Chii Chiri Muitiro Wepamutemo?

Gadziriro yapamutemo igadziriro yakarongwa iyo nzanga inogadzira, inodudzira, inoshanda, uye inomanikidzira mitemo yayo.Pakati payo, inopa mitemo namasangano zvinochengeta nhevedzano, zvinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu, kupedza gakava, uye kururamisira. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, vanonzwisisa kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei haisati iri bedzi dzidzo yedzidzo chete yezuva nezuva, inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva mukusaina chibvumirano chokuvhota musarudzo, kuoneka mudare somutongi.

Kutaura zvakafara, gadziriro dzapamutemo kupota nyika dzinowira mumagamuchidzanwa mashomanene makuru. tsika yemitemo inozivikanwa navose , inoshandiswa muUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye dzimwe nyika dzeBritain, dzinotsamira zvikuru pamipimo nemirau inonyorwa, nemitemo, nevatongi vaiita basa renguva yemberi rekubvunzurudza. Mamwe magamuchidzanwa anokosha anobatanidza [[FLT:] mutemo wetsika yechivol[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]], wakapararira muEurope neLatin America, akavakirwa pamitemo yakanyorwa naMadokero, uye matongerwo adzo, namamwe mabasa okutonga. [FFF]

Hapana gadziriro yapamutemo yakakwana, asi zvinangwa zvimwe nezvimwe kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzana: simba rehurumende mukupesana norusununguko rwomunhu, kudikanwa kwenhevedzano mukupesana nedikanwo yokururamisira, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwegadziriro yehurumende mukupesana nechinodikanwa chegadziriro yemitemo yakafanira. Kuvagari vemo, nhano yokutanga kufambisa gadziriro ipi neipi yemitemo kunzwisisa mavakirwo ayo makuru () uye inovamba nematare.

Marudzi Ematare: Kudzokorora Kunoshamisa

Matare ndiwo nzvimbo apo kakavadzano dzapamutemo dzinonzwiwa nenzira yapamutemo ndokusarudzwa. Akarongwa muboka ravakuru rinosarudza kuti idare ripi rinotonga rudzii rwenhau uye kuti idare ripi rinogona kuhwirudzura chisarudzo cherimwe dare. Nepo mazita chaiwo nezvivako zvichisiyana nechiremera, miitiro yemitemo mizhinjisa inogoverana mufungo wesangano.

Dare Rokutonga (Cherty of Trought)

Dare rokutonga ndimo mavamba nhau. Dzine mutoro wokusarudza maidi egakava(-) ufakazi hwokunzwa ufakazi, uye kushandisa mutemo kusvika chisarudzo. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, dare rinotonga rinosarudza mhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka; mumhaka dzavagari vemo, rinosarudza mutoro nekuvadziko. matare edare akutonga anowanzopesana nenhau: matare maduku nokuda kwekakavara, [[FLT:] matare edzimba dzemhuri nokuda kwenhau dzechatanuro neroko, [[FLT] matare mazhinjisa edare] nokuda kwokutonga mhaka.

Matare Akakwirira (Makurukota Okuhwirudzura)

Dare rekubvunzurudza harina kutongwa kutsva kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chedare rinotonga richienda mberi kundoziva kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitwa izvo zvakatapura muuyo. Chikumbiro hachisi mukana wechipiri wokuwina mhaka(icho icherekedzo kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama. matare edare anogara mumativi evatongi vatatu kana kuti vakawanda zvikuru uye kubudisa mirangariro yakanyorwa iyo inodudzira mutemo uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji] inogadza muenzaniso wenhau dzenguva yemberi. Mumiitiro yavose, iyi mienzaniso inotonga pamatare maduku mukati mechibvumirano chimwe chetecho.

Madare Makurusa (Makorimendi Okupedzisira)

Pamusoro pedare rinotonga panogara dare rapamusoro-soro (8) kazhinji kazhinji rinonzi Dare Rapamusorosoro, Dare Rapamusoro, kana kuti Dare reMitemo. Iri dare rinonzwa zvikumbiro kubva kumatare akaderera uye rine shoko rokupedzisira panhau dzebumbiro remitemo nemutemo wenyika. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinobatira padzimwe matare ose ari muhurumende. Munyika dzakawanda, dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinoitawo hwirudzuro yedare [[FLT: 0] yedare remitemo , simba rokuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. Dare reDare reHurumende repamusorosoro reUnited Kingdom, uye Dare reCanada.

Matare Anokosha

Kupfuura dare ravafundisi, gadziriro dzakawanda dzinobatanidza matare chaiwo nokuda kwamarudzi akati ekakavadzano. Idzi dzinobatanidza matare echikwata chenhau , matare enyikapo , [[FLT]] matare apamutemo [[FLT]] anoshanda [[FLT] [[FLT]] matare [[FLT]] anodzora [[[FLT]] matare eSangano reSangano reSangano reManyika Yose reMutongi nedare reCrimina. [IT] Arevom] Anobudisa nhau huru yemitemo yemitemo yemiteoult. [[FLT]

Kushanda Kunoita Dare: Mutongo Wenhau

Kunzwisisa kuti nyaya yacho yaitongwa sei kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose vangada kutanga kukwirira mhosva, kudzivirira mumwe, kana kuti kupupurira mumwe kana kuti kutungamirira.

Chitayera 1: Kufema uye Kutungamirira

Mhaka inovamba apo mutongi (munhau dzehurumende) kana kuti muchuchisi (munhau dzoutsotsi) anonyora gwaro repamutemo nedare. Munhau dzehurumende, iyi i complifit kana kuti kurambira [[FLT]] kunyora kunyora mashoko epamutemo ezvinotaurwa. Mukwiridziridziridziro ipapo mhinduro, inozivikanwa se [[FLT:], iyo inobvuma kana kuti inoramba kutsigira. Kutsinhanharo dzamanyoro idzi dzinonzi [FLT:] tedition.[FK]

Chivako 2: Kuwana

Pamberi pomutongo, mativi ose ari maviri anopinda mu purofiti]. Muitiro wokutsinhana mashoko anokosha kunhau yacho. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza (mumutengi wedare redare), kubvunzurudza (mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa mumhiko), zvikumbiro zvezvinyorwa, uye zvikumbiro zvokupinzwa. Kunzvera kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa zvishamiso pakuedzwa nokukurudzira kupfurikidza nokuita simba noutera hwenhau yorutivi rumwe norumwe runooneka. Mumativi akawanda, kuwana ndiko nguva inopfupikisana uye nhambo inodhura zvikuru.

Chinotarwa 3: Kufamba Kwapamberi Penhambo Nemisangano

Pamberi pokutonga, mumwe nomumwe anogona kukumbira mutongi kutonga panhau dzakati. murangariro wokudzinga unokumbira dare kubudisa mhaka yacho nemhaka yokuti haina maruramiro apamutemo. mamiriro ezvinhu orutongeso rwechipfupiso [ kukumbira dare kutonga munyasha dzebato nemhaka yokuti hapana gakava rapachokwadi pamusoro pamaidi anoda kutongwa. Misangano yePreveast inobetsera nhau, kurukurirano dzakapfupikisa, uye kunzvera bviro yokugata.

Chikamu 4: Kutonga

Kutonga kwacho chiitiko chikuru. Mudare, mutongi anosarudza zvose maidi nomutemo. Mukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi, mutongi anorayiridza vatongi pamutemo uye vatongi vanosarudza maidi. Kutonga kunovamba na [ mashoko okuzarura [, anotevera nokuratidzwa kwouchapupu, magwaro, zviratidziro zvechinyakare, uye pfungwa. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rungayambuka zvapupu. Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwose hwapiwa, magweta vanobudisa [[[FLT:] [FLT]]. Mutongi kana kuti mutongi womutemo ipapo anodzosera [FK:]

Chikuva 5: Kukwirira Nokukwirira Kwokupera Kwenguva Dzose

Pashure porutongeso, mubatanidzwa unorasikirwa unganyora matsutso anobva dare rapashure pedare . kutamburira nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva kana kuti [[FTT:2] kunzwika kwechisarudzo pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo [[. Kana ichi chikakundikana, dare ringakwirira kudare rakakwirira zvikuru. Zvikumbiro hazvifaniri kuita zvokuzviitikira; panofanira kuziva chikanganiso chapamutemo chakaitwa mukati mokutonga kwacho chaikosha zvikuru. Kana dare rikawana chikanganiso chakadaro, chingachinja chisarudzo, murayiro mutsva, kana kuti kugadziridza rutongeso. Munyaya dzisingawanzowanwa, kudare rakakwirira zvikuru ringabvira.

Mazita Anokosha Emitemo Anofanira Kuzivikanwa Nomugari Wose

Mashoko epamutemo anogona kuva anotyisidzira, asi zivo inoshanda yamashoko makuru inopa vagari vemo simba rokukurukura nenzira inobudirira namagweta, kunzwisisa magwaro edare, uye kutevera kutongwa kwapamutemo.

Kubatanidzwa Kumhaka

  • [[FOLT:0] Traff: Munhu kana kuti sangano rinotanga kukwirira mhaka muhurumende kupfurikidza nokuisa nyunyuto.
  • [[[FUL:0] Defanti : Munhu kana kuti sangano rinopomerwa kana kuti kupomerwa mumhaka yetsotsi.
  • Petution/Respect: inoshandiswa mumhaka dzakati dzenhau (mutoo, kukumbira, dare remhuri) kusiyanisa boka rinotsvaka nyaradzo (muzivi) nebato rinoishora (musingawirirani).
  • Mutongi : Gweta rehurumende rinounza pomero dzoutsotsi nokuda kwehurumende.
  • Amicus Curiae: "Shamwari yedare" uyo asiri mutezo wenhau yacho asi anogovera mashoko kana kuti unyanzvi hwokubetsera dare muchisarudzo charo.

Mashoko Ane Chokuita Nezvacho

  • juridiction[[FLT: 1]: chiremera chedare chokunzwa nhau. dare rinofanira kuva nezvose zviri zviviri simba rokunzwa rudzi rwenhau) uye simba romunhu oga (simba pamusoro pamativi) kuti ripfuurire.
  • [[FUM:0] ` : Nzvimbo apo mhaka inonzwiwa. Mitemo yeVenue inovimbisa kuti nhau dzinoedzwa munzvimbo yakanakira mapati nezvapupu.
  • [ Kumira[[[FLT: 1]]: Kodzero yapamutemo yebato yokuunza dare. Kuti rimire, boka rinofanira kuratidza kuti rakuvara nekongiri iro dare rinogona kurapa.
  • [[FT:0] Chiziviso: Muitiro usati waitwa dare umo nzvimbo dzinotsinhana mashoko noufakazi.
  • [[FOLT:0] Subpoena: Murairo wedare unoda kuti munhu abude mudare kana kuti kubudisa magwaro.

Zvaizoitika Uye Zvaitaurwa Pakuhwirudzurwa

  • Vict [: Chisarudzo chakarongwa chomutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi panhau yacho.
  • [[FOL:0] judgiment[[FLT: 1] Dare rapamutemo, kubatanidza mushonga wakarairwa (marairo, zvichingodaro).
  • [[[FOL:0] Appel: Chikumbiro kudare rapamusoro kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera nokuda kwechikanganiso chapamutemo.
  • Chisarudzo chedare rakapfuura chinotungamirira kana kuti kusunga zvisarudzo zvapashure munhau dzakafanana. Stare decis idzidziso yokuomerera kumuenzaniso.
  • [[FOLT:0] Remand: Apo dare rinotumira nhau kudare rinotonga nokuda kwezvimwe zviitiko zvinowirirana nomufungo waro.

Marudzi Omutemo

  • [ Mutemo womutemo: Kudzora mufambiro unorambidzwa nehurumende uye chirango kupfurikidza nefaindi, kusungwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Hurumende inotonga mhaka dzoutsotsi.
  • Mutemo weCIIL[: Kudzora kukakavadzana pakati pebato ravanhu vamwe navamwe (vanhu, mabhizimisi, masangano) uye kugovera mishonga yakadai sekuvadziko dzemari kana kuti mirairo.
  • Mutemo weChibvumirano[[FT:1]: unodudzira ndokushandisa bumbiro remitemo renyika, uchirondedzera masimba ehurumende nekodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • Mutemo woudzori: Unodzora zviito zvamasangano ehurumende nemiitiro yezvisarudzo zvesangano zvinodenha.
  • Mutemo weCommon: Mutemo wakatangwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvokutonga panzvimbo pemirau kana kuti bumbiro remitemo.

Basa Revatongi, Revamiririri, uye Rounyanzvi Hwepamutemo

Kunzwisisa mabasa evanhu vanokosha vari mudare kunoderedza muitiro wacho uye kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva zvokutarisira.

Vatongi

Vatongi vanotungamirira matare. Mukutonga, vanotonga pamusoro pokusakwanikira kwoufakazi, vanorairidza vatongi pamutemo (mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi), vanosarudza kutora nzira, uye pakupedzisira kupinda murutongeso. Mukutonga kwebhenji, mutongiwo anosarudza maidi. Vatongi vanokarirwa kuva vasingasaruri vatongi. Mumativi mazhinji, vatongi vanogadzwa nebazu redare rinotonga kana kuti navavhoti; mune dzimwe, vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemuitiro wakavakirwa patsika. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] . [idzi] murairo wokuti vatongi havaiti zvisarudzo vakasununguka pasina kudzorwa padzimwe nzvimbo dzehurumende.]

Juries

Munyika dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa navose, vatongi ikongi redare redare. Vatongi iboka revagariwo zvavo vakasarudzwa kuti vanzwe ufakazi ndokusarudza maidi enhau. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vatongi vanosarudza chaizvoizvo kuva nemhaka kana kuti kuva asina mhaka; mumhaka dzavagari vemo, inosarudza mhaka uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kuvadziko. Kodzero yokutonga dare rinotonga inodzivirirwa nemitemo mumitemo yapamutemo munyika dzakawanda. Vatongi vanotorwa kubva muvhotirobheri, marekodhi evatyairi, kana kuti dzimwe nhetembo dzavose, uye vanopika kuva vasingasaruri. Kubatira padare rinobetsera ichero imwe yenzira dzakananga dzinotora rutivi mugadziriro yapamutemo.

Maattorney

Maattorney (anonziwo magweta, zano, kana kuti vabharistari mumimwe miitiro) anomirira mapoka mudare. Mabasa avo anobatanidza kupa zano vatengi, kunyora magwaro apamutemo, kuronga kuwanwa, kukurukura miganhu, uye kupa nharo pakutonga. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mukwirirwi ane maruramiro kugweta; kana vasingagoni kubhadhara mumwe, hurumende inogovera mudziviriri wepachena kana kuti zano rakagadzwa. VaAttalney vanosungwa nemiraudzo yetsika dzetsika, kubatanidza mabasa echiziviso chevhuro nekuvimbika kuvatengi vavo.

Vamwe Vashandi Vapadare

  • Krectory yeDare: Anotarisira marekodhi edare, anoronga kutonga, uye anopa mhiko.
  • [[[ITS. 0] [[CUPU:1]: Kuchengeta chengeteko nenhevedzano mudare.
  • [[[FOL:0] Court Reporter: inoita mashoko eshoko enhau dzose.
  • [[[FRANT:0] Magweta anotsigira nokunzvera, kugadzirira magwaro, uye vatarisiri venhau.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kugadzirira Nayo Dare

Pasinei nokuti uri mumwe wevanenge vachiparidza, kana kuti uri mumwe wevatongi, kuziva kugadzirira kunogona kuderedza kuzvidya mwoyo uye kunobatsira kuti zvinhu zvifambe zvakanaka.

Kana Uri Boka (Muprofita Kana Kuti Mudziviriri)

  • Zano rapamutemo rakakodzera. Nokuda kwezvinoitika zvizhinjisa, zvikurukuru izvo zvine danda rinokosha, gweta rine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rinokosha. Masangano mazhinji ebhawa anopa mabasa. Nhando duku zvikuru (mue., dare duku) ungazvimirira umene (prose), asi ngwarira udzame hwemipimo.
  • Gadzira ufakazi hwako[. Unga magwaro, mapikicha, zvibvumirano, nyorerana, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvipi nezvipi zvinowirirana nechako. Itai musiyano wenguva yezvinoitika.
  • [ Ziva miganhu yemisi. Nhau dzedare dzinodzorwa nemitsetse yakakomba nokuda kwokufamba kwebumbiro, kuita chimwe chinhu pakuwana, uye kuoneka pakunzwa. Kushaikwa kwenhambo kunogona kuguma norutongeso rwakarongwa kana kuti kudzingwa.
  • [[[FT:0] Uzvifukidze nokuzvibata zvakafanira [[[FT: 1]. Matare anotarisira kupfeka nokuzvibata. Imbira mutongi kuti rukudzo rwako. Zima runhare rwako. Chimira kana mutongi achipinda kana kuti abuda mudare.
  • [[[FT:0] Iva akatendeseka[. Kupa ufakazi hwenhema kana ufakazi kunogona kutungamirira kupopotedzo nokukuvadza zvakakomba mhaka yako.

Kana Uri Chapupu

  • [[FOLT:0] Ratidza yeuko yako yezvinoitika usati wapupurira, asi usakurukura chipupuriro chako nezvimwe zvapupu (kunze kwomumiriri wegweta akakudana).
  • nyatsoteerera mubvunzo mumwe nomumwe wopindura bedzi zvinobvunzwa. Usazvipira mashoko okuwedzera kutoti warayiridzwa.
  • [[[FO:0] Taura zvokwadi [[[FT]] chose chose uye zvakarurama. Kana usingazivi kana kuti usingayeuki, taurai saizvozvo.

Kana Uri Mudimbu

  • [ nyatsoteerera [[[FT:1] mukati mekusarudza kwakaipa (kusarudza) uye mukutonga kwose. Usakurukura nhau yacho nomunhu upi noupi(kubatanidza navatongi biyako) kusvikira kurangaridza kwavamba.
  • Usaita nzvero yakazvimirira[. Usaita Google nhau, magakava, magweta, kana kuti mutemo. Kutonga kwako kunofanira kuvakirwa bedzi paufakazi hunopiwa mudare.
  • [[[FURO:0] ramba wakazaruka [[[FT:1] kusvikira wanzwa ufakazi hwose nemiraidzo yomutongi pamutemo.
  • Kubatira nokungwarira. Basa reJury musengwa wehurumende, uye matare anobetsera anobetsera anokosha kuchivimbo chavanhu mutsika yeruramisiro.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Pegadziriro Yapamutemo

Kubvisa ngano idzi kunogona kudzivisa kuodzwa mwoyo, kupambadza nguva, uye kukanganisa.

Ngano: Ndinogona kukwirira munhu chero chinhu chipi zvacho.

Haugoni kukwidza mumwe munhu nemhaka bedzi yokuti watsamwa; unofanira kuva nerondedzero yapamutemo inoshanda (nezvemitemo, kuputswa kwebvumirano, kuzvidza, zvichingodaro) uye unofanira kuva wakamira kuti uunze maruramiro acho.

Ngano: Kukumbira kunondiita kuti nditonge rwechipiri.

Zvikumbiro zvinoganhurirwa kukuhwirudzura chinyorwa chemhosva. Hapana ufakazi hutsva hunopiwa, uye hakuna zvapupu zvinodanwa. Dare rinotonga rinofunga kuti zviwanwa zvedare renhau zvakarurama kutoti pane chikanganiso chakajeka.

Ngano: "Nhau dzemhosva nguva dzose dzinoda kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Mumativi akawanda, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzakakomba dzedare rinobetsera vatongi, asi vangarambawo ikoko kwakarurama ndokuva nokutongwa kwebhenji panzvimbo pezvo.

Ngano: Kuraira cheshanu kunoreva kuti une mhosva.

Fincent Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (uye dziviriro dzakafanana mune dzimwe nyika) inodzivirira vanhu pakumanikidzwa kuzvipupurira vamene. Kushandisa iyi maruramiro idziviriro yapamutemo, kwete kubvuma mhaka. Kutaura idi, vachuchisi kazhinji kazhinji vanorambidzwa kutsinhira pamusoro pokunyarara kwomupomerwi.

Ngano: `Sauriro duku haisi dare rechokwadi.

Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvinosungirwa, uye zvinogona pane dzimwe nguva kukwidzwa.

Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Vagari Vemo Kuti Vadzidze Zvakawanda

Sezvineiwo, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika kuti zvibatsire vagari vemo kunzwisisa gadziriro yavo yepamutemo.

  • Mawebsite edare edare edare : Hurumende zhinjisa, dare renyika, uye nyika dzinobudisa nhungamiro nokuda kwemasangano anozvimirira amene, mabhuku edare, uye tsananguro dzemiitiro yedare. Somuenzaniso, website yedare rehurumende U.S. inogovera zvitsama zvikuru zvedzidzo.
  • Maraibhurari omutemo ePublic: Dzimba zhinji dzedare namayunivhesiti avose dzine maraibhurari omutemo akazaruka kuvanhu. Maraibhurari anogona kukubatsira kuwana mirau, mutemo wenhau, uye zvimiro zvemitemo.
  • [ Masangano eyamuro : Vagari vemo vasingagoni kuwana gweta, .Legial Service Service Transformation (LSC) namasangano akafanana mune dzimwe nyika anogovera betsero yapamutemo yapachena kana yakaderera munhau dzavagari vemo.
  • Pamibatanidzwa yemapepa epamutemo: Mawebsite akadai se [[FT:2] Cornell Legin Information Institute (LII) anogovera kusvika kwapachena kumirayiro, mirau, mirau, uye nhau.
  • Masangano edzidzo yepic[: Mapoka akafanana [[FT:2]'iPIPIC [U.S.] neCitizenshi Foundation (U.K.) inogovera mitambo yedzidzo, zvidzidzo, uye zviwanikwa nokuda kwavadzidzi vemazera ose.

Kukosha Kwokudzidza Zviri Mumutemo Nokuda Kwevagari Vomunyika

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo hakusi kungoziva bedzi zvokuita kana ukapomerwa mhaka kana kuti kusungwa. kurava nokunyora pamutemo kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vashandise maruramiro avo, kuti vazvidavirire kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, kutora rutivi rune revo muupenyu hwavo, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nzira iyo matare anoshanda nayo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanovimba nayo tsika yeruramisiro, vanoremekedza mutemo, uye vanoita nenzira inovakarika mukuedza kuivandudza.

Kubva pakubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi kusvikira pakuvhota nokuda kwavatongi, kubva pakudenha chisarudzo chokutarisira chisina kururama kusvikira kukutsigira kuchinjwa kwemitemo, vagari vemo vanoziva iko kunokosha kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda.