Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Kunoitwa Pabumbiro Remitemo

Kuvakwa kwehurumende yeUnited States kunotsamira pakuparadzana kwamaune kwamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: Masimba, Chireve, uye Chirevo. Iyi gadziriro, yakasimbiswa muMitemo I, II, uye II yeBumbiro reMitemo, yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera uye kudzivirira rusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokugovera mitoro yakasiana kuvakwa kwamasimba ose uye kuita miitiro yokutarisirana, vaFrame vakagadzira gadziriro yakatsungirira kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anoshanda pamwe chete sei nokuda kwavadzidzi voga voga voga voga asi nokuda kwomugari woga woga woga anoshuva anoshuva anoshuvira kuita zvine rezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya iyi inonzvera bazu rimwe nerimwe muudzano huru, inonzvera kubatana kwavo, uye kuongorora kunzvera kufambirana kupfuurira kuongorora kwazvinofambira mberi kwemazana amakore maviri.

Bazu Romutemo: Mumiriri Wavanhu

Gweya reMitemo, rakarongwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rakapiwa simba guru rokuita mitemo. Congress isangano rebhimeyal, rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Imba, nemitezo yayo 435 inogoverwa nechiverengero chavagari vehurumende, yakarongedzerwa kuva inogamuchira zvakananga kuvanhu. Dare, navagadziri vaviri vedare renyika imwe neimwe pasinei zvapo noukuru hwemitemo. Chivako ichi chakanga chiri chivako chakaenzana nokuda kwemitengo inobvisa maruramiro adzoresa. Chivako ichi chaiva kubvumirana panzvimbo mbiri pakati penyika huru neduku paGenestition ye1787, uye chinopfuurira kuumba mitemo nhasi.

Kuronga Mitemo uye Kuronga Mari

Basa rinooneka zvikurusa reCongress kunyora, kuitisana nharo, uye kuvhota pamutemo. Mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wapiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Zvisinei, Congress inewo simba rakazara pachikwama chehurumende: mabhiri ose emari anobva muImba, uye makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kutendera bhajeti regore negore. Iri simba rechikwama chinopa Congress rinopa chigaro cheBranch. Somuenzaniso, Congress anogona kurega kubhadharesaswo nokuda kwokutanga kutungamirira, kuchidzivisa kugadzirwa kwacho.

Zano Nebvumirano

Dare rinoshandisa chiremera chokuwedzera kupfurikidza nezano raro nebasa rokubvuma. Purezidhendi anoisa kurongwa kwedare, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye dare reDare rapamusorosoro, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kupiwa kwembiri imwe neimwe kupfurikidza nevhoti yakapfava (kana pasina mutongi ari kudiwa, zvino inoda mavhoti 60 okukurira). Ikoku kunoparira nzvero yakakomba pakugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kusimbisa hondo kwazova kutsiviwa nenzwiro dzinokakavaranwa nokuda kwezvinzvimbo zvedare rejantiary nerongeri.

Kushandisa Simba Rinoenderana Nezvatinoda

Congress inewo simba rokubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihesi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende kupfurikidza nokusaidzira. Imba ine chiremera chimwe chokudzosa (kuunza pomero) nevhoti yakapfava. Dare ipapo rinotonga, nevhoti mbiri nhatu dzinodikanwa kuti dzitonge ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru. Muitiro uyu wave usingawanzoshandisiwi bedzi: vapurezidhendi vaviri vakapinzwa neImba asi vasunungurwa neDare, uye vashomanene vavatongi vomubatanidzwa vabviswa. Simba rinotonga rinongova chishandiso chakajeka asi chinokosha chokuva nomubatidzi.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Chikamu II chinoisa simba rapamusoro muMutungamiriri wehurumende mumwe, anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende. Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anobetserwa naMutungamiriri weHurumende, Kabhinati (vakuru vemadhipatimendi makuru akadai seHurumende, Defense, Treasurence, uye Ruramisiro), uye boka guru rehurumende ramasangano namasangano. Basa guru reBazu reGuru reBazi reBaka raVatungamiriri ndero kuona kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress Congress inourawa nenzira yokutendeka.

Mutungamiriri Mumutemo Mukuru uye Wokumwe

Purezidhendi ndiye mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo, achipa Bazu Rinodzora basa guru muchengeteko yenyika nenhau dzehondo. Nepo Congress yoga ichigona kuzivisa hondo, Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto kune imwe nyika kwamazuva 60 muChisarudzo cheHondo cheGwai. Mumutemo wokumwe, Purezidhendi anotaurirana nezvibvumirano namamwe marudzi, kunyange zvazvo bvumirano dzichida tendero yedare nevhoti mbiri. Zvibvumirano zvechiremera, izvo zvisingadi kubvumiranwa neDare, zvazova chisarudzo chakarovedzeka chokubata nhau dzamarudzi ose.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina kumirira mutemo. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inogona kuputswa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kuziviswa kuva asingawirirani nematare. Somuenzaniso, kuedza kwaPrezidhendi Truman kubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kwakaparadzwa neDare reSupreme mu pwere REPUTY DEPAR; Tube. Co. v. Sawyer [192]. Mirairo yezvokutungamirira izvombo zvine simba muKoreji yazvino uno, asi inodzorwa neSault Baltalserty neult.

Simba Reveto

Imwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa Dare reBazu reBazu reVatungamiriri rinonzvera nayo Gwenzi reLegislative iri muveto. Apo Congress inopfuudza mutengi, Purezidhendi angauisai mumutemo, angaubvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha (pashure pamazuva 10 apo Congress iri murusando), kana kuti kuitumira. Aveto anotumira rusarudzo kuChibvumirano, icho chinogona kurukurira bedzi nechiverengero chikuru chamatatu mudzimba dzose. Nemhaka yokuti kuwana zviremera zvakadaro zvakaoma, vapa Purezidhendi vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vadzo mugadziriro yeChibvumirano. Mapurisa anoshandisa purogiramu anoshanda nomutoo wakakodzera kuumba kunyange apo boka ravo riri muboka duku.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Bhazi Rinotonga, richitungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States uye kubatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera akaumbwa neCongress. Basa guru redare redare nderokududzira mutemo neBumbiro reMitemo, kupedza gakava rinomuka muchiremera chehurumende.Vatongi vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, vachivadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisingasaruri.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Nesimba Rematare

Simba gurusa reReaudicial Branch ihwirudzuro yedare: chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina tsinhirano. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingapi simba iri zvakajeka, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarisimbisa munhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [1803] [1803]. Kubvira ipapo, kuongorora kwedare kwazova ibwe rekona retsika dzemitemo yeAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rinonzwa bedzi chikamu chiduku chenhau dzakakwirira kwaririswa kwariri //10] kusvika ku70 pagore.Madison [FLT] anobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha kana kuti matare akaderera.

Matare Anotonga Nyika Negadziriro Yokukwirira

Dare redare rehurumende rakarongwa kuva mwero mitatu: matare oruwa (matare edare redare), matare edunhu ezvikwiriso, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro. Mitongo inowanzovamba mudare roruwa, umo mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanosarudza maidi. Vari kurasikirwa vangakwirira kudare redunhu rakafanira, iro rinohwirudzura kurangarira kwapamutemo. Kana mhaka inobatanidza nhau yomubatanidzwa, ingakwidzwazve kuDare Rapamusorosoro, iro rinosarudza kana richibvumira kuti kubvumirane (muitiro wokunzwa mhaka yacho). Chivako ichi chinovimbisa mabanza akawanda nokuda kwekanganiso yapamutemo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvayo, Bazu reRutongi rinodzivirira maruramiro anoiswa muBill of Rights nedzokugadziridzwa kwakatevera. Zvisarudzo zvemark yakadai se Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inogumisa dzinza, Revoe v. [[FLT]] [773]) kuvamba maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, uye Obergefell v. Hodges[FL:5] (20]) inogumisa pamutemo roorano yakafanana inoratidzira basa rimwe chetero rechinjo mumiitiro yenzanga. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwedare namasangano enhau pamusoro pehondo dzinotungamirira kugaro.

Kupindira Pakati Pemapazi: Gadziriro Yokuongorora Nokudzikama

Nyanzvi yetsika yeAmerica haisati iri muparadzano yamasimba oga, asi muukama hwakabatanidzwa hunobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzora dzimwe.Framers dzakawana pamifungo yaMontesquieu nechinoitika chavo vamene chokumwe pakugadzira gadziriro ino. Pasi apa pane mitoo inokosha iyo mapazi anoshandira pamwe nayo kuchengeta nhevedzano ndokudzivisa munhu upi noupi kudzora.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Pakaitirwa dare reCongress panogona kuongorora Purezidhendi munzira dzakawanda dzine simba:

  • [[[FT:0] O kusaziva vhato[[FT:1] nembiri ye 3 mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Kugadza kwapurezidhendi (kusimbisa kwapasai.)
  • Kutarisira kunzwa uye kunzvera zviito zvevakuru vakuru.
  • [ inotevedzerwa ndokubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • [ Control mari [ nokuda kwepurogiramu dzavakuru vakuru namasangano.
  • [[[FOL:0] Mitemo inotsamira pa .

Aya maturusi anova nechokwadi chokuti Purezidhendi haagoni kuita pasina kubvumirana pabonde. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akaputsa Tenure of Office Act muna 1868, Imba yakamushora (kunyange zvazvo Dare rakamusunungura). misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Dare rakashandisa temberi kunzvera kusazvibata kwebazu guru, zvakadai senhau yeIran-Contate muma 1980 uye chinyadziso cheWatergate muma 1970.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Bazu Rinodzora rinoshandisawo Dare:

  • [[FUNDO:0] `Rekodzito mutemo [ kudzivisa zvikwereti kuva mutemo.
  • [ Marusando chaiwo eCongress (akashandiswazve munguva dzazvino).
  • Lobby Congress kupfurikidza nepesvedzero yaPurezidhendi noutungamiriri hwebato.
  • Mirairo yavakuru vakuru [ inopfuura chiito chomutemo.

Vaveto ichekero yakananga zvikurusa. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt yakaita 635 yezvikwereti mukati mekukurukurirana kwake, kupfuura mutangiri upi noupi. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anowanzoshandisa tyisidziro yewindo kuumba mutemo mukati mekurukurirano.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

Bazu Rokutonga rinonzvera mamwe mapazi kupfurikidza nesimba raro rokuhwirudzura kutonga:

  • [ Mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo kana ikaputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Tsvaka zviito zvevakuru vakuru [ zvinopfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi.
  • [[[FURO:0] mirau yeInterpret munzira dzinogona kudzongonyedza donzo remitemo.

Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza United States v. Nixon [797]), apo Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa matepi eWatergate, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwake, uye National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT] [2017], umo Dare rakatsigira chiverengero chikurusa cheAfford Care Act asi rakaganhurira shopu yeClaus.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pajeri

Musangano une zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa kumanikidza matare:

  • Kuongorora kana kuramba[ Kutonga (Kusimbisa).
  • [ isherotesa ndokubvisa [ vatongi vomubatanidzwa nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama.
  • Amen Bumbiro reMitemo rokuputsa dudziro dzokutonga.
  • Kuchinja simba rematare omubatanidzwa (nemiganhu).
  • Tunga kana kuti kubvisa matare ehurumende epasi.
  • inoisa mutemo mutsva kujekesa kana kuti kukurira rutongeso.

Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusorosoro rarova Dare reGun-Free School Zones Act mu United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare ringagona kuva rakanyorazve mutemo kuva wakasungirwa zvikuru kukutengeserana kwenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kupisa uye mari yenhimbe kunoratidza kuti padzimwe nguva Kondirasi inoedza sei kutangazve muDare.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau uye Zvinetso Zvapanguva Ino

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo yachinja zvikuru munguva yakati. Mukati merivhi yapakuvamba, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakanga iri duku, uye mapazu akashanda nokuzvimirira. Hondo yeChivil neReconstation zvakaedza miganhu ya “‘ President Lincoln akarebeas corpus, Congress yakagadzira Freedmen’s Bureaunt, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvakadai se Ex ecure Milligan[ [1866] matare ehondo anokasha . Nguva yeNew Accoult yakaona kukura kunoshamisa kwesimba repamusoro saPrest FranklinFrief. Rooselt yakatsvaka kurwisa kurwisa Kuderera Kuderera Kunyanya Kwemarisa. Dare Gurusa renhauro reProme (197)

Mumazana amakore makumi maviri namaviri okutanga, Bazu reGuiviti rakura zvikuru muzvose zviri zviviri ukuru nechiremera. Purezidhendi zvino anotarisira vashandi vehurumende vanopfuura mamirioni maviri vavashandi vasiri varwi. Zvinetso zvazvino wakadai sougandanga, kutapurwa kwekombiyuta, uye zvirwere zvakaparira kumwezve kutaura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru, pane dzimwe nguva pakurasikirwa nekodzero yemitemo. Branch raMajaji rakatarisana nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo mukusimbisa hondo, sezvinoonekwa mukunzwa kune gakava nokuda kweRumbiso dzeRuviko Brett Kavaugh naAmy Coneybett. Panguva ino, Congress Congery yakarwisa nokuwedzera kudzosa pamutemo.

Kufambidzana pakati pamapazu matatu hakusati kuri kwakanaka nguva dzose. Hurumende inovhara panoitika apo Congress naPrezidhendi vasingagoni kubvumirana pakushandisa mari. Rwisano pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera chehurumende nepondo dzinodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji dzinoguma mudare. Kunyanguvezvo, gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinochengeta maruramiro aro rimene nenzira inotyisa, uye vanhu vanobatira senzvero yokupedzisira kupfurikidza nesarudzo nebvumirano yehurumende.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yokupindira Kwebazu

Kuona kunzvera nokudzikamisa zviri mumabasa, rangarira mutoo wokupa mutemo mukuru. Ngatitii Purezidhendi anokarakadza mutemo mukuru wokuchinja mamiriro okurapa. Congress inofanira kunyora ndokukurukura mutemo; Imba neDare zvingapfuvura shanduro dzakasiana, kuraira dare remusangano kuti riyanane nazvo. Kana dare rikapfuvura, Purezidhendi anogona kusaina kana kuti kuuputsa. Kana akasaina, Congress anogona kuedza kudzora. Pakare, mutemo ungatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo; mapoka echisarumfumo achapfuradzira, achikwidza Dare renyika. Matare ehurumende achanzwa nhau, sezvinobvira kusvika kuDare gurusa. Kana akarova, angaedza kupfuudzira kushandura kana kuti kuronga.

Mumwe muenzaniso ibasa reDare Gurusa rekusarudza kudzivirirwa kwapurezidhendi. Mu Trump v. Vance (2020), Dare rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi haasati achitongodzivirirwa chose chose kubva kutsotsi rehurumende, achisimbisa kuti kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anopiwa pamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP[FLT:] [20020], Dare rakaisa miganhuro padare reProgiontiotiotiontalment policess, zvinyorwa zvapurezidhendi, kuwiriranisa pamutemo neropafadzo youkuru.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemasimba Akaparadzana

Kufambidzana pakati peLegislative, Hurukuro, uye Rupata Rwemitengo inzvimbo inodzorwa yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba nokuparira kuti pave nechakabatana, Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira panzvimbo inobatira mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa. Sangano harina kukwanisika(inogona kuva rinononoka, rinoshata, uye rinokakavara() rinoramba riri muenzaniso wokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Vadzidzi navagari vemo zvakafanana, vanonzwisisa kuti aya mapazi anonzvera sei kutora rutivi rwokuva nomutoro. Sept. Sezvo Mutongi mukurusalvi Louis Brey Handeits akambocherekedza, “dzidziso yokuparadza masimba yakagamuchirwa neKokorodzano ye1787 kuti itsigire budiriro asi kudzora.

Kunzverazve idzi misoro, varavi vanogona kunzvera USA. gov nduramo yemapazu[, [[FLT:] Conforn.gov reconstal regional[, uye [[FLT]] dare repamutemo redare nokuda kwemifungo nenhau. mamiriro enhau akapoteredza enhau anowanika kubva ku shingiro yeMaribhodhi yeNyika [[FLT:]]] uye [FLT] BB yekodzero dzeCUPUP]