Mapepa Anoshandira Mitemo: Chinyorwa Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo Chehurumende Yechido Chose yeAmerica

Apo United States Constitution yakapiwa kunyika nokuda kwokuparadza muna 1787, yakatarisana nechishoro chikuru. Vatsoropodzi vakatya kuti hurumende yepakati yaizotsika rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe ndokutevedzera udzvinyiriri hwavakanga varwa kuti vatize. Mumhinduro,men — Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay —wrote nhevedzano yezvinyorwa 85 mupetwa dzenhema "Publius". Idzi rondedzero, dzinozivikanwa se [[FLT:] Federalis Papers [[FLT: 1], dzinoramba dziri imwe yetsananguro dzinodzo dzinokudzwa zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo uye dzinopfuurira kunzwisiswa sei hurumende yavo. Nokuti nhasi, kufunda aya manyoro haangoriwo manyoro edzidzowokushandawose.

Nheyo Yenhau Nechinangwa Chemapepa Enyika

Nyaya dzeConfederation, dzakasimbiswa muna 1781, dzakaita hurumende yakaneta yakaratidza kuti yakanga isingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvinetso zvenyika duku. Kusagadzikana kweupfumi, kurwisana kwenyika dzedzimwe nyika, uye kutyisidzira kwaibva kumasimba okune dzimwe nyika kwakafumura kudiwa kwegadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru. Constitution ye1787 yakaita chirongwa chitsva, asi kubudirira kwayo kwaitsamira pakuitwa kwechidimbu neanenge mapfumbamwe enyika gumi nematatu.

Federalist Papers dzakabudiswa mumapepanhau eNew York pakati paOctober 1787 naAugust 1788, nenharidzano yakajeka yokunyengetedza vaNew York kuti vatenderedze Bumbiro reMitemo. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yavo yakatambanudza kutopfuura nyika iyoyo imwe. Nhau dzakadhindwazve mudzoro rose uye dzakava kuraviwa kunokosha kuti nhume dzinyore kokorodzano. Donzo guru ramanyoro iwaya rakanga riri rokudzivisa nharo dzavaAnti-Fedalist, avo vaitya kuti Bumbiro remitemo raizonyanyonangidzira simba zvikuru muhurumende yorudzi pakurasikirwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero yomunhu oga.

Kugadzirisa Kutya Kukundwa Nehurumende

Imwe yetsoropodzo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa dzeBumbiro reMitemo rakakarakadzwa yakanga iri yokuti yakanga isina Bill of Rights. Anti-Federalists yakataura kuti pasina dziviriro dzakajeka, hurumende yaizodzivisa nenzira isingadzivisiki rusununguko rukuru. Mu Federalist Nhaka. 84, Hamilton akapikisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reMitemo pacharo rakanga riri mutemo wekodzero, sezvo raitara masimba chaiwo aipiwa hurumende apo yaizochengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika navanhu. Iye akarangarira kuti kodzero dzakati dzingagona kuva dzine ngozi, sezvo kungareva kuti kodzero dzisina kunyorwa hadzina kuvapo. Uku kufunga pakupedzisira kwakapiwa kugamuchirwa kwekodzero dzaBill muna 1791, uko kwakaratidza kuti mubatanidzwa wemitemo inobvumiranwa kutsinhiranoteve uchipfuurira kutsinhirana kutsinhirana.

Vhesi yacho yakataurawo pamusoro pekukura kwaro republic yakakarakadzwa. Vatsoropodzi vaidavira kuti hurumende yaikwanisa kukunda bedzi munzanga duku, dzine mativi akafanana umo vagari vemo vaigoverana fariro dzavose. Mu Federalist No. 10, Madison akashandura nhetembo iyi yakakurumbira, achipomera kuti nyika huru yehurumende ingadzora chaizvoizvo ngozi dzeidi kupfuura duku. Akaomerera kuti muRepublic yakareji yakakura, yakasiana-petwa, ichiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweidi ipi neipi. Iyi nzwisiso inoramba iri huru kunzwisiswa namagadzirirwo ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzinosimbiswa Mumapepa Akanyorwa Nevanhu

Nheyo idzi dzakanga dzisiri pfungwa dzouzivi asi mhinduro dzinoshanda kuchinetso chokuumba hurumende ine simba rakakwana rokushanda zvinobudirira asi dzakamanikidzirwa zvakakwana kuchengetedza rusununguko.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kunokamuranisa hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana: chigaro, mutungamiriri, uye basa rokutonga. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba aro amene akasiyana nemamwe nemitoro, richidzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Mu Fiterast. 47, Madison akawana paMontesquieu uzivi hwww, kusimbisa simba rose, mutungamiriri, uye mujekiseni, mumaoko mamwe, angava mumwe, muduku, kana kuti mazhinji, uye kana ari nhaka, akazvigadza, kana kuti akasarudzwa, angazivisa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.

Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti kuita mitemo hakurevi kusarura. Congress inokarakadza ndokupa mutemo, Purezidhendi anoita ndokuita kuti mitemo iyoyo iteererwe, uye mutongi anodudzira pamutemo wazvo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda nemwero wakati wokuzvimirira, uye mitezo yaro inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana-- siyana — sarudzo yakananga, koreji yakasarudzwa, uye kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare. Iyi miitiro yakasiana - siana inodzivirirazve mapazi kubva kune mumwe nomumwe uye muzvishuvo zvakakurumbira zvechinguvana.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchiparadzira chiremera, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe mitoo yokudzivisa nayo kudzongonyedzwa kwedzimwe. Madison akatsanangura iyi gadziriro mu Firedalist Nhaka. 51: "Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti kubvesvurwe. Fariro yomunhu inofanira kuva yakabatanidzwa nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo renzvimbo. Mukushanda, Purezidhendi anogona kudzika mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress anogona kudzora icho cheveto nevoruzhinji mbiri. Dare rinosimbisa kuranga kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano. judiary inogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nedare, asi vatongi vanoumbwa naMakuru edare rinosimbiswa.

Iyi gadziriro inoparira kusawirirana kupfurikidza negadziriro. Inoderedza kudzora uye inoda kubvumirana pakati pefariro dzinokwikwidzana. Nepo vatsoropodzi pane dzimwe nguva vachinzi tsvete muWashington, Federalist Papers inotiyeuchidza kuti uku kupesana kunofungwa. Vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo vakaita kuti zviome namaune kuti hurumende iite chiito, kusarudza kuronga uye kubvumirana kumhanya zvikuru. Sevagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunotibetsera kuyera kana kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri chiratidzo choutano hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuputsika chapachokwadi.

Kushanda Muchikamu

Federalism inomirira donzo rapakati pakati pehurumende yenyika nebvumirano yehurumende dzinotonga. Mubumbiro remitemo, simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende dzehurumende, nokushandisa chiremera chimwe nechimwe chakananga pavagari vemo mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Hurumende yenyika inobata nhau dzeitiro hanya imwe cheteyo — muitiro wezvokutengeserana wenyika, kutengeserana kwenyika yehurumende yeIdzinodzivirira — nepo nyika dzinochengeta chiremera panhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzidzo, mutemo wepfuma, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Mu Mubatanidzwa Nhaka. 39, Madison akarondedzera hurumende yakakarakadzwa se "hazvisi zverudzi chose kana kuti zvehurumende yose". Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirwa kuchengetedza betsero dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo nepo ichitanga mubatanidzwa wakasimba zvakakwana kuti ushande munyika. Dzikamo pakati pesimba renyika nerenyika yachinja zvinoshamisa munhau yeAmerica, zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chaMarudzi neNew Decial, asi nheyo yehurumende inoramba iri rutivi runodzora rweAmerica.

ChiRepublican

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo. Muripabhuriki, vamiririri vanosarudza vanoita zvisarudzo zvavo.Vamiririri vehurumende vanodavira kuti hurumende yeRepublic yakanga iri huru nokuda kworudzi rukuru, rwakasiana - siana nemhaka yokuti yaizovandudza uye kukudza murangariro wavose kupfurikidza nebumbiro remimiririri yakasarudzwa.

Mu Nhamba U. 10 , Madison akarangarira kuti "Republic, iyo ndinoreva nayo hurumende umo gadziriro yokumirira inoitika, inozarura kariro yakasiana, uye inovimbisa mushonga watinotsvaka." Mufananidzo unogonesa kusarudzwa kwavagari vemo "vane uchenjeri hunganzwisisa fariro yechokwadi yenyika yavo, uye rudo rwavo rwokutsigira nyika norudo rweruramisiro ruchava rushomanene kuhurega kurangarira kwenguva pfupi kana kuti isina muganhu. Chiono ichi chinoisa mutoro pavatsigiri kusarudza vamiriri vane zvose zviri zviviri zvikwanidzo neperero, uye chinoisa mutoro pavamiririri kushandisa rutongeso vakazvimirira panzvimbo zvakakurumbira.

Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwemapepa Anoongorora Nyika Nokuda Kwevagari Vazvino Uno

Mapepa eFederalist Paper anowanzodzidziswa mumakirasi ehurumende dzezvikoro zvepamusoro uye makosi esayenzi yepakoreji, asi kushanda kwawo kunotambanukira kure kupfuura kirasi. Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kuita mitoro yavo muhurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo, idzi rondedzero dzinopa nhungamiro inogara. Kunzwisisa nheyo dzemapepa ehurumende kunoshandura mifungo yemitemo inooneka kuva zvishandiso zvinoshanda zvokuongorora chiito chehurumende nokushandisa chisarudzo chamuzivikanwo.

Kuita Zvisarudzo Zvakajeka paBhokisi reBalot

Kudzosera mashoko chiito chinokosha zvikurusa chokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi kuisa bhandi rinoziva kunoda kunzwisisa icho hurumende inogona kuita uye inofanira kuita. Federalist Papers inogovera gadziriro yokunzvera vadaviri nemitemo. Apo mutendi anopikira kukudza simba renyika munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa magamuchidzanwa, mugari wemo akarovedzana nehurumende anogona kubvunza kana uku kukura kunoremekedza muganhu webumbiro remitemo. Apo purezidhendi anotaura chiremera chokuita zvisina kufanira munhau dzehondo kana kuti bhizimisi, mugari wemo akarovedzana neparadzano yamasimba masimba anogona kuyera kana ikoko kuchiwirirana negadziriro yemitemo.

Nhetembo dzacho dzinobatsirawo vavhoti kusiyanisa kusawirirana kwemitemo netyisidziro huru kukudzora kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kubatanidzwa Muupenyu Hwokuvaka Hunopfuura Kurumbidza

Vagari vanoshanda mudzimba dzehurumende vanotora mabasa akasiyana - siyana anoitwa nevanhu vose: kupinda misangano muhoro yeguta, kushanda mumatare akasarudzwa, kuonana nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kubatanidzwa mumasangano enzanga, uye kuramba vachiziva nyaya dzavose. Dare reCofterlist Papers rinokurudzira zvachose pfungwa iyi yakakura yokuva mugari wemo nokusimbisa kukosha kwokuva nevoruzhinji vane chibvumirano uye vane ruzivo.

Madison akanyora mu [[FT:0] Munyorero Nha. 14 kuti budiriro yeBumbiro reMitemo yakatsamira pa "simba rorudzi rwomunhu nokuda kwehurumende yazvo imene". Uku kukwanisa hakuzi kwokuzviitikira kwoga; kunofanira kusakurirwa kupfurikidza nedzidzo, kurukurirano, uye muitiro. Apo vagari vemo vanotora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, vanovamba miitiro nounyanzvi zviri madikanwa nokuda kwokuzvidzora. Vanodzidza kuteerera kupesana nemirangariro, kusimbisa nzvimbo dzavo vamene nenzira inonyengetedza, uye kugamuchira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuri madikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvedemocracy.

Kuita Kuti Hurumende Izvidavirire

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haishandi nenzira inozvimirira. Inoda vagari vakasvinurira vanoongorora mabasa ehurumende nokuzvidavirira. Mapepa eFederalist anorangarira kuti vagari vemo vachava vachengeti vanorinda rusununguko rwavo vamene. Mu Fiterast A. 51, Madison akacherekedza kuti "rubatso pavanhu ndi, pasina panikiro, kudzorwa kukuru pahurumende; asi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakadzidzisa rudzi rwomunhu kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzebetsero."

Nhano dzokudzivirira dzebetsero idzodzo dzinobatanidza mativi ourongwa hweBumbiro reMitemo, asi dzinotsamirawo pamichina yenhau yapachena, masangano enzanga yavagari vemo, uye kugarika. Apo vagari vemo vanopa ngwariro kuizvo hurumende yavo iri kuita, apo vanopanikira zviito zvapamutemo, uye apo vanoronga kutaura itiro ravo, vanofema upenyu mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Federalist Paper inotiyeuchidza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haisati iri muchina wokuzviparadza umene; inoda nhamburiko inopfuurira yomunhu kuti ishande sezvaidiwa.

Kushandisa Nheyo Dzavanhu Vanoshandira Kumwe Kunhau Dzazvino Uno

Nheyo dzakajeka muMapepa eFederalist hadzisi zvidimbu zvemiyuziyemu. dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha kuinodokuva kurukurirano huru iri yose yezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States.Vagari vanonzwisisa nheyo idzodzi vanogona kubatanidzwa nokufunga zvikuru nezvinoitika zvazvino uye kubetsera nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kuhurukuro yavose.

Simba Rine Simba Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Nharo pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi dzakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, zvikurukuru munhau dzechengeteko yenyika. Apo bazu guru rinotaura masimba okuberekwa nawo okutungamirira, varwi vanodzivisa, kana kuti kutanga mabasa ehondo pasina kutenderwa, izvi zvirevo zvinogona kurangarirwa mugadziriro yakagadzwa muFederal List Papers. Hamilton akapikisana mu Munyorero wemasangano Nhaka. 70 kuti simba mumukuru rinokosha kudzivirira rudzi, asi akafungawo kuti Dare raizoshandisa masimba aro amene kudzvinyirira basa rapurezidhendi. Vagari vanonzwisisa uku kunyandukadza kwamabasa avakuru vanogona kunzvera zviri nani kana mabasa ehurumende achimirira kududzira zviri pamutemo pamutemo kana kuti kukanganisa kwakaipa.

Simba Rokutonga Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Basa redare redare rave riri manyuko egakava munhau yose yeAmerica. Federalist Papers dzinopa nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo vagadziri vanofungidzira simba rokutonga. Mu Federalist No. 78, Hamilton akarondedzera bazi redare se "rakanyanya kuva nengozi" nokuti rine simba kana kuti haridi, asi kutonga zvakwo. Akapikisa kuti matare anofanira kuva nesimba rokuzivisa mitemo isina kutongwa, asi akasimbisawo kuti chiremera chokutonga chinotsamira pakodzero yakabva pakufunga.

Kakavadzano dzazvino uno pamusoro pokudzivisa kutonga nokutonga, kuvamba nokupesana nebumbiro remitemo ripenyu, uye mwero wakafanira wokuhwirudzura nhau dzose dzokudzokorora dzakatanga kurongwa muFederalist Papers.Vagari vanonzwisisa iyi kurukurirano mumashoko avo enhau vanogona kuumba zvimiro zvakatooma zvikuru panhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri kusvikira kumitemo yezvemari.

Kushanda Muchikwata uye Mitemo Yepanguva Ino

Kusawirirana pamusoro pehurumende kunomuka munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemitemo: tarisiro youtano, dzidzo, mirau yemhoteredzo, mutemo weroorano, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi, kungodudza zvishomanene bedzi. apo hurumende yehurumende inoraira chiito chehurumende mutyisidziro yemari, ko ikoku kuremekedza dzikamo yebumbiro remitemo pakati pechiremera chorudzi nehurumende here?

Vagari vanonzwisisa zvinokosha zvinobatirwa nehurumende — kuvandudza, kuedza, kudavira migariro yomunzvimbomo, kudzivirira paudzvinyiriri hunotaurwa nehurumende — vanoshandisa zvirongwa zvinowirirana zvikuru uye zvinonyatsonzwisiswa.

Matanho Anoshanda Okusimbisa Kunzwisisa Kwako

Kurava rondedzero imwe pavhiki nenzira yakananga ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yokunzwisisa nayo nharo dzavo ndokunzwisisa nayo ukoshi hwadzo hunopfuurira. Nhau dzacho dzinowanika zvikuru paIndaneti nokuda kwokusabhadharwa, uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvinogovera mashoko enhau anobetsera. Kuronga kurava rondedzero imwe pavhiki kungapedzisa nhevedzano yose mumakore asingasviki maviri, uye kunyange kurava rondedzero dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzinonzi — Nhamba 10, 39, 47, 51, 70, 78, uye 84— zvaizogovera hwaro hwakasimba.

Mapoka ekurukurirano negadziriro dzedzidzo yavagari vemo zvinopa mikana yokubatanidzwa nemagwaro aya pamwe chete. Masangano mumapoka amapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anochengeta kurava nemisangano pamagwaro okuvamba, uye maraibhurari akawanda nenzvimbo dzenzanga zvinopa mapurogiramu akasununguka pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo.

Pakupedzisira, vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa zivo yavo kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi mukurukurirano inopfuurira yebumbiro remitemo. Kunyora tsamba kuvapepeti venhau, kutaura pamisangano yavose, kubatanidzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kukurukura nhau dzebumbiro remitemo neshamwari nemhuri zvose zvinobetsera kutsika dzehurumende inotsigira hurumende. Federalist Papers inotiyeuchidza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro rapamutemo chete asi basa rinogoverana rinoda kutora rutivi runoshingaira rwechizvarwa chiri chose.

mhedziso

Mapepa eFederalist anomirira kubudirira kunoshamisa mumufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika nedzidzo yavagari vemo. Akanyorwa mukupisa kwehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvakadaro akasvika mwero wenzwisiso nounyanzvi zvakawana nzvimbo yavo murusando rwemagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica.

Kunzwisisa nheyo dzokuparadzana kwemasimba, kunzvera uye dzikamo, hurumende, uye uparabhuriki zvinoshongedzera vagari vemo kuyera chiito chehurumende, kutora rutivi rune revo muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kuita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidavirire. Federalist Papers inotiyeuchidzawo kuti hurumende inoda zivo, kungwarira, uye kuvimbisana kwokushingaira. Asi iyi chaizvoizvo iiyi nzanga inoraira inoita kuti kuva mugari wehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji ave anokosha. Tuso dzokurarama munzanga yakasununguka dzinowanwa kupfurikidza nenhamburiko inodikanwa kuitsigira.