Dziviriro yakaenzana inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu kana kuti boka rinonyimwa dziviriro imwe cheteyo yemitemo inofarikanywa navamwe vanhu kana kuti mapoka. Iyi nheyo inoshanda sejira rapamutemo nokuda kwomutemo unorwisana neshanje uye inogovera gadziriro yokuyera kana marusarudzo ehurumende ari epamutemo kana kuti asingagamuchiriki. Mutoo, dziviriro yakaenzana haisati iri chipikirwa chakafanana asi chishandiso chemitemo chakasimba chinoshandiswa nematare, vapi vemitemo, uye vatsigiri kuti vaedze kururama kwemirau, miraudzo, uye zviito zvapamutemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti nheyo iyi inoshanda sei mukushandisa kunoda kuongorora kwayakabva, mipimo ine mitsetse yematare okuongorora inoshanda, mhindumupindu yayo kupfurikidza nenhau dzinooneka, uye denho dziri kubuda dzinoedza ganhuriro dzayo munzanga yakaoma neyakasiyana - siyana.

Murangariro Wokudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Tsananguro Nezvinangwa

Pamwero waro mukurusa wakaenzana, dziviriro yakaenzana inoda kuti vanhu vari mumugariro wakafanana vabatwe zvakafanana. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzinofanira kuisa vanhu mumapoka ose ezvikonzero zvapamutemo (mutomo, zera reraisesvuri dzokutyaira, mari yezvikwara), mubvunzo wapamutemo mukuru hauwanzovaki [ nakamwe kusarudzwa kuripo, asi kunyorwa uko kunoruramiswa [. Nharidziro inosarira kubvisa, kana kuti kusarura kwakaipa uko kunokuvadza mapoka anopesana mutsika kana kuti kukanganisa kodzero dzinokosha.

Dziviriro yakaenzana inobatira zvinangwa zvikuru zvitatu: kudzivisa rusaruro rwamaune, kuderedza tapuro dzinokuvadza dzemitemo iyo inoparadza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mapoka akadzivirirwa, uye kusimudzira nzanga umo vanhu vanotongwa pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvavo panzvimbo pemavara akavanzika. Kuwana izvi zvinangwa kunoda kunzvera kukuru kunodzikamisa maruramiro omunhu oga mufariro dzehurumende.

Mavambo Enhau Nemitemo

Mubatanidzwa wakajeka zvikurusa wedziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo weUnited States iFolt Clause Protection of the Fitreeth Amendment , yakasimbiswa muna 1868. Inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo" yakaitwa pakuvamba kudzivirira varanda vachangobva kusunungurwa pamitemo yehurumende inopa mishatoo, chitsama chazova chishandiso chikuru chokushandisa maruramiro avagari vemo kugura nzvimbo iri yose youpenyu hwavose, kubva kudzidzo namabasa kurovha nedzimba.

Chitsama chamashoko chinoshanda bedzi ku chiito chechisoti (uye, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza, chiito chehurumende kupfurikidza neChiteshi cheFindromendi cheFindrement's Claus). Ikoku kunoreva mufambiro womunhu oga, kutoti uchitenderwa kana kuti kukurudzirwa nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hako unotadza kusvika, kunyange zvazvo Masangano akashandisa simba rawo pasi peChikamu 5 cheKinneth Amendment kupfuudza mitemo yakafanana neChiteko cheChirevosero Act cha 1964 icho chinodzora rusaruro rwavanhu munharaunda dzakadai sedzimba dzavose uye basa.

Kuumbwa Kwokunzvera Kunotevedzerwa Kumitemo

Kushanda kunoshanda kwedziviriro yakaenzana kunodzorwa negadziriro yehwirudzuro yakaisvonaka, yakatevedzana. Mwero wokunzvera unoshandiswa kumutemo unosarudza kuti mutoro wokururamisa unorema sei pahurumende. Ichi chivako chakagadzirirwa kuva chinononotswa kumirano mizhinjisa yemitemo nepo nenzira yokungwarira chichidzora avo vakavakirwa pamavara anofungidzirwa kana kuti uyo unoremedza maruramiro makuru.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokuva Nechikonzero Chokuva Nemhaka

Revomhu itsika yakarongwa uye inoregeredza zvikurusa. Muiyi muedzo, mutemo unorangarirwa kuva webumbiro remitemo uye uchatsigirwa kana uri une chokuita nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Mutoro unowira panenge paunodenha chose chose kuratidza kuti mutemo hauna donzo kana kuti hauna mufungo chose chose. Uyu mupimo unoshanda kumirau mikuru yemitengo yebhizimisi, mitemo inoisa miganhuro, uye mitsarano yakavakirwa pazera, pfuma, kana kuti urema.

Mukushandisa, hwirudzuro ine mufungo irefu huru. Matare anowanzofungidzira chikonzero nei mutemi wedare wemitemo angave akapfuudza mutemo, kunyange kana zvikonzero izvozvo zvakanga zvisiri sundo chaiyoiyo. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zvinoitika zvinocherekedzwa, Dare Gurusa rashandisa "hwaro hwokuwedzera nokuruma" mupimo wokuparadza mitemo inosundwa namapoka asingafarirwi, zvakadai somu City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center [1985]) (urema hwendangariro) uye trugr v.

Kuongorora Kunobatanidza

Nzvero dzinoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa pa uye idigimati[ (unhu hwokuberekwa kwomunhu). Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongeka kwacho kuri kwakabatana nefariro inokosha yehurumende.

Yakakudziridzwa muzvinoitika zvakadai se Craig v. Boren (797) uye [[FLT] United States v. Virginia [1996]), kunzvera kwapakati kunoramba kwakafara pamusoro pemibato kana kuti mano avarume navakadzi. Hurumende haigoni kutsamira pamipimo yetsika; inofanira kugovera `rumano runopesvedzera rwokwendedzero" somuenzaniso, sangano rehondo raidikanwa kubvuma vakadzi nemhaka yokuti mugariro wakakundikana kuratidza kuti kubvisa vakadzi kwakabatira zvikuru donzo redzidzo inokosha.

Kunzvera Kwakakomba

Nzvero yakakomba iko kukwirira kukurusa uye kwakadzika zvikurusa kwedzokororo. Inoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa pa race, mavambo amarudzi ose, uye mativi anorema anorema [[FLT:] maruramiro endangariro [[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [5] (zvakadai sokuvhota, roorano, uye kufamba kwechikamu). Hurumende inotakura mutoro unorema wokubvumikisa kuti mutemo i [FT:6] nenzira inodzorwa zvikuru kuti isvikire fariro inogombedzei [[FLT:]].

Munzvero yorumano, mutemo unofanira kuva uri madikanwa kuti usvike nharidzano yehurumende, uye hakufaniri kuva neimwe nzira duku yokupa nayo upariri hunowanika. Iyi mirau inowanzorondedzerwa se "revo, asi ine ngozi," kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusati kuri kwechokwadi nguva dzose. Mamwe mapurogiramu enjere edzinza namwero wakati echengeteko yenyika zvakapukunyuka kuongororwa kwakakomba. Zvisinei, kunzvera kunoparira murangariro une simba mukurwisana nehurumende, kumanikidza vakuru vakuru kururamisa chikonzero nei rudzi kana kuti mavambo orudzi zvichifanira kuva hwaro hwegadziriro yakati.

Kudzivirira Kunoiswa Panyika

Kubva Pakuparadzana Kuenda Kukuenzana: Chinjo Yedzidzo

Chisakiso chikurusa chedziviriro yakaenzana chinosara Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [1954]. Dare Rapamusoro rakashandura "kupesana asi rakaenzana" dzidziso yakatangwa mu Plassy v. Ferguson[[FLT]] [1896]), rikabata de jure redzinza muzvikoro zvakanyima vana vashomanene vemikana yedzidzo yakaenzana. Dare rakaziva kuti kudzorwa kwakavakirwa padzinza kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuzvinyima uko kusingagoni kubviswa nezvivako zvinowirirana.

rown yakaratidzira kuti dziviriro yakaenzana inoitira hanya zvose zviri zviviri [[FTLT:2] youzivi uye miuyo yechiito chehurumende. chisarudzo chacho chakagadzirira nzira yokubvisa nayo mitemo yeCrow uye chakagovera nheyo dzapamutemo dzeRumbidziko rweChiviko. Zvisarudzo zvakarairwa kumhanya kwose kwamaune" uye zvakataura musiano pakati pede rehregration (mamimiitiro).

Murayiro noMutemo: Kupesana Nezviratidzo Zvesimbi

Kwarinopfuura zana ramakore pashure pekuna kudzorwa kweIndaneti ye14th Amendment, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mitemo yaibata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiana yakavakirwa pamabasa egamuchidzanwa. Mu Brawellw v. Illinois (1873), Dare rakabvumira Illinois kurambidza vakadzi kushandisa mutemo. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muma 1970 apo Dare rakavamba kunzvera zvikuru zvimiro zvechirume nechirume.

Mu yanyorwa v. Reed (1971], Dare rakaputsa mutemo weIdaho uyo wakada zvamazvirokwazvo varume kupfuura vakadzi savatarisiri venzvimbo. Craig v. Boren[ yakatanga gadziriro yokunzvera kwapakati, yakarova mutemo wakabvumira vakadzi kutenga doro pamakore 18 asi yaida kuti varume vamiririre kusvikira 21. Iyi nhau iratidzire nhambo yokuona vakadzi sevanhu vanotsamira pakuvaziva sevatori vezvikamu zvakakwana uye vakaenzana munzanga uye upenyu hwemari.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nharo

Zvichida nzvimbo inokwikwidzana zvikurusa yedziviriro yakaenzana ndiye hungu chiito. Mubvunzo mukuru ndowokuti mapurogiramu echiziva dzinza akagadzirirwa kupedza rusaruro rwomunguva yakapfuura kana kuti kusimudzira mhatsa anoputsa Dziviriro inoenzana yaClaus. Mu Regets dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [1978]), Dare raidavira kuti kunyange zvazvo maganhu edzinza akanga asingabviri, rudzi rungagona kushandiswa sechinhu chimwe pakati pezvisarudzo pakati pevakawanda mukubvuma kuti awane mutumbi wavadzidzi wakasiyana - siyana.

Kwamakumi amakore, Dare rakanatsa iyi nheyo munhau dzakadai se Gridge v. Bollinger [2003] uye Fisher v. University of Texas (20]), ichishandisa kunzvera kwakakomba kumirairo yedzinza. [FLT]][2003]] [masumo eFair Adgicts v.[[FLT:] [2012]] [2012] [20] [25], Dare rakachinja nenzira inoshamisa, richiita kuti basa rakakwirira mudzidzo yakakwirira mudzidzo inopesana neFlassime Claus. Dare rakazivisa zvirongwa zvakadaro kuti zvisagona kusimbisa kubatana nokushandiswa kubatana, seboka revanhu, risingafaniri kuteurwa seboka remarudzi.

Ichi chisarudzo chinomirira kuzivikanwa kukuru kwedzidziso yokudzivirira yakaenzana, kuratidzira kuti Dare richadzora nenzira youtsinye kushandiswa kupi nokupi kwedzinza navatambi vehurumende, kunyange nokuda kwamadonzo anoratidzirwa kuva akanaka kana kuti anogadziridza. Institution zvino dzinofanira kuwana nzira dzokusatora rutivi dzamarudzi kuti dziwane mhatsa.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Muhurumende Yazvino Uno Yokutarisira

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuvengana Kwedzinza

Dziviriro yakaenzana yave iri chinhu chikuru kukurwira maruramiro okuvhota. Dare rakaziva kwenguva refu kuti maruramiro okuvhota anokosha, kureva ganhuriro pakuvhota kudzorwa kwakakomba. Kuvhota kodzero dzekodzero dzavanhu kwe 1965 [VRA] yakaisirwa pasi pesimba reCongregation rokurwisa rusaruro rwakapararira mukuvhota, kubatanidza kuedza kurava nokunyora nokuvhota.

Mu Shelby County v. Hoker (20203), Dare rakaputsa nzira yokufukidza yeVRA, iyo yaida zviremera nenhau yorusaruro kuti zvisaitwe kuti mitemo yokuvhota nehurumende yehurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti muitiro wacho wakanga wava wechinyakare uye wakaputsa uchangamire hwehurumende. Chisarudzo ichi chakatungamirira kukukura kweganhuriro dzehurumende dzekuvhotera, dzakawanda dzacho zvino dziri kudenhwa pasi pedziviriro yeClaus Ecom Fravice yeHswos.

Dare rinodzorwawo neFortaling projects yeUniversal Publicale. Muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne SShaw v. Reno [1993] na Cooper v. Harris[ [2017], Dare rakaramba kuti maruwa aikweverwa nedzinza se "mafashoni" anoputsa dziviriro yakasakaenzana kutoti akaiswa zvishoma kuti awirirane neVRA. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoda kubvunzurudza kwakaoma muvavariro dzemitemo uye kuumbwa kwamarudzi.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nezvirango

Kushandiswa kwedziviriro yakaenzana kururamisiro youtsotsi kwave kuri kwegakava. Mhinganidzo hurusa yedziviriro yakaenzana munharaunda ino ndichinodikanwa kubvumikisa [[FLT: 0] pamutemo. Mu Shoington v. Davis [797], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti mutemo kana kuti muitiro une muganhu unoparadzanisa rudzi hausi mutezo unopesana nedzinza. Mu kutoti muiti kuti mushori anogona kuuratidza kuti unosundwa nedonzo roupameso.

Ichi chinodikanwa chinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kudenha miitiro yakaenzana semitsetse yakaenzana yecrack cocaine (iyo yakatapura nzanga dzeAfrica munhau yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura mhaka dzefodya dzecocaine) kana kuti kumira kwemiitiro yokufambisa magwaro. Nepo Dare rakabvuma kuvapo kwemisiyano yedzinza mugadziriro, nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti Kudzivirira kwakaenzana hakuna kuvimbisa miuyo yakaenzana, miitiro yakaenzana bedzi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuchinjo dzemitemo, dzakadai se Sup Act[ (2088), iyo yakaderedza kuganhurira pakati pecrack necocaine, asi denho dzedare kutsika dzinoramba dziri hondo huru.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nechiremera Zvakaenzana

Mhindumupindu yedziviriro yakaenzana nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vanoratidzira kuti kunzwisisa kwenzanga nedzidziso yapamutemo zvinobatira pamwe sei. Mu Romer v. Evans (1996], Dare rakarova muganhu weColorado weMitemo yeColorado uyo wakarambidza bazi ripi neripi rehurumende kudzivirira vanhu vakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano, richitonga kuti raisundwa neaimus uye risina hwaro hwakadzika. LAWREnce v. Texas [2003]], Dare rakarova mitemo yeSadmody pasi peShomu pasi peBarect Claus Claus.

Mhaka yechiratidzo ye Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] yakaziva maruramiro makuru kuroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, kuwiriranisa muitiro wakaenzana nenheyo dzedziviriro. Dare rakaramba kuti varoorani vamwe vorudzi rumwe chetevo vakapiwa chiremera chimwe chetecho uye kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo sevaroorani vechisimba. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu [[FLT:]] bhostock. County[[FLT]][20]]), Dare rakarebesa dziviriro dzeLGBT+ vanhu vamwe navamwe pasi peTit I yekodzero dzechikodzero dzechibharo, rina kusarurana kwakavakirwa panzvimbo yevatano kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu evatano. [FFF]

Nyika Dziri Kubatana uye Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo

Kusarurana Kwemitemo uye Kuenzana Kwemadhigirii

Chimwe chedenho dzazvino uno dzakaoma zvikurusa kudzivirira kwakaenzana kukura kwokuita chisarudzo chemitemo. Masangano ehurumende anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera maarugratimenti negadziriro dzinoshanda nokuda kwamabasa anobva muzvisarudzo zvemapurisa uye zvebheyili kuti abetsere kuva ane simba, mirangariro yegarikano yavana, uye kurovha. Iyi gadziriro inogona kupfuudzira kana kuti kusimudzira kusasarura kwedzinza kuripo nenzanga, kunyange mukusasarura kwemaune.

Nemhaka yokuti maarugratimendi akawanda anomutsawo mibvunzo: kana muvaki wehurumende achiumba maatomu akasarudzwa kushandiswa, kosha kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei kana kuti kubvumikisa kuva noupamhi. dzidziso yemitemo yemitemo [ inomutsawo mibvunzo: kana mugadziri wehurumende achiumba argoritime yemitemo inosarudzwa nehurumende kuti ishandiswe, korverwo inovapo inopa mutongo kuhurumende here? Matare ari kungovamba bedzi kurwisana nenhau idzi. Mamwe mitemo akapfumisa mitemo inoda kuongororwa kwegadziriro dzemhindu yemitemo yemhesano, nepo vamwe vakarambidza kushandiswa kwemitemo inofungidzirwa mumatare eutsotsi.

Kusiyana Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Nemashoko Akaoma Kunzwisisa

Dzidziso yakaenzana yedziviriro yamagamuchidzanwa inowanzonzvera marongedzero akavakirwa paboka rimwe (race, chirume, kana kuti chitendero). Zvisinei, rusaruro runowanzoshanda pamharadzano dzemitemo mizhinji. Mukadzi Mutema angatarisana nerusaruro rusina kufanana chaizvoizvo norwunotarisana navarume vechitema kana kuti vakadzi vechichena. Iyi pfungwa, inozivikanwa se [[FLT:] kutora rutivi [[[FLT: 1]], denho matare kuziva kutaura kusingawirirani zvakanaka mumasangano akatangwa.

Mamwe matare maduku akarwisana nokutaura kwemiparadza, nepo mamwe akabvumira vatengi kuunza kutaura kwakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wemavara akadzivirirwa (muchib., kupesana kwedzinza-pulce ). Chivako cheMubatanidzwa Wedziviriro waClaus chinochinjika zvakakwana kugovera kutaura uku, asi kunoda vatongi kutarira pahwerengedzo yemigariro nemitoo yechienzi iyo inoumba rusaruro. Sezvo chaunga chinova chakasiana zvikuru nokuziva chemisiano inopfuudzwa, dzidziso ichada kuparira kugovera dziviriro ine revo kuvanhu vamwe navamwe vane ruzivo.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Kupfuura Miganhu yeUnited States

Nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana haisati iri yechienzi kuUnited States. Mabumbiro ehurumende echidhimoni akawanda anobatanidza zvibvumikiso zvakafanana, uye mutemo wamarudzi ose wamaruramiro avanhu unobatanidza maruramiro okusasarurana. International paScovenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)[FLPR], iyo yakatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura 170, inobatanidza Article 26, iyo inogovera kuti vanhu vose vakaenzana pamberi pomutemo uye vane maruramiro okudzivirira kwakaenzana mukurwisana nerusaruro pazvikonzero zvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi.

Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai sedzeCanada, India, Germany, uye South Africa, matare akakudziridza gadziriro dzakaisvonaka nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kutaura kwokuti kazhinji kazhinji kunodarika mutemo weU.S. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reSouth Africa rinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri vimbiso yokuenzana negadziriro inobvumira kusimbisa matanho okufambira mberi mapoka anoshaiwa munhau. Kudzivirira kweCanada kwekodzero neFreedoms[ kunobatanidza kunzvera kwakasimba kwoukwaniri hunorangarira simba remitemo pamapoka anokwidziridzwa. Kufunda izvi kunogovera nzwisiso inokosha kuti dziviriro inoenzana sei inogona kushanda zvinobudirira.

Kubatsira Kunoita Masangano Nevanhu

Kufambira Mberi Kwemitemo Nokushandira Kumwe

Nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende, mayunivhesiti avose, uye masangano avanhu oga anodzorwa nemitemo inorwisana neshanje, kushanda dziviriro yakaenzana kunoda zvinopfuura vavariro dzakanaka chete. Kunoda kudzorwa kwomuitiro wakakomba. Pamberi pokuita muitiro unoumba pahwaro hwedzinza, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi, masangano anofanira kuvimbisa kuti anofanira kuva nehwaro hwakasimba hwakajeka uye kuti muitiro wacho unosanogadzirirwa kuti uwane donzo rapamutemo kana kuti rinogombedzera.

Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza kuitisa miuyo inoisa kunzvera pamiitiro inokarakadzwa, kuunganidza mashoko pamiuyo neboka ravagari vemo, uye kurangarira dzimwe nzira dzedzinza namarudzi asati agamuchira matanho ezvokuziva dzinza. Kurovedza vakuru vakuru pamusoro pefungira dzakajeka nedzokuzviisa kwapamutemo kunokoshawo. Masangano anokundikana kuita iyi mirangariro yokushingaira inoshuviwa, kuvadziko yemukurumbira, uye kusashanda kwemitemo yavo.

Kunyengera uye Kudzorera Mumutemo

Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo ezvivako zvinodzivirira zvakafanana kunokosha chaizvo kuti pave nemitemo inobudirira inoita kuti vanhu vadzivirirwe nenzira yakafanana kunosanganisira kuratidza kuti hurumende inoisa vanhu mumapoka anoremedza boka rakadzivirirwa kana kuti kodzero dzinokosha.

Kutsiva 1983 kwemitemo yeU.S. ndiyo mugwagwa mukuru wokuunza kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza kuputswa kwedziviriro kwakaenzana, pahurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Plaintiffs anogona kutsvaka kuyamura (kumisa muitiro weparamende) uye kuvadziko. Kunyunyuta namasangano ehurumende, zvakadai seboka re kubatira maruramiro eChiviko cheChiviko cheChipuko[[[FLT:]] kana kuti [[FLT:] Comment comment comment comment , inzirawo yokuchengeta. Masangano anowanzo kuparira mufambiro wetsika yetsika inodenha nzanga, uye dzidzo.

Zvomene inoshanda ndeyokuti dziviriro yakaenzana chishandiso chine simba asi chakaganhurirwa. Inotsamira pavanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka kuzivisa kuputswa, kuunganidza ufakazi, uye kutsungirira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yapamutemo yakareba. Dzidziso yacho inoshanda zvikurusa apo ikabatanidzwa nemirau yamaruramiro avagari vemo, kuvimbisa kuva mutongi akazvipira kusimbisa chipikirwa cheBumbiro remitemo cheruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.