana; bazi rimwe nerimwe rine mibato yokuganhurira dzimwe. Bazu remitemo rinogona kukurira mitemo yapurezidhendirial vento, kuramba kugadzwa kwedare nezvibvumirano, kubvisa purezidhendi kana kuti vatongi, uye kudzora bhajeti. Mukuru mukuru anogona kuita mutemo, kubudisa zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru, kukanganwira mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, uye kugadza vatongi. Bazu redare rinogona kuputsa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru. Idzi dzvaro rinovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe richava guru.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ichisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu United States v. Nixon[[FLT] [1997]) Nhamba dzinoda kuti purezidhendi apedze matepi mukuwanwa muwatergate, achiratidzira kutarisira kwedare pamusoro peropafadzo yehurumende. Kubatana kwakadaro kunoyeuchidza vagari vehurumende kuti vashande segadziriro inoshanda, kwete sedare redare.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mukutonga Kwazvino Uno

Mukutonga kwazvino uno, mitsetse pakati pamapazu pane dzimwe nguva inogona kuvanza. Somuenzaniso, masangano ehurumende − chikamu chebazu guru) kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chinoumba icho chinofanana nemitemo nemabasa okutsiva akafanana nematare. Iri “bazu rechina” rehurumende rakamutsa itiro hanya pamusoro penhume dzesimba. Zvisinei, Congress inochengeta udzori hwakakwana kupfurikidza nokugonesa mitemo, uye matare anohwirudzura mabasa esangano muAdministrative Procedure Act. Vagari vanofanira kuziva kuti masangano akafanana neFederals Communications kana kuti Securesticity naEx Commis anoshanda pamharame dzemapazuriro matatu ose, uye kuvimbisana purogiramu dzavo dzokuita dare inzira ine simba yokuumba.

Chikonzero Nei Zvichikosha Kuvagari Vemo

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo dzinoparira mapfundo akawanda okuwana nokuda kwavagari vemo. Kana usingabvumirani nomutemo, unogona kuudenha mudare, kukurudzira chigaro kuti chigadzire, kana kuti vhota mukuru mukuru anoushandisa. Kunzwisisa iyi purogiramu kukubetsera kusarudza kwokushandisa simba rako rehurumende. Kutsanangurawo chikonzero nei fambiro mberi ichigona kunonoka(ddilibetement chesting chesssss kugadzirirwa kudzivisa zvisarudzo zvokukurumidzira. Shiviriro nokupfuurira imavara ari mudemondigatiro.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayo Vanogona Kuramba Vachidzidziswa uye Vachibatanidzwa Nayo

Kuverenga Nekunyora uye Kunovimbwa Navo

Kugara uchiziva kunoda kunyanyorangarirwa kwenhau. Zviito zvehurumende zvinoshumwa nezvinobudisa nhau, asi hazvisi manyuko ose akavimbika. Tsvaka manyuko makuru: mawebsite epamutemo akadai se White House.gov, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] Conrev.Gov[[FLT] [FLT] [FLT], uye [FLT]] [[FLT].FT][FLT]].[FLT]

Masangano Ecovic Nokuparidzira

Ivai namapoka ehurumende omunzvimbomo, vanopinda misangano yezvikoro, kana kuti vazvipiri vemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzanga zhinji dzine batano dzenharaunda dzinobatira pamwe namapazu avakuru vakuru veguta. Kurukura musarudzo iri yose(nzvimbo yemo, hurumende, uye hurumende) ndiro chiito chikurusa chekuvimbisana. Sarudzo dzegore negore kazhinji kazhinji dzinova nedanho shoma, bva dzinosarudza masangano ezvikoro, masangano eruwa, uye nzvimbo dzokutonga dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kukurudzira shamwari nemhuri kunyoresa nokuvhota.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako

Zivo yekodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo nechaudzo, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, zvinogoneka kuziva apo kodzero idzodzo dziri mungozi. Bazu redare riripo kuti ritsigire idzi kodzero, asi nhano yokutanga ndeyokudziziva. ACLU inogovera kupetwa kwekodzero mumigariro yakasiana - siana (imo, kuwirirana namapurisa, maruramiro okuvhota, kuva voga). Vagari vemo vakawanda vanonzwisisa dziviriro dzavo dzapamutemo, zviri nani zvavanogona kuzvireverera vamene navamwe.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Unopfuurira Wougari hwemunyika

Mapazu matatu ehurumende haasi masangano ari kure; ndiwo masangano ayo nzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene inoshandisa. Kuvambira pamipimo yekotsekano inoiswa kurutivi rwekotsekano, kusvikira kuimba yemitemo inotsigira dzidzo, kusvikira kudare rinodzivirira maruramiro ako, aya mapazi anorukwa kuva mavara oupenyu hwezuva riri rose. Mugari wemo anonzwisisa mabasa ebazu rimwe nerimwe anogona kuvhota nenzira yokuchenjera zvikuru, kutsigira nenzira inobudirira zvikuru, uye kushandisa tsika yokuvandudza kwete bedzi upenyu hwavo vamene asiwo nzanga yavo.

Democracy hausi mutambo unoona. Gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo inogovera gadziriro, asi inotsamira pavanhu vakavimbisana kuti ive yakasimba. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza mashandire anoita mapazi, kutora rutivi musarudzo, kusangana navamiriri, uye kuremekedza mutemo, unova mutsigiri anoshingaira mukudzora, kwete nhau yawo chete. Kana uchiziva zvikuru, inzwi rako rinova rine simba zvikuru. Ipa nguva nhasi kutarira vakuru vako vakasarudzwa, verenga pamusoro penhau yeDare Rapamusorosoro, kana kuti kupinda musangano wedare romunzvimbomo.