Gadziriro dzokusarudza ikokutangira kwokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inosarudza kuti vhoti dzinoshandurira sei musimba rezvematongerwe enyika nokumirira. Kusarudzwa kwemitemo inosarudzwa kunoumba nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yorudzi, kupesvedzera mufambiro wevhoti, uye kunotapura kutsiga kwehurumende. Kuvambira pamitoo yakapfava kumitoo yakaoma kunzwisisa, nyika dzakagamuchira nhevedzano huru yegadziriro dzakachinjika dzegadziriro dzakagadzirirwa kumamiriro adzo enhau, mipimo yetsika, uye nharidzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa iyi kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwamasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika asiwo nokuda kwavagari vemo vemo vanotsvaka kupinda mune zvehurumende inotonga vanhu nenzira ine revoruzhinji.

Marudzi Makuru Egadziriro Dzokusarudza

Gadziriro dzeElectoral dzinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakafara zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine mibato yakasiana, betsero, uye zvikamu zvokushambadzira. Hurumende dzinodzora ruzhinji zhinjisa dzinoshandisa imwe yenzira ina huru: Kutanga-Past-Portal, Propoganisation, Rinked Chosation Votings, kana Mixered Electoral Systems. Pazasi pano tinonzvera imwe neimwe.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kutanga-Past-the Post, inozivikanwawo seboka rimwe, igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa yevhota. MuFPTP, nyika inokamurwa kuva maruwa ane mitezo imwe, uye vhoti inovhotera mumwe. Muvhoti ane vhoti zhinjisa (kunyange iri pasi poruzhinji). Iyi tsika inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, uye India, pakati pedzimwe.

FPTP betsero huru idiro: mavhoti ari nyore kunzwisisa, uye miuyo inogona kunyorwa nokukurumidza. Inowanzoparira zvinhu zvikuru, kuchigonesa hurumende dzakatsiga dzakatsiga. Zvisinei, inowanzova inonyanyomirira mapati makuru napakati pezvikamu zviduku, zvichitungamirira kukupesana pakati pegoverano negoverano yechigaro. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti FPPP inokurudzira kuvhota uye vatsigiri vazhinji vanonzwa kuti inzwi ravo rapambadzwa. Somuenzaniso, mu 2019C General UK Party, Conservative Par yakawina 43.6% yevhotation asi yakabatwa 56.2% yezvigaro, nepo nepo Riberal Democracrate ye 11.5% yevhoti yevhota.

  • Mabhaisiko: Kukurumidza, miuyo inokurumidza, batano yakasimba pakati pevamiriri, kombamiro yokuparira zvikuru zvikuru chimwe.
  • Miuyo inopesana: Miuyo, mavhoti apambadzwa, chisarudzo chomuvhoti chakaganhurirwa, uye kutapurika kukudzora.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Kumirira kwePropotionea kuronga kuwirirana nenhamba yezvisarudzo zvinogamuchirwa nepesenti yezvigaro zvazvinogara muimba yomutemo. Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa ndechePR yebato, umo vavhoti vanosarudza papati, uye mapoka anowana zvigaro maererano negoverano yavo. Nyika dzakadai seSweden, Norway, Israel, uye South Africa dzinoshandisa zvikamu zvakasiyana zvePR.

Miitiro yePR inobudisa masangano anogadza mitemo ayo anoratidzira zvakarurama zvikuru mhatsa yemifungo. Inopfavisa mativi maduku uye kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kumuvhoti mukuru. Zvisinei, PR inogonawo kuguma neparamende dzakaparadzana umo pasina boka rimwe rinowana voruzhinji, hurumende dzinobatanidza. Nepo mapoka anogona kukurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, angatungamirirawo kukusagadzikana kana kuti kumira. MuIsrael, somuenzaniso, mutezo wakaderera wevhoti (zvino 3.25%) waita mapoka maduku akawanda nekurukurirano dzemibatanidzwa. [[FT:0]] ID yeInternamesss recurectory yePR inogovera kuenzaniswa kwemibatanidzwa yenyika yose.

  • Maonero: Kutora, kumirira kwakafara, kuderedza mavhoti apambadzwa, kurudziro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakawanda.
  • Zvinobatsira: Zvinobvira nokuda kwokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mabatano asina simba, uye kuoma kurangarira.

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Kunozivikanwawo sovhota kwokuvhota kwapakarepo, kuvhota kunosarudzwa kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vade kusarudzwa mukuwirirana nezvinodiwa. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga, mudaviri ane zvisarudzo zvishomanene zvikurusa zvinobviswa, uye mabhora iwayo anodzokororwa kukuda kunotevera. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kutozosvikira mumwe asvika ruzhinji. RCV inoshandiswa nokuda kwamasarudzo omubatanidzwa muAustralia uye nokuda kwamarusarudzo omunzvimbomo mumaguta akawanda eU.S.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti RCV inokurudzira vakwikwidzi kukwidza kupfuura mamiriro avo ezvinhu, kuderedza nhimbe yakaipa nokusimudzira bvumirano. Vatsigiri vanogona kutaura zvisarudzo zvakatendeseka pasina kutya kupambadza vhoti yavo. Zvisinei, RCV yakaoma zvikuru kutungamirira uye kurayira dzidzo. Muzvimwe zvinoitika, kuneta kwebhorata (apo vavhoti vasingarongi zvisarudzo zvakakwana) kunogona kusiya mukundi nevota vazhinji bedzi vasara, vachideredza nheyo huru. Fairvote

  • Miuyo mikuru, kuderedza kuvhota, kutsigira kwakaipa zvishoma, uye kumirira zviri nani zvisarudzo zvomuvhoti.
  • [[FFL:0] Zvinobatsira: Kuoma kupfupika, ndyiko dzakakwirira dzokutarisira, bviro yokuneta, uye nhambo dzokuverenga refu.

Masangano Emaoreta Akasangana

Gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinobatanidza maceti e FPTP nePR kuti dziwirirane namasimba ose ari maviri. Chinotsiva chiwirirano chakavhengana igadziriro yemagariro akavhengana (MMP), inoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand. Voters dzinovhota mavhoti maviri: rimwe nokuda kwedanho romunzvimbomo (zvinowanzo FPTPP) uye rimwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Chivhoti inosarudza mwero yose yezvigaro muimba yomutemo, nepo vhoti yomunzvimbomo inozadza zvigaro zveruwa. Mitengopi yose pakati pevhotera nezvigaro zveruwa inogadziriswa kupfurikidza “pamusoro-papamusoro".

MMP inochengeta kumirira kwomunzvimbomo FPTP apo inenge ichivimbisa kuva nomwero. Inogona kubudisa miuyo yemiitiro yakadzikama zvikuru. Bva gadziriro yakaoma, uye kuwedzerwa kwezvigaro zvendandanda kunogona kuzadza ukuru hwedare. MuGermany, Bundestag yakura zvikuru nemhaka yemibatanidzwa inoremadza uye zvigaro zvokudzika mitsetse, chinetso icho chinjo dzakaedza kutaura nezvayo.

  • Mipimo: Kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo nokusasarura kwose, kuderedza mavhoti anopambadzwa, uye kugovera vavhoti chisarudzo chimwe.
  • Zvinobatsira:[ Kuoma kuenzana, kugona kunyorwazve, uye bviro yedzimba huru.

Misiyano Yoruwa Nemavambo Ayo Enhau

Nepo marudzi makuru egadziriro achigovera gadziriro huru, miitiro yevhota inosiana zvikuru nemhaka yenharaunda nemhaka yehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gadziriro yakarongwa.

North America

United States neCanada inzvimbo dzinosimba dze FPTP. U.S. inoshandisa maruwa ane mitezo mimwe nokuda kweImba yaVamiririri, uye kukunda Electoral College nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Ikoku kwakadzika midzi gadziriro yemativi maviri, umo mapoka echitatu anotarisana nemipini mikuru. Canada nenzira yakafanana inoshandisa FPTPP pamwerotesi yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo nyika ine gadziriro yakasimba zvikuru yeboka ramativi akawanda nemhaka yemapoka akafanana naBloc Québébécois. Mafoni echinjo dzechinjo dzevhiyi mumarudzi ose ari maviri akawana trakiti asi akaiswa nemhaka yokuzvibatanidza amene uye chitambudzo chemitemo yakagadzwa.

Europe

Europe ndiyo nyika yakasiana---------kumusoro-soro munyika dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa. Nyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzekumusoro nedzokumadokero kweEurope dzakadai seSweden, Denmark, uye Netherlands inoshandisa kumiririra kwakaenzana, inokurudzira gadziriro dzakawanda nesangano renyika dzakabatanidzwa. Germany neNew Zealand (inowanzobatanidzwa neEurope mufundo dzinoenzanisa) inoshandisa MMP. United Kingdom neFrance yakashandiswa FPTPPP, asi France zvino inoshandisa gadziriro yemativi maviri enguva dzose nokuda kweGungano yeNational Assembly. Nyika dzeEastern Europe, pest-communists kazhinji kazhinji dzinogamuchira kubatanidzwa kana kuti dzidzivise kuiswa simba. syst syst Union pachaunian Union inoshandisa chimiro chePR nokuda kweparamendime yayo, nenyika dzemitezo mitezo inobvumirwa kusarudza nzira yayo yogaro refu sezvaidzo inowirirana.

Asia

Asia inopa mufananidzo wakavhengana. India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa FPTP yakagarwa nhaka kubva kuutongi hweBritain. Ikoku kwakaparira gadziriro huru yeparati nokuda kwenhau yayo yakawanda (Indian National Congress) uye gare gare dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaparadzana asi dzakava nemibatanidzwa miviri pamwero wenyika. Japan inoshandisa gadziriro inowirirana yokuvhota (mixtPPP) umo vavhoti vane FPPP uye PR imwe nokuda kweboka reruwa; mativi maviri anozvimirira, akasiana neMMP. Southern Korea inoshandisawo gadziriro yakavhengana asi ichangobva kugadziridzwa kuti iwe. Nyika zhinji dzeAsia dzeSoutheast Asia, dzakadai seThailand neIndonesia, dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzechinjo dzakaoma kunzwisisa kana kuti dzakavhengana kuti dzitarisire dzinza ramarudzi amarudzi.

Africa

Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yeAfrica dzinoratidzira zvisarudzo zvehurumende dzenyika dzenyika dzechimurenga nedzinosimudzirwa. Nyika zhinji dzechiNgezi (mutoo, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya) dzinoshandisa FPTP, idzo dzinogona kuratidzira mapoka edzinza kupfurikidza nokugadzira zvitsinhano zvose. Mukupesana, South Africa yakagamuchira gadziriro yemasangano echikamu akachena PR pashure porusaruraganda kuvimbisa kuva nomutepfekedzo wamarudzi ayo akasiyana- siyana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neEthiopia, dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzakavhengana. Chisarudzo chetsika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nedzidzodzo mudzikamo: Nyika dzePPPP ingatarisana nehurumende dzakawanda dzinobatanidza masimba masimba adzorwa zvikuru. [FL:][FF]

Latin America

Nyika zhinjisa dzeLatin America dzinoshandisa kumirira kwapakati, kazhinji kazhinji dzine ndaza dzakazaruka dzinobvumira vavhoti kusarudza vanoda kupinda mumapati. Brazil, Argentina, uye Mexico mienzaniso. Nharaunda yacho ine nhau yemiitiro yapurezidhendi, naizvozvo mitemo yakasarudzwa nokuda kwesangano rine simba guru. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neChile, dzakabva mugadziriro yeBinomemical kuenda kune imwe inovakwa zvikuru kuti ivandudze. Kuwanda kwePR kwakaparira kumibatanidzwa yakawanda asi kumibatanidzwawo yapurezidhendi inogona kuva isina kusimba.

Oceania

Australia inobuda nokuda kwokushandisa kwayo kuvhota kwakatanhamara kweImba yaVamiririri nechimiro chePR (vhoti inotamiswa imwe) nokuda kweDare. Iyi gadziriro mbiri inovimbisa zvose zviri zviviri hurumende yakatsiga nemifananidzo inowirirana muimba yokumusoro. New Zealand yakasiya FPTP nokuda kweMMP muna 1996 pashure peterum, uye chifo chenguva iyeyo yakava nehurumende dzakawanda dzinowirirana zvikuru nesangano rakasiana--- siyana. Marudzi ePacific Island anowanzoshandisa FPTPPP kana kuti kuva mazhinji akapfava mumaruwa mamwe , pane dzimwe nguva nezvivako zvehurumende dzegamuchidzanwa dzinopesvedzera miuyo.

Tapuro Pakutonga Nokutonga Kwoutongi Humwe

Masangano eElectoral anoita zvinopfuura kungogovera chete zvigaro; anoumba kunaka kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kubudirira kwokudzora, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo.

Kumirira Nokunzwisisa

Miitiro yePR inopa miganhu inowanzoita masangano anoumba chiverengero chavagari vemo nendangariro zvenzanga. Vakadzi, mapoka maduku edzinza, uye mapoka maduku vanowana zvigaro zvakawanda pasi pePR PTP. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yePR yeSweden nguva dzose yakaguma nemifananidzo yavakadzi inopfuura 40% muparamende yayo. Nenzira inopesana, FPTP kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshayisa ganhuriro vakadzi navada kukunda mumwe munhu anowana nzvimbo. Zvisinei, FPTP inogona kusimudzira kumirira nzvimbo yapasi, sezvo ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriridzi anozvidavirira zvakananga.

Kuchengeteka kweHurumende Nokubudirira

Tsika yeFPTP yokuita nzvimbo huru imwe kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kurumano, dzakatsiga idzo dzinogona kushandisa muitiro nokukurumidza. Asi hurumende huru dzingafuratirawo fariro shoma ndokupa mutemo wokuti PR inoparadzanisa nzanga. Masangano, mukupesana, kumanikidza nokubvumirana pane zvakabatana. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kunonozetsa kuita chisarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma nemitemo inofarikanya bvumirano dzakakura. Nyika dzakafanana neGermany dzakakwanisa mibatanidzwa yakatsiga kwamakumi amakore, nepo vamwe, kufanana naIsrael, vakawana kusarudzwa kwapanguva dzose nemhaka yokuputsika kwakabatana. Chinjo huru haisi muitiro woga asi tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro zvehurumende.

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Nzvero inoratidzira nenzira inowirirana zvikuru muvhoti munyika nomufananidzo unoenzaniswa naavo vane FPTP. Ikoku imhaka yokuti PR inoderedza vhoti dzinopambadzwa uye inopa vavhoti zvisarudzo zvine revo zvikuru. Kuvhota kwakasarudzwa kwokusarudza kunosimudzirawo kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti kutsigira vatsva vaduku pasina pesvedzero. Zvisinei, kuoma kunogona kudzivisa vavhoti; muAustralia, kumanikidza kuvhota pesvedzero yechokwadi yeRCV pakuvhiya. Mukuwirirana nezvose zvakwo, kururama nokugamuchira kwetsika yacho kunopesvedzera zvakasimba kana vagari vemo vachinzwa nhau dzavo dzokutora rutivi.

Kuzvidavirira Nouori

FPTP inogadzira batano yakananga pakati pomumiriri noruwa rwenzvimbo, iyo inogona kusimbisa kuzvidavirira: vavhoti vanoziva kuti ndiani wokutusa kana kuti kuranga. Asi hurumende dzakabatana mugadziriro dzePR dzinogona kuvanza kuzvidavirira, sezvo vhoti vangasaziva kuti ibato ripi rokupa mhaka kana kuti mhaka nokuda kwemiitiro. Kune rumwe rutivi, gadziriro dzePR dzine ndaza dzakavharwa dzinogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, sezvo vatungamiriri vebato vachidzora kusarudzwa. Kuedza kwomurongi PR kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoodhekisi kuratidzira zvido. Mwero yeudzo haisati yakabatana nenzira yomuzvarirwo negadziriro; zvinhu zvesangano zvakafanana nemiraurongwa yemari uye jardiary yakasununguka zvinokosha zvikuru.

Miitiro Yokuwedzera Nekuchinja Zvinhu

Mitemo yeElectoral haisati iri yakareverwa. Nyika zhinji dzakachinja gadziriro dzadzo kuti dzigadzirise zvikanganiso zvinorangarirwa kuva. Kuchinja kweNew Zealand kubva paFPTP kuenda kuMMP mu 1990 inhau inosiyanisa. Canada yakakurukurazve chinjo yaidzokororwa, kunyange zvazvo pasina chinjo yenyika. Dzimwe nyika nemaguta zvakagamuchira kuvhota kwakarongwa, uye Maine zvino anoshandisa nokuda kwesarudzo dzose dzenyika. muAfrica, chibvumirano chaKenya cha 2010 chakagadza gadziriro yakavhengana. Kunewo fariro inokura mudemocracyism nemuroma (kusarudza kwemimwe mitumbi). Mitengo yemitemo yemikoro yemitengo, yakadai seInternacrociotic netchain, ingawedzerazve kuti marusarungweirwo, kunyange zvazvo chengeteko nezvinochengeteko huru.

mhedziso

Mhatsa yegadziriro dzesarudzo kupota nyika inoratidzira kuoma kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro imwe neimwe inobatanidza kushambadzirana pakati porupfaviso newirirano, dzikamo nokusasarura, kuzvidavirira nokumirira. Hakuna gadziriro imwe yakakwana; chisarudzo chakanakisisa chinotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu enhau enyika, magariro enzanga, uye zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa iyi nhano yokutanga kukutora rutivi kwamuzivikanwi muupenyu hwedemo yedemocracy. Marudzi anopfuurira kushanduka, naizvozvo mitoo iyo vanhu vavo vanosarudza nayo vatungamiriri vavo. Kubatanidza namasangano aya anowirirana nenhau dzinodzokororwa.