Kutsanangura Kwokutanga Kunoita Hurumende

Hurumende igadziriro yakarongwa iyo nzanga, hurumende, kana kuti nyika inotungamirirwa nokudzorwa. Inogadza mitemo (mirairo), inoigombedzera, uye inogovera mabasa ayo vanhu vasingagoni kuzvigovera vamene nenzira iri nyore. Pamavambo ayo, hurumende iripo kuti ichengetedze nhevedzano, idzivirire maruramiro, uye itsigire garikano yavose. Nepo gadziriro chaiyo ichisiyana zvikuru munyika, hurumende dzose dzinoita aya mabasa anokosha kusvikira kumwero wakati.

Kunzwisisa kuvakwa kwehurumende kunokosha kunobva kumadare edzinza nokutongwa nehurumende dzinotonga dzoutongi hwakare kwatinoona nhasi.

Madanho Matatu eHurumende

Munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru marepublic makuru ehurumende akafanana neUnited States, hurumende inoshanda pamwero nhatu dzakasiyana: hurumende (yomunyika yose), nyika (kana kuti yomunzvimbomo), uye yomunzvimbomo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yawo umene, masimba, uye manyuko emari, kuparira gadziriro yokudzora yakaganhurirwa iyo inokurukura nhau pamwero wakakodzera.

Hurumende Yenyika

Hurumende yehurumende inobata nhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza dziviriro yenyika, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika, mari, kutama, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Izvozvi zvinokamurwa kuva mapazu matatu(legisaliti, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi) kudzivirira kusava nesimba guru. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, Congress (gurugalative), inonyora mitemo, Purezidhendi (anoderedza) anoiisa kuiraira, uye Dare gurusa rinoidudzira. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi. [FL:0] U.S.Chiscisoti yemitemo yemitemo yeUnited States, [FLG.1], inonyora mitemo, Purezidhenti (idzo) inova itsika yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Hurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinotarisira dzidzo, zvokufambisa. Dzinotarisira dzidzo, utano hwevanhu, mapurisa ehurumende, uye masangano emitemo akawanda. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinoratidza chirongwa chehurumende: gavhuna samukuru mukuru, mutungamiriri wehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji kacho bimaral), uye dare rehurumende. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe, ichiratidza mipimo yenharaunda nezvinodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzinogadza ganhuriro dzadzo dzimene, mwero yemitero, uye mipimo yedzidzo. Mitengo inewo simba rokupa rezinesi (yemurwi, nyanzvi, zvichingodaro) uye inodzora mibato yakawanda yebhizimisi.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende yemo ndiyo iri pedyo nevagari vemo. Inobatanidza maruwa, maguta, misha, uye maruwa chaiwo (semapuranga ezvikoro kana kuti zviremera zvemvura). Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata mabasa ezuva nezuva: kuunganidzwa kwamarara, migwagwa yomunzvimbomo nemigwagwa, mapaka nenhandaro, kuvaka, uye mapurisa nedziviriro yomoto. Dzinotungamirirwa zvikuru namaneja weguta kana kuti dare reguta. Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzinova netapuro yapakarerekera nokukurumidza zvikuru paupenyu hwavagari vemo, bhotera remo nenhangano dzomunzvimbomo dzinova dzakaderera. Kubatira pamwero panzvimbo ino yetaundi, uye kupinda misangano yehoro yeguta kana kuti dziviriro padare rinobatira padare romunharaunda yomunzvimbomo.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende Nemabasa Ayo

Mufungo wokuparadzanisa simba rehurumende kuva mapazu matatu ikondefa yehurumende yazvino uno youbati ushe hwavanhu.

  • [[FOLT:0] Bheni reRegita[[FT:1] - Rinoita mitemo. Mugadziriro yebimadral (seCongress), mune dzimba mbiri: imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yaVamiriri) uye imba yapamusoro (Dare). Zvose zviri zviviri zvinofanira kupfuudza muromo isati yagona kuva mutemo.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi - Masimbarati emitemo. Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti gavhuna, iri bazi rinobatanidzawo masangano okutarisira (seBato reDzidzo kana kuti dziviriro yeNzvimbo dzapasi) anoshandisa miitiro.
  • [[FT:0] Jodicial Bazu - Rinodudzira mitemo. Matare ose anopedza gakava, anosarudza mhaka kana kuti kuva asina mhaka, uye anova nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. dare rapamusoro zvikurusa (muchib., Dare rapamusoro-soro) rine shoko rokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Mitemo nedzikamo zvinoreva, somuenzaniso, kuti purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzirwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira izvozvo nokunyanyisa. Nenzira yakafanana, matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo, asi bazu guru rinogadza vatongi (netendero yemitemo). Iyi gadziriro yokubatanidza inodzivisa bazu rimwe ripi neripi kusadzora.

Maitirwo Anoitwa Bhirogiramu Mutemo: Kutevedzana Kwomutemo

Kunzwisisa rwendo rwegweta kubva kune rimwe kuenda kune rimwe mutemo inzira chaiyo yokuona nayo hurumende iri pabasa.

  1. [[FT:0] Introduction: Mutezo weimba yomutemo (kana kuti dare remitemo) unokarakadza mutongo. Inogoverwa nhamba uye inonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira.
  2. Committee Review:[[FL:1] Dare rinodzidza bhiridha, ringatonga, uye rinogona kunyorazve kana kuti kunyorazve. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare; bedzi chikamu chiduku chinotangira pauriri.
  3. [[FOL:0] Gadziriro ne Vote:[[FL:1] Muviri wakazara wemitemo unokakavadzana murairo namavhoti. Mugadziriro yebimadal, makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kupfuura shanduro dzakafanana.
  4. Conference Committee (kana kuchidikanwa): Kana makamuri maviri akapfuudza shanduro dzakasiyana, dare redare remitezo yemisangano rinobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri rinoita kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira ipapo kunofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri.
  5. [[FOT:0] Kutendera: Mutemo wokupedzisira unoenda kupurezidhendi kana kuti mubati. Kana ukasainwa, unova mutemo. Kana akasainwa, mutemi wemitemo anogona kuedza kukurira vhato, zvikurukuru ichida voruzhinji vaviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  6. Kuenzanisira: Akamboitwa, masangano anotungamirira anogadzira mirau yokugombedzera mutemo, uye bazu rinoududzira apo gakava rinomuka.

Izvi zvinononoka nemaune uye zvinoda kubvunzisisa, zvakagadzirirwa kukurudzira kunyatsofunga uye kubvumirana kwakafara vasati vachinja mutemo.

Mabasa makuru eHurumende

Kunze kwokuita mitemo, hurumende dzinoita mabasa akawanda anokosha nokuda kwenzanga yakatsiga neyakabudirira. Hezvino zvinonyanya kuoma:

Kuchengeta Nhevedzo Nechengeteko

Hurumende dzinodzivirira vagari vemo kuti vasatyisidzirwa nevekunze, izvi zvinosanganisira madhipatimendi emapurisa (nzvimbo yacho), mauto, mauto enyika, uye mauto.

Kupa Zvinhu Nemabasa Anoitirwa Vanhu Vose

Mienzaniso inobatanidza dziviriro yorudzi, dzidzo yavose, migwagwa, migwagwa nemabhiriji, mvura yakachena netsvina, mapaki, uye maraibhurari. Hurumende dzinotsigira izvozvi kupfurikidza nemitero nemari yomutero.

Kuronga Basa Roupfumi

Hurumende dzinoita ndokushandisa mitemo nokuda kwamabhizimisi kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuva namakwikwi akanaka, chengeteko yavashandi, dziviriro yavatengi, uye utarisiri hwemhoteredzo. Dzinodzorawo mugove wemari, dzinoisa miuyo (kupfurikidza namabhangi apakati), uye dzinogovera musengwa wekotsekano kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seinishuwarenzi yokushaya basa, Social Security, uye Medicare. Miteo yetero ndechimwe chishandiso chine simba: hurumende dzinogona kupinza mufambiro wakati (sekushandisa mari mukuvandudza simba) kana kuti kuodza vamwe (se kusvuta).

Gakava Rinopedza

Gadziriro yokutonga inogovera nzvimbo ine rugare yokupedza rwisano pakati pavanhu vamwe navamwe, pakati pehurumende, uye pakati pamasangano avanhu. Dare rinotsigira zvibvumirano, rinoranga matsotsi, uye rinodzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Pasina mutongi asingasaruri, gakava raizokura kuva masimba kana kuti richaramba risina kupedzwa.

Kumirira Vagari Vomunyika Nokukurudzira Kubatanidzwa

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende dzinozvidavirira kuvanhu. Kusarudzwa, kutongwa kwavose, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, uye maruramiro okukumbira vose vanogonesa vagari vose kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvehurumende. Hurumende dzinounganidzawo ndokubudisa mashoko kuzivisa voruzhinji nokuvandudza kujeka. Chimiro chinoshanda chinoda kuvimbisana kwehurumende kwokushingaira.

Marudzi Ehurumende

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anoronga gadziriro dzakavakirwa pana ane simba, nzira iyo vatungamiriri vanosarudza nayo, uye mwero wechiremera chehurumende.

  • [[FORT:0] Democracy - Simba rinoitwa navanhu, avo vanosarudza vamiriri. Democrac inosimbisa maruramiro avanhu, sarudzo dzapachena, uye kudzorwa kwomutemo. Mienzaniso: United States, Germany, India.
  • Republic - Chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu umo vagari vanosarudza vamiriri kuti vaite zvisarudzo nokuda kwavo, kazhinji kazhinji nebumbiro remitemo rinoganhurira simba rehurumende. Hurumende dzinotonga dzazvino uno zhinjisa irepublic.
  • Constitugational Monacy[[FL:1] – A monarch (mambo kana kuti mambokadzi) mukuru mukuru wehurumende, asi masimba avo anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanodzora. Mienzaniso: United Kingdom, Japan, Canada.
  • Theocracy – vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vane simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mutemo worudzidziso hwaro hwekudzora. Mienzaniso: Iran, Vatican City.
  • ,Authoritaria[ - Simba rinoiswa mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti boka duku, rine rusununguko rwakaganhurirwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika uye mubatanidzwa muduku wevagari vemo. Kusarudza kungavapo asi hakupo kana kuti hakuna ruramisiro. Mienzaniso: North Korea, Syria.
  • ChiTotaliarianism[ – chimiro chakanyanyisa choudzori umo hurumende inodzora anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwapachena nohwavanhu, ichishandisa mashoko anoparadzirwa, kunzvera, uye kudzvinyirira. Muenzaniso: Nazi Germany.
  • Chikomunisiti [ - A pfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika nezvemari zvinovavarira nzanga isina boka, isina nyika umo zvinhu zviri zvenzanga. Kutaura zvazviri, hurumende dzekomunisiti dzave dziri hurumende imwe yegoversal. Mienzaniso: China, Vietnam (kunyange zvazvo zvose zviri zviviri zvakatanga chinjo dzemisika), Cuba.
  • Federal vs. Unitary Systems - Urongwa hwehurumende hunokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yepakati nehurumende dzomunharaunda (g., US, Canada, Australia). Gadziriro yeyuniyumu inonangidzira simba muhurumende yepakati, ingapa chiremera kumayuniti omunzvimbomo (g., France, Japan, UK).

Rudzi rumwe norumwe rune revo dzakajeka nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo, rusununguko rwemari, uye kugadzikana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kuwedzera zvikuru mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoenzaniswa, CIA World Factbook inopa rondedzero dzakadzama dzenyika iri yose.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

Bumbiro remitemo imutemo mukurusa wenyika. Rinogadza chimiro, masimba, uye ganhuriro zvehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji rinoronga maruramiro makuru asingagoni kuputswa. Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kunyorwa (seBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.) kana kuti kusanyorwa (seiwo UK’s, iyo ine mitemo, magamuchidzanwa, uye dare). Anogovera gadziriro yokutonga uye gadziriro yokuchinja kworugare kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa. Pasina bumbiro remitemo, hurumende dzingashaiwa maruramiro kana kuti kushanda nenzira yomuzvarirwo.

Mabumbiro emitemo anopa masimba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba ehurumende yeU.S. akananga (semari yokuumba nokuzivisa hondo), nepo achichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende inobvumira masangano kuedzesa mitemo, zvakadai segadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzetarisiro kana kuti mipimo yedzidzo, mukati megadziriro yorudzi yakabatana.

Chibvumirano Chomubatanidzwa: Chikonzero Nei Mugoverano Wako Uchiparira Nhau

Hurumende dzinongoshanda chete sevagari vemo vanozvidavirira.Kuvimbisana kweBHAIMO kunobatanidza nzira dzose idzo vanhu vanogona kupesvedzera nadzo hurumende yavo nenzanga.

Nzira Dzokubatana Nadzo neHurumende Yako

  • Kuvhota musarudzo iri yose – Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, nyika, uye dzehurumende zvinhu zvose. Vanoda kunzvera nehendimendi vasati vakanda bhorati yako.
  • Kurukurirana navamiriri vako vakasarudzwa – runhare rwefoni, maemail, kana kuti tsamba panhau dzaunoitira hanya pamusoro pomuitiro wepesvedzero. Gadzirana murangariro wako noruremekedzo nezvokwadi.
  • Misangano yavose yapachine nguva mberi – dare reGuta, dare rechikoro, uye misangano yeruwa yakazarukira vanhu. Kutaura pakutonga kwavose inzira ine simba yokunzwiwa nayo.
  • Shumira pamapuranga kana kuti mahofisi – hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo dzine nzvimbo dzokuzvipira dzinopa zano pamusoro pokuronga, mapaka, maraibhurari, uye dzimwe.
  • Kuderera kana kuti kutsigira mapoka echitsotsi [ - Masangano akanangidzira ngwariro panhau chaidzo (kubudirira, dzidzo, kodzero dzavagari vemo) kukudza manzwi emunhu oga uye chiito chakabatana.
  • Gara wakaziviswa[ - Verenga manyuko enhau akakurumbira, tevera mawebsite ehurumende, uye zvinotaura maidi. USA.gov[ inzvimbo yakavimbika yokutangira mashoko omubatanidzwa.
  • Vholunter kana kuti mupiro [ - Masangano enzanga, mapoka omunharaunda, uye kunyoresa kusiri kwepartis anosimbisa chivako chenzanga.

Kana vanhu vakawanda vakarasika, hurumende inopedzisira yava nouori, kutadza kuita zvinhu uye kuda zvinhu zvishoma.

Kushanda Kunoita Kushanda Kwokurwira Nyika: Kudzikamisa Simba Renyika Nehurumende

Federalism igadziriro umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yepakati (yorudzi) nehurumende dzeruwa (ruwa), imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yemitoro. Iyi divi rinopinzwa mubumbiro remitemo uye harigoni kuchinjwa pasina kutsiviwa. MuUnited States, Simende yeThona inotaura kuti masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika akachengeterwa nyika kana kuti vanhu.

Mienzaniso yamasimba ehurumende inobatanidza kuitisa sarudzo, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kushandisa simba ramapurisa (8) chiremera chokudzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye tsika. Hurumende yehurumende inodzora kutengeserana kwenyika, muitiro wokumwe, dziviriro, uye mahofisi epositi. Mitengo yose iri miviri inogona kuisa mitero, asi hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuparira mapurisa enyika (kudzora, hakuna “mapurisa anotonga” akafanana neguta PD; FBI inobata mhaka dzehurumende).

Ichi chivako chinobvumira nyika kubatira se “mibato yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” miitiro yokuedza inogona kugamuchirwa gare gare murudzi. Somuenzaniso, kubatanidzwa kwoutano hwepasi pose kwakatanga kuedzwa pamwero wehurumende (mutoo, Massachusetts), uye mirau yemhoteredzo inowanzovamba nenyika dzinotungamirira dzakadai seCalifornia. Federalism inogoverawo mipimo mizhinji yokuwana nokuda kwevagari vemo kuti vapesvedze pesvedzero.

Gadziriro Yokutonga Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo inheyo yokuti vanhu vose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vanozviisa pasi pomutemo uye vanofanira kuutevera. Hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Mutongi akazvimirira anokosha kuti atsigire nheyo iyi. Dare ridudzira mirau, kuhwirudzura zviito zvevakuru, uye kusarudza kana mitemo ichiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rokuongorora kuongorora kuongorora pamamwe mapazi.

MuU.S., gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine nhurikidzwa nhatu: matare oruwa (mwero wedare), matare amatunhu ekwidza, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinosiana asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza matare aitonga, matare okukwirira apakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kukwidzwa mumatare makurusa eUnited States. Mano okudenha chiito chehurumende mudare ikodzero inokosha inodzivirira vagari vemo kuti vasapambadzwa.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Womugari Wemo

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei hakusati kuri bedzi kudzidza kwakadai sechinodikanwa nokuda kwokushingaira, kuva mugari wemo akadzidza. Kuvambira pamitengo mitatu yehurumende kusvikira kuparadzano yamasimba, kubva kumuitiro womutemo kusvikira kuukoshi hwebvumirano yavagari vemo, iyi zivo inokushongedzera kutungamirira nzvimbo yavanhu. Hurumende chishandiso chatinoita pamwe chete. Inogona kuvandudzwa, kugadziridzwa, kana kuti kudzorwa. Asi haisati ichizoshanda zvakanaka kana vagari vemo vakaramba vakanyarara.

Wana nguva yokudzidza pamusoro pegadziriro yehurumende yako yomunzvimbomo, kupinda musangano wedare, uye vhota musarudzo iri yose. Inzwi rako rutivi rwegadziriro. Kana vanhu vazhinji vachinzwisisa ndokutora rutivi, hurumende inova inova inojeka zvikuru, inobudirira, uye inogamuchira. Simba revagari vakasanova hwave hwave hwaro hwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinobudirira kwamazana amakore (8) uye richiri madikanwa nhasi sekare.