Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa mashoko makuru anoshandiswa mududziro yebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoitwa sei pamusoro pemitemo mikuru.Aya mashoko anoumba hwaro hwomutemo webumbiro remitemo uye anopesvedzera kuti kodzero nemasimba zvinodzikamiswa sei mukati menyika.

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati ichingovawo zvayo muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo(idzo dzinoumba kodzero dzatinadzo, ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, uye dzikamo pakati porusununguko rwomunhu oga nechengeteko yavose. Kana uri kurava pamusoro pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa, kutora rutivi mukurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kungoedza bedzi kunzwisisa kuti tsika yedu yemitemo inoshanda sei, kurovedzana naaya mashoko makuru kunopa nheyo nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva.

Chii Chiri Kududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo?

Kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunobatanidza kunzvera nokunzwisisa revo yegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunotungamirira matare navakuru vakuru mukushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kunhau dzakati nenhau. Uyu muitiro unokosha kunzira iyo tsika yemitemo inoshanda nayo, sezvo Bumbiro remitemo rinoshanda somutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye mimwe mitemo yose inofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvayo.

Muitiro wokududzira mutemo unokurukura chinetso chinokosha: Vatongi nevamwe vakuru vakuru vanofanira kunzwisisa ndokushandisa sei gwaro rakanyorwa mazana amakore akapfuura kumigariro yazvino uno iyo vagadziri vemafomu vaisagona kutongokarira?

Kududzira mashoko inzira yokududzira nayo inoreva zvakajeka mashoko epepa repamutemo. Dare rinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira nadzo, kazhinji richishandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana kuti ripedzisire ravari kugumisa. Kusarudza nzira yokududzira nayo kunogona kutapura zvikuru migumisiro yenyaya, zvichiita kuti idzi nharo dzemaitiro dzive dzinopfuura zvikuru kutsanangura.

Kududzira Zvapakuvamba: Kududzira Zvakavakirwa Parevo Yapakuvamba

Kudavira pamutemo irondedzero yepamutemo muUnited States iyo inovakirwa kududzira kwapamutemo kwebumbiro remitemo, kwedare, uye kwemitemo kwemashoko panzwisiso yapakuvamba panguva yokugamuchirwa kwayo.

Kunzwisisa Revo Yavanhu Vose Yapakuvamba

Vanodavira kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kupiwa revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yokuti rungadai rwakava nerevo yavanhu vose panguva yarwakava mutemo.

Uyu mutoo unorangarira revo yakajeka yorugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo sezvaingadai yakanzwisiswa navanhu vose, kana kuti munhu ane mufungo, uyo akararama panguva iyo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa. Vanyori vemavambo vanotaura kuti uyu mutoo unogovera kuwirirana neganhuriro yokutonga, vachidzivisa vatongi kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo zvomutemo muchimiro chebumbiro remitemo.

Zvapakuvamba Nezvapakuvamba

Mune dzidziso yapakuvamba, mune misiyano inokosha. Imwe i "donzo repakuvamba" iyo inotaura kuti tinofanira kuturikira Bumbiro reMitemo rakavakirwa paizvo vagadziri varo vakarinyora pakuvamba. Chimwe ndechokuti tinofanira kuturikira Bumbiro reMitemo rakavakirwa parevo yapakuvamba yorugwaro rwacho (hazvisati zviri izvo chaizvoizvo vaVavambi vakarangarira, asi kuti mashoko akashandiswa angadai akanzwisiswa sei panguva yacho.

Mutsigiri Robert Bork anorumbidzwa kuti ndiye akaisa rondedzero yokutanga yazvino uno yechiNgezi muhwirudzuro yake yomutemo ya1971, Neutal Principles and Other First Amendment Problems, yakabudiswa muThe Yale Law Journal. Bork akakarakadza mutoo mumwe wenheyo kuti udzivise uyu: kuti vatongi va "tore murugwaro rwakananga umo rugwaro kana kuti nhau dzinoratidza chaizvoizvo kuva nevavariro uye dzinokwanisa kushandurwa kuva mitemo ine nheyo. ”

Kuchinja kubva pavavariro yapakuvamba kuenda kurevo yavanhu yapakuvamba kwakamirira mhindumupindu inokosha mumufungo wapakuvamba. Pakutarisana nechinetso, uye zvamazvirokwazvo kusafanira, kwokuedza kurava ndangariro dzavagadziri veBumbiro Romutemo, vatsigiri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vakakurumidza kufuratira kutaura pamusoro pedonzo rapakuvamba, uye panzvimbo pezvo vakanangidzira ngwariro parevo yapakuvamba yamashoko eBumbiro reMitemo.

Kukakavadzana Nokurwisana Nemashoko Okutanga

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yokutanga vanogovera pembedzo dzinoverengeka nokuda kwenzira yavo. Vatsigiri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanotaurawo kuti kusvika ganhuriro yemitongo yokutonga, vachidzivisa vatongi kusarudza nhau mukuwirirana nemirangariro yavo vamene yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanoomerera kurevo yapakuvamba inosimudzira mipimo yehurumende yavanhu kupfurikidza nokuremekedza zvisarudzo zvakaitwa navanhu vaitsigira Bumbiro remitemo.

Zvisinei, kuvamba kunotarisana netsoropodzwa kukuru. Vanopikisa kuti umwari hwapakuvamba mutoo usingachinjiki, wakashatiswa wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, vachirwisana kuti vararami veBumbiro reMitemo vaisagona kuva vakafunga nezvemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu aizomuka munguva dzazvino uno. Vatsoropodzi vanoonesawo kuti kuturikira Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yapakuvamba kungakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro maduku nemhaka yokuti vakadzi navaduku vakanga vasina maruramiro mamwe panguva yokuwanikwa (kana kuti kuzivikanwa kweCivil War Amend Amends) sezvavanoita nhasi.

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo yeHarvard Law School Richard H. Fallon Jr. inoramba kuti vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro avo vanotaura kuva vafundisi vapakuvamba vanoshandisa chaizvoizvo ustrist nomutoo wakasarudzwa zvikuru "uko kunowanzoita zvisarudzo zvetsika dzechinyakare." Uku kutsoropodza kunokarakadza kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hungava husiri hwokusatora rutivi kana kuti hunodzvinyirira sezvinotaura vatsigiri vahwo.

Kunyora: Kunangidzira Pfungwa Parugwaro Rwomumagwaro Akajeka

Kududzira mashoko irondedzero yomutemo umo kududzira rugwaro kwakavakirwa zvikurukuru parevowo zvayo yorugwaro rwapamutemo panguva yokuitwa kwarwo, uko kurangarirwa kushomanene kunopiwa kumanyuko asiri amagwaro, zvakadai sevavariro yomutemo apo waipfuudzwa, chinetso chakwakanga kuchiitirwa kupedza, kana kuti mibvunzo pamusoro peruramisiro kana kuti ururami hwomutemo.

Kushanda Kunoita Kunyora Mashoko

Kunyora mashoko kunowanzosimbisa kuti mashoko ari muBumbiro reMitemo aizonzwisiswa sei navanhu panguva yaaitenderwa, pamwe chete nemashoko akapoteredza umo mashoko iwayo anooneka. Vanyori vanowanzodavira kuti kune revo ine revo yerugwaro rwacho, uye havabvunzi chaizvoizvo pamusoro pedonzo ravaroyi, vagamuchiri, kana kuti vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo uye mirangariro yaro apo vanowana revo murugwaro.

Kunyora mashoko irondedzero yokuti tinofanira kuturikira magwaro apamutemo, kubatanidza Bumbiro remitemo, rakavakirwa parevowo zvayo yorugwaro. Munyori wemashoko anofuratira zvinhu zviri kunze kworugwaro, zvakadai sechinetso mutemo uri kutaura nezvawo kana kuti izvo vagadziri vomutemo vangave vakarangarira. Asi kunoreva kurangarira izvo mashoko namashoko zviri murugwaro zvaireva apo gadziriro yakati yebumbiro remitemo yakagamuchirwa.

Kunyora kwakasiyana Nokuvaka Kwakasimba

Kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kunyora hakuna kufanana nokuvaka kworumano. Scalia akajekeswa kuti akanga asati ari "asiri muvaki anorumano, uye hapana achifanira kuva"; anopfuurirazve, kudana kuvaka kwakakomba "chimiro chakashata chemavara chinounza uzivi hwose kushatiswa".

Akanyora kuti mashoko haafaniri kunzwisiswa zvakasimba, uye haafaniri kunzwisiswa nenzira yokuregerera; kunofanira kunzwisiswa nenzira ine mufungo, kuti pave nezvose zvaanoreva nenzira yakarurama.

Ukama Pakati Pokunyora Magwaro Nokutanga

Kunyora mashoko idi redivi rapakuvamba uye rakakudziridzwa kudzivisa dzimwe dzerevo dzakashata dzechinyorwa chapakuvamba sezvarakatanga kurondedzerwa. Nepo idzi nzira dzichirondedzerwa, dzine revo dzakasiana. Musiyano pakati padzo ndomumwe weukoshi, kwete uzivi: ChiShona cheMhesvo chepasino chinonongedzera zvakananga kukuturikira Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yamashoko aitorwa panguva yokunyora, nepo rugwaro runonongedzera kukududzira magwaro ose apamutemo nerevowo zvayo, kuisa parutivi zvinhu kwete murugwaro rumene.

Kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwebumbiro remitemo hakubvi pamashoko chete, asi, panzvimbo pezvo, kunobva parevo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba yorugwaro senhungamiro huru kukududzira.

Betsero Dzokunyora Mashoko

Vanopikisa kuti mashoko akanyorwa anodzivisa vatongi kusarudza nhau maererano nemaonero avo etsika, zvichiita kuti pave nokufanotaurwa kukuru mukutonga.Vatsigiri vanoti mashoko anosimudzira tsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu nokuti anoomerera kumashoko eBumbiro Romutemo rinogamuchirwa nevanhu mukupesana nezvinofunga kana kuti zvinodavirwa neMatongi evanhu.

Kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro parugwaro rumene, vatsigiri vamashoko vanotaura kuti vanogovera vavariro huru nemutoo unomanikidzirwa kukududzira. iyi nzira inotsvaka kudzivisa vatongi kurava zvavanoda vamene muBumbiro reMitemo nepo vachingobvumira nokuda kwedudziro ine mufungo yomutauro unoshandiswa.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu: Kusvika Kune Mwero

Bumbiro reMitemo ripenyu, kana kuti kugarisa dare, murangariro wokuti bumbiro remitemo reU.S. rine revo ine simba kunyange kana gwaro racho risina kugadziridzwa nenzira yakarongwa. Vatsigiri vanorangarira bumbiro remitemo serinokura pamwe chete nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga uye rinogovera chishandiso chinovandika zvikuru nokuda kwehurumende.

Uzivi Hunotsigira Kutevedzerwa Kunoraramisa Kwebumbiro remitemo

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo benyu nderiya rinochinja, kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva, uye kuchinja kuwiriraniswa nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva, pasina kugadziridzwa nenzira yetsika. Iyi nzira inoziva kuti nyika yachinja zvinoshamisa chifo chakanyorwa Bumbiro reMitemo, uye kuti kushandisa nzwisiso yezana ramakore rechi18 kusvika kuzana rechi21 rezana nguva dzose kungasava kwakakodzera kana kuti kunoshanda.

Kutanga, murangariro wezvokuronga unotaura kuti kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo mutsinhirano nerevo yaro yapakuvamba kana kuti vavariro dzimwe nguva hakugamuchiriki senhau yetsika uye naizvozvo kududzira kunochinja kuri madikanwa. Chechipiri, chine chokuita nedonzo, chinopikisa kuti vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo vakanyora Bumbiro remitemo zvakananga mumashoko akafara uye anochinjika kuti vaite chinyorwa chine simba chakadaro, "chipenyu".

Kumutsidzirwa kwedzidziso yepakuvamba muma 1980 kwakanga kuri kuita kurondedzero ye "Bumbiro remitemo ripenyu". Rokurangarira ikoko kwakaraira kuti vatongi vadudzire Bumbiro remitemo, kwete mukuwirirana nomutauro waro, asi panzvimbo pezvo mukuwirirana nemipimo yenzanga. Namamwe mashoko, vatongi havafaniri kunangidzira ngwariro pane izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinotaura, asi zvarinofanira kutaura kana rakanyorwa nhasi.

Kushanda Kunoita Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Romutemo Kupenyu

Naizvozvo ndicharondedzera mutoo uyo uri chaizvoizvo musimboti wegamuchidzanwa redu mhenyu rebumbiro remitemo, mutoo wakawanwa mumutemo wegamuchidzanwa uye wakavakirwa pamuenzaniso negamuchidzanwa.

Basa chairoiro richaita nenzvero yeDare rekare. Iyi mitoo inoziva kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo unokura kupfurikidza nekurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pematare, chaunga, uye migariro inochinja, panzvimbo pedudziro imwe yakatarwa yakagadzwa yakagadzwa pakuvambwa.

Magakava Anotsigira Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Kupenyu

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo rinogarira kuzvinhu zvinoshanda. Munguva ino, nyika yachinja munzira dzisingaverengeki. Nyika yacho yakura mundima uye vagari vayo vakawedzera kanoverengeka. Vanopikisa kuti vagadziri vemafomu havangagoni kukarira unyanzvi hwazvino uno, zvivako zvenzanga, kana kuti denho, uye kuomerera kuzvapakuvamba kuchaita kuti Bumbiro remitemo rishande.

Pfungwa yacho yakabatana nemirangariro yokuti chaunga chapanguva ino chinofanira kurangarirwa mukududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo ramashoko. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutauro wakafara weBumbiro reMitemo wakarongedzerwa noune kuva anochinjika uye anochinjika kumigariro inochinja.

Kutsoropodza Kuomerera Kumitemo Mipenyu

Vashori vanowanzotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuchinjwa nomuitiro wokugadziridza nemhaka yokuti kubvumira vatongi kuchinja revo yeBumbiro reMitemo kunosekesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunopa vatongi vasina kusarudzwa simba rakanyanyowandisa rokuisa mipimo yavo vamene panzanga.

Chimwe chibvumikiso chinorwisana neBumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu ndechokuti chiito chomutemo, panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvokutonga, chinomirira zviri nani kuda kwavanhu muUnited States muhurumende inosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo, sezvo kusarudza kwapanhambo nenhambo kuchibvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuvhota kuti ndiani achavamiririra muUnited States Congress, uye mitezo yeCongress inofanira (murondedzero) kuva inogamuchira mirangariro yavagari vemo vavo.

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba, mukupesana, hadzina mhinduro kumubvunzo wakakurumbira waThomas Jefferson: neiko tichifanira kubvumira vanhu vakararama kare kare, munyika yakasiana, kusarudza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pehurumende yedu nenzanga nhasi?

Kuvaka Kwapachokwadi Nokuvaka Kwakafara

Kunze kwerondedzero huru dzinotsanangura, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunowanzorondedzerwa mukuwirirana nokuvakwa kworumano nokufara.

Kutsanangurwa Kwokuvaka Kwakakomba

Kuvaka kwakasimba kunobatanidza kuturikira Bumbiro reMitemo, kwakavakirwa parugwaro chairwoirwo. Iyi nzira inokombamira kuganhurira ukuru hwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo namasimba ehurumende kuizvo zvinotaurwa zvakajeka kana kuti zvinorehwa zvakajeka murugwaro. Vanovaka zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji vanoda kuganhurirwa kwesimba rehurumende nokududzira zviito zvebumbiro remitemo rechiremera zvishoma.

Zvisinei, sezvambotaurwa, kunyange nyanzvi dzemagwaro dzakakurumbira dzakadai seJustice Scalia dzakaramba zita renyanzvi yokuvaka yorumano, dzichitaura kuti kududzira kunofanira kuva kune mufungo panzvimbo pokuva chaikoiko.

Kuvaka Kwakafara Kunotsanangurwa

Kuvakwa kwakafara kunodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo nenzira yokufara zvikuru, kuchirangarira nheyo dzakafara zvikuru uye chinjo dzenzanga. Uku kuita kunoziva masimba anoreva uye kunorava gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana namadonzo avo makuru nenheyo. Vavaki venzvimbo dzinovaka vanowanzowana kuchinjika kukuru mumutauro webumbiro remitemo uye vanodisa zvikuru kuziva masimba namaruramiro zvisina kurongwa zvakajeka murugwaro.

Gakava pakati pokuvaka kworumano nokwakafara rave riripo chifo chenhambo yamavambo, nezviverengero zvakafanana naThomas Jefferson kazhinji kazhinji achitsigira kuvakwa kworumano uye Alexander Hamilton achitsigira nokuda kwedudziro huru, zvikurukuru pamusoro pesimba rehurumende.

Kuongorora Kutonga: Simba Rokududzira

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso isimba rematare rokunzvera mitemo nezviito zvehurumende kusarudza kana ivo vachiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo.iyi nheyo huru, kunyange zvazvo isina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo rimene, yazova rutivi rwomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Hwaro Hwokuhwirudzura

Dzidziso yehwirudzuro yokutonga yakatangwa mumhaka yenhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa chiremera cheDare Gurusa kuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakagadza dare redare sebazu rehurumende rakaenzana rine simba rokunzvera zviito zvemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunobatira somutoo unokosha wokudzivirira nawo maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo uye kuchengeta kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba.

Kukura Neganhuriro Zvokuhwirudzura

Nepo hwirudzuro yedare iri chishandiso chine simba, inoshanda mukati meganhuriro dzakati. Dare rinowanzofunga kuti mitemo ibudisirwo uye ichaitsigira kana kududzira kune mufungo kupi nokupi kuchitsigira kushanda kwayo. Kuwedzera kune izvi, matare anodzivisa chaizvoizvo kusarudza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo kunze kwokunge kuri madikanwa chose chose kupedza nhau yacho.

Kuongorora kwokutonga kunoda kuti matare apinde mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, achiita kuti kusarudza kwemitoo yokududzira kuve kunokosha.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Kuparadzana kwemasimba nezvinoongororwa uye kuenzana inheyo dzinokosha dzinoumba manzwisisiro uye mashandisirwe anoita Bumbiro Remitemo.

Kunzwisisa Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunokamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiyana: bazu remitemo (Coren), iro rinoita mitemo; bazu guru (Mutungamiriri wehurumende), iro rinomanikidzira mitemo; uye bazu rokutonga (matare), iro rinotsanangura mitemo. uku kupesana kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda.

Chikamu Ndinopa masimba okutonga kuDare reHurumende, Chikamu II chinopiwa simba rokutungamirira muMutungamiriri, uye Chikamu III chinosimbisa simba rokutonga muDare Repamusorosoro uye matare akaderera kudaro seCongress angatanga.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinowirirana nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mano okuganhurira zviito zvamamwe mapazu. Somuenzaniso, Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuiisa, uye Congress anogona kubvisa chibvumirano nevoruzhinji vaviri. Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, asi Dare rinofanira kuzvisimbisa. Madare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kutongwa, asi Mitemo yemitemo inogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuti itsive zvisarudzo zvokutonga.

Kushanda kwebazi iri kunoda kuti pave nokushandira pamwe uye kuti bazi ripi neripi risatonga mamwe.

Kunzwisisa Kunonetsa

Nheyo dzeparadzano yemasimba nenzvero nedzikamo dzinopesvedzera zvikuru kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Apo matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo, anofanira kurangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvawo zvinotapura sei dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu. Mibvunzo pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera, chiremera chedare, uye simba rokutonga zvose zvinobatanidza idzi nheyo huru dzokuvaka.

Kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira kungatungamirira kumhedziso dzakasiyana pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwechiremera chebazu rimwe nerimwe. Vanodavira zvepakuvamba vangatarira kunzira iyo varairi vainzwisisa nayo kukamukana kwamasimba, nepo vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vangarangarira kuti ukama pakati pamapazu hwakavapo sei nokufamba kwenguva.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi Nebasa Remberi

Stare decisis inheyo yapamutemo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso wakakodzera — — pachisarudzo chedare chapfuura — apo anosarudza mhaka dzinobatanidza maidi akafanana nenhau dzapamutemo. Iyi dzidziso inoita basa rinokosha mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, pasinei zvapo nokuti imhakai inotsanangura mutoo wakafara unotevera mutongi.

Chikonzero Nei Zvinhu Zvichifanorongwa

Kana matare akatevedzera muenzaniso wenyaya iyi, vanhu vanogona kufanoziva kuti mitemo yepamutemo ichashandiswa sei uye kuronga mufambiro wavo maererano nezvavanenge vaita.

Panzvimbo pokurangarirazve mubvunzo uri wose wapamutemo kubva mumhaka imwe neimwe, matare anogona kuvaka pachisarudzo chekare.Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti nhau dzakafanana dzinosarudzwa nenzira yakafanana, zvichisimudzira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo.

Apo Chikanganiso Chinogona Kunyanyova Chinodzokororwa

Kunyange zvazvo kutarira kuri nheyo yakasimba, hakuna kusimba. Dare rinogona kuputsa muenzaniso apo rinogumisa kuti chisarudzo chakapfuura chakasarudzwa nenzira isina kururama kana kuti apo migariro yakachinjwa inoita kuti muenzaniso wacho ushande kana kuti urege basa.

Dare Rapamusoro rakadudza zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvokusarudza kuti muenzaniso wacho unofanira kuputswa rini, kubatanidza kana muenzaniso wacho wakabvumikisa kuva usingashandi, kana wakasekeswa nezvinoitika zvemitemo zvinotevera, kana fariro dzokuvimba nadzo dzaizokuvadzwa kupfurikidza nokuuputsa, uye kana muenzaniso wacho usina kurangarirwa zvakanaka.

Kufungidzira uye Kunzwisisa

Vanodavira dzidziso dzekare vanotarisana nedenho yokuyananisa kuzvipira kwavo nerevo yapakuvamba nedzidziso yokutarira. Kana muenzaniso uchipesana nerevo yapakuvamba, unofanira kuchinjwa here?

Dare Repamusorosoro hariwanzotendeutsi zviito zvaro, uye parinoita izvozvo, chisarudzo chacho chinokonzera gakava guru nenharo.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nokukamukana Kwesimba

Iyi nheyo inokosha kugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica uye inotapura zvikuru kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Simba Rakasimba uye Rakasara

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa hurumende mamwe masimba ehurumende anodudzwa nenhevedzano yakananga murugwaro, zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mari yemari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi, pakati pedzimwe.

Nheyo iyi yemasimba akachengetedzwa inoreva kuti hurumende dzine chiremera chinokosha pamusoro penhau dzisina kugoverwa kuhurumende, kubatanidza nharaunda dzegamuchidzanwa dzakadai sedzidzo, mutemo wemhuri, uye mutemo woutsotsi (kunze kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa).

Kushanduka Kwechibvumirano

Kudzikama kwesimba rehurumende nerehurumende kwachinja zvikuru munhau yose yeAmerica. Commerce Claus, iyo inopa Congress simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, yakadudzirwa zvakafara kutsigira murairo mukuru womubatanidzwa. Dare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rinobvumira kuita mitemo iri madikanwa uye yakakodzera yokuita masimba aro akarongwa, rakaraviwawo zvikuru.

Nzira dzokududzira dzakasiana - siana dzinotungamirira kumhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwesimba rehurumende.

Gakava Rokushandira Utano Repanguva Ino

Gakava razvino uno rebumbiro remitemo rinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende.

Dare Rapamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rakaisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende muzita rehurumende, kudzika mitemo inopfuura masimba anodudzwa eHurumende kana kuti hurumende iyoyo inoraira. Dzimwe nguva, Dare rakatsigira chiremera chehurumende chakafara, zvikurukuru muChengeteo Claus nePlaus inopfuudzwa.

Zvakakodzera Kuitwa: Zviri Kutaurwa uye Zvinobaya

Sceed Proces Clauss of the Findromers yeshanu ne14 inogovera kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi mitsetse yakadudzirwa kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kodzero dzemitemo nedzechiduku, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwedziviriro idzi huchiri kurwiswa.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wekuzivisa unoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuzivisa pomero kana kuti zvinoitika, banza rokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye dzimwe dziviriro dzemiitiro yakakodzera migariro.

Miitiro yakananga inodikanwa inotsamira parudzi rwefariro iri panjodzi uye ngozi yokushaiwa. Vapomeri veutsotsi vanogamuchira dziviriro huru dzetsika, kubatanidza maruramiro ezano, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye chinodikanwa choufakazi husingapanikirwi zvine mufungo. Kuitwa kwehurumende nezviito zvokutarisira kunoda dziviriro shomanene asi dzinongova dzinokosha.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Iyi dzidziso inoparira nharo huru.

Dare Gurusa rakaziva kodzero dzakasiana - siana dzebasa, kubatanidza maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okuva navana, maruramiro okutungamirira dzidzo nokurerwa kwavana vomunhu, maruramiro okutendeka mumuviri, uye maruramiro okuramba kurapwa kusingadiwi. Dare rakazivawo kodzero yokuva woga, kunyange zvazvo iyi maruramiro asingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo.

Zvibvumikiso Zvinobatsira Kunzwisisa

Muitiro wakafanira wokusasarura unomutsa nharo zvikurukuru pakati pezvikoro zvinodudzira zvakasiyana - siyana. Vatsoropodzi, kubatanidza vafundisi vazhinji, vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira wapakuvamba unobvumira vatongi kurava mipimo yavo vamene muBumbiro reMitemo munyengedzo yokudzivirira. Vanoomerera kuti kana kodzero isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti yakadzika midzi nenzira yakajeka munhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa, matare haafaniri kuiziva seyakadzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo.

Vadziviriri vomuitiro wakafanira wekudzivirira vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira rusununguko rwakafara, kwete maruramiro chaiwo anonyorwa murugwaro. Vanoomerera kuti vatsigiri vaishandisa mutauro wakafara wakadai se "reberty" chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti vaida kudzivirira maruramiro makuru kunyange kana vaisagona kuronga kushandiswa kuri kwose kwakananga.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzinokosha Dzokududzira

Dzimwe nguva nzira idzi dzinoshandiswa dzoga asi kazhinji dzichibatanidzwa nedzimwe nzira.

Kutenga

Kutsvaka kutsanangura gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo mukurangarira zvinangwa zvavo zvikuru.Panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro bedzi parugwaro kana kuti revo yapakuvamba, vazivi vanobvunza kuti igadziriroi yakaitirwa kukurukura uye kuti inharidzanoi dzakwaiitirwa kuti uwane. Ipapo vanodudzira gadziriro yacho nenzira iyo inoita zvakanakisisa madonzo iwayo.

Kutsvaka kungagona kutungamirira kududziro huru kupfuura kuomerera pamashoko orugwaro, sezvo kuchitarira kupfuura mashoko akananga kuvavariro dzakafara zvikuru. Zvisinei, vaongorori vanotaura kuti uku kuita kunotora zviri nani vavariro yavagadziri uye kunoparira miuyo ine mufungo zvikuru kupfuura kushandura mashoko akaoma.

Kuzvitutumadza

Kusvika kwokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunosimbisa miuyo inoshanda nemiuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika. Nyanzvi dzezvokududzira dzinorangarira kuti kududzira kwakasiana kwaizoshanda sei mukuita uye kuti miuyo yavo yenzanga, yemari, uye yezvamatongerwe enyika yaizova yei.

Vatsoropodzi vepfungwa dzokufungidzira vanotaura kuti kunopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda zvikuru uye kunovabvumira kuisa musengwa wavo vamene wemitemo.

Kuvaka

Tsinhiro yegadziriro inowana revo muchimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo yose neukama hwainogadza pakati pamasangano ehurumende akasiyana- siyana. Panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro pagadziriro dzakananga dzamagwaro, vagadziri vanorangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoronga sei hurumende uye kuti inheyoi dzinogona kutorwa musangano iroro.

Somuenzaniso, nheyo yokuparadzanisa masimba haisati ichidudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi inorehwa nechimiro chayo() kukamukana kwechinyorwa chacho kuva nyaya dzinoumba mapazi akaparadzana ane masimba akasiyana. Nenzira yakafanana, nheyo dzehurumende yehurumende dzinotorwa kubva mukuumbwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende renyika rine masimba akaganhurirwa, akaganhurirwa.

Muitiro Wenhau

Nzira dzinotsanangura dzinosimbisa muitiro wenhau negamuchidzanwa. uyu mutoo unotarira kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakanzwisiswa ndokushandiswa sei munhau yose yeAmerica. Miitiro namagamuchidzanwa zvakagara kwenguva refu zvinosimbiswa mukuziva revo yebumbiro remitemo.

Uyu mutoo unobvuma kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakaumbwa kwete bedzi nezviito zvamapazu ose matatu ehurumende uye navanhu veAmerica vamene. Muitiro wenhau unogona kugovera ufakazi hwenzira iyo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakanzwisiswa nayo uye dzinogona kubetsera kupedza zvinhu zvakashata murugwaro.

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Dzidziso yokubatanidzwa ifambiro mberi inokosha mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo uko kwakakudza zvikuru dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga. Iyi dzidziso inodavira kuti dziviriro zhinjisa dziri muBill of Rights dzinoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuru reMitemo yeKineti yeChiteshi yeChibvumirano chaMarudzi chaNinei cheChibvumirano chaMarudzi chaClausse.

Chikonzero Nei Nhau Dzokuchekererwa

Pakutanga, Bhizi rekodzero raishanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende.United States yakanga yakasununguka kuganhurira kutaura, kutanga marudzidziso, kuita nzvero isina mufungo, uye neimwe nzira kuita nenzira idzo dzaizoputsa Bill of Rights kana ikaitwa nehurumende. Ikoku kwakachinja nokugamuchirwa kweKill of Rights ye145 Amendment pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo uye kutanga kwakatevera kwedzidziso yokubatanidzwa.

Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo kwamakumi amakore akawanda, Dare Rapamusoro Rakakura rakati vimbiso yeNhevedzo yeKineth yemuitiro wakafanira inobatanidza dziviriro hurusa dzakananga muBill of Rights, ichidziita kuti dzishande kuhurumende. Idzi dzave dziri chimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo reAmerica, zvichiwedzera zvikuru dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga.

Kusarudza Kurerekera

Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa "kusarudza kubatanidzwa," kubatanidza gadziriro dzakananga dzeBill of Rights rimwe panguva panzvimbo pokubatanidza Bill of Rights yose panguva imwe chete. Dare rabatanidza inodokuva yose yeBill of Rights, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa, maruramiro okupa zano, uye chirango cheutsinye nechisina kufanira.

Gadziriro shomanene dzinoramba dzisina kubatanidzwa, kubatanidza kurambidza kweThird Amendment kwevarwi vana, chinodikanwa chikuru chedare cheFindrefey, kodzero yeSaven Amendment yokutonga mumhaka dzevagari vemo, uye kurambidza kweSevenger Amendment pachibharo chakanyanyisa.

Nharo Dzokududzira Pamusoro Pekusawirirana

Nyanzvi dzekare dzinotaura kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti maInformation Claus, panzvimbo peGungano reCreation Procession Claus, akaitirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha pakuputswa kwehurumende.

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanowanzotsigira kubatanidzwa semhindumupindu yakakodzera yedzidziso yebumbiro remitemo inodzivirira zviri nani rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Vanopikisa kuti pasinei zvapo nechinangwa chaicho chavamiriri veKineith Amendment, kubatanidzwa kune mufungo senhau yenheyo yemitemo uye kwasimbiswa zvakasimba kupfurikidza nemutoo wakagadzwa.

Kududzira Mutemo Kuchiitwa

Kunzwisisa idzi rondedzero dzinodudzira kunokosha, asi zvinokosha zvakaenzana kuziva kuti vanoshanda sei. Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro navamwe vatongi havawanzovimba chose chose nomutoo mumwe wokududzira. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanoshandisa nzira dzakawanda, pane dzimwe nguva kusvika mhedziso dzakasiana zvichitsamira pamaitiro avanosimbisa.

Kuramba Mupfungwa Dzokutonga

Mirangariro mizhinjisa inodudza manyuko akawanda erevo yebumbiro remitemo. Murangariro chaiwoiwo ungavamba nerugwaro, kunzvera nzwisiso yapakuvamba, kurangarira muenzaniso, kunzvera donzo regadziriro, uye kuyera miuyo inoshanda. Vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa upi noupi unotsanangura midziyo inotsigira muuyo wainoda, kutungamirira vatsoropodzi kupomera kuti mitoo inodudzirwa inowanzova muuyo.

Kunyange vatongi vanowirirana zvakasimba nouzivi hwakati hunodudzira dzimwe nguva vachabva pahuri apo kungatungamirira kumiuyo vanoona isingagamuchiriki.Ikoku kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyanzvi kukutaura kuti rondedzero dzokududzira hadzimanikidzi kupfuura zvinotaurwa navatsigiri vavo uye kuti kuita chisarudzo chokutonga kunopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvisingabviri kutsanangura mitoo inoshandiswa.

Basa Retsika Norutongeso

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo nenzira isingadzivisiki inobatanidza ukoshi hwechisarudzo nokushandiswa kwokuchenjera. Mutauro weBumbiro reMitemo unowanzova wakafara uye unojeka, unosiya nzvimbo yedudziro dzakasiana - siana. Mashoko akafanana ne "rusununguko rwokutaura," "kufamba," "dziviriro yakaenzana," uye "chirango chechienzi" hamuna revo imwe, iri pachena.

Vatongi vakasiyana - siyana, vachishandisa nzira yokududzira nayo nzira imwe chete, vanogona kusvika pamhedziso dzakasiyana - siyana nemhaka yokuti vanoyera uchapupu zvakasiyana - siyana, vanosimbisa kurangarira kwakasiyana - siyana, kana kuti vane mirangariro yakasiyana pamusoro peinokosha sedudziro ine mufungo.Iyi idi inokarakadza kuti nepo ichidudzira nhau dzemitoo yokunzvera, haibvisi kudikanwa kworutongeso uye haivimbisi mhinduro dzinodzorwa kumibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mafungiro

Manzwisisiro eDare Gurusa echinjo dzebumbiro remitemo sezvo mitezo inochinja. Apo vatongi vatsva vanokumbanira Dare, vanounza uzivi hwavo vamene nemirangariro pamusoro perevo yebumbiro-mitemo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo mudzidziso, neDare richinyanyodzora kana kuti kuganhurira zvisarudzo zvakapfuura.

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona chinjo huru mukuumbwa kweDare uye kuchinja kunowirirana mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo. Kuwedzera kukurumbira kwemavambo nemagwaro paDare razvino kwakatungamirira kuhwirudzurazve mipimo yakasiana - siana nedzidziso. Kunzwisisa idzi nharo dzinodudzira kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa chikonzero nei zvisarudzo zveDare pane dzimwe nguva zvichichinja uye nei kugadza kwokutonga kuchiitika.

Chikonzero Nei Vagari Vachifanira Kunzwisisa Tsananguro Yebumbiro remitemo

Kuziva mashoko aya nepfungwa kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoongororwa sei uye kuti dzinosarudzwa sei.

Kubvisa Zvisarudzo Zvokutonga

Pane kungobvuma kana kuti kusabvumirana nemigumisiro yakavakirwa pamitemo inosarudzwa, vagari vemo vanogona kuongorora mafungiro ari seri kwezvisarudzo vofunga kana kuti kuongorora kana vatongi vari kutsanangura nokutendeka Bumbiro Remitemo kana kuti vachiisa pfungwa dzavo pachavo.

Apo dare rinopa chisarudzo chinomutsa nharo, kunzwisisa mutoo wokududzira unoshandiswa kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera kana chisarudzo chacho chiri chakarurama pamutemo, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nomuuyo wacho senhau yomuitiro. uyu musiano pakati pedudziro yapamutemo nechisarudzo chemitemo unokosha mukuchengeta mutemo nemaruramiro okunzvera.

Kupindura Muhurukuro Yehurumende

Vagari vomunharaunda vanotora rutivi muhurukuro yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuita zviito zvamatongerwe enyika, kurukurirano yavose, uye kuvimbisana nzanga. Kunzwisisa mashoko makuru nemirangariro yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo kunogonesa kutora rutivi kune revo zvikuru mumibato iyi.

Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa mifungo yakadai serepakuvamba, kunama kwebumbiro remitemo, kuparadzana kwemasimba, uye hurumende, vanogona kupinda munharo dzinobudirira zvikuru pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo. Vanogona kunzvera mirangariro yavanoda kurangarirwa padudziro yebumbiro remitemo, kunzwisisa njodzi muhondo dzokusimbisa, uye kubetsera kukurukurirano dzavose pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Nerusununguko

Kunzwisisa matsananguriro ebumbiro remitemo kunobatsira vanhu kuti vadzivirire kodzero dzavo uye rusununguko rwavo.

Vagari vanonzwisisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo vanogona kuziva apo zviito zvehurumende zvingava zvisina tsinhirano uye vanogona kuita chiito chakafanira, kungava kupfurikidza nokusabvumirana, kudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti imwe nzira.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira

Gakava pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo harisingoriwo zvaro redzidzo yedzidzo () rine miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika nokuda kwemashandire anoita hurumende nekodzero idzo vanhu vanofarikanya. Kutora nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokududzira dzinogona kutungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana zvikuru muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro woutsotsi, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye dzimwe nhau dzisingaverengeki.

Hapana Mubatanidzwa Panzira

Kudavira kuti zvinhu zvakagara zvichiitwa zvakanyatsorongwa kwakava nomukurumbira mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, asi kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo nedzimwe nzira kunoramba kuchitsigira zvikuru.Kukurukurirana uku kunoramba kuchienderera mberi kunoratidza kusawirirana kukuru pamusoro pemasikirwo omutemo, basa revatongi, uye ukama huri pakati pekare nemazuva ano.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti uku kushayikwa kwebvumirano kunonetsa, kuchitungamirira kukusadeya kufanodeya kutaurwa uye kuchibvumira vatongi kunyanyongwarira.

Nguva Yemberi Yokududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Gakava pamusoro pezvitsanangurwa nebumbiro remitemo richaenderera mberi. Tsanangudzo itsva dzokududzira dzingavapo, uye dzidziso dziripo dzingagadziriswa kana kugadziridzwa. Kuchinja kwenhau dzeDare Repamusorosoro kuchachinja nzira dzinodudzira. Kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuchapa mibvunzo mitsva inoongorora magadzirirwo emitemo aripo.

Vagari vanonzwisisa mashoko makuru nemirangariro yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo vachava vakagadzirira zviri nani kubatanidzwa neizvi zvinoitika zvinopfuurira. Vachakwanisa kutevera gakava pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo, kuyera zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muhurukuro yedemocracy pamusoro pebasa reBumbiro remitemo muupenyu hweAmerica.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro-mitemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zviripo. Consitution Antonoted, rakabudiswa neRaibhurari yeCongress, inogovera kuongororwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedare gurusa. Constitution Center inopa mitengo yedzidzo, kubatanidza zviratidziro nekurukurirano zvedzidzo pamusoro penhau dzebumbiro remitemo.

Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakawanda namayunivhesiti zvinopa kosi dzepachena paIndaneti pamusoro pemutemo nedudziro. Kurava Dare Rapamusoro mirangariro zvakananga, iyo inowanika kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yepaIndaneti yeDare , kunopa nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo ruramisiro inoshandisa nayo mitoo yakasiana---------. Mabhuku edare reMislat, kubatanidza ayo aAnton Scalia, Stephen Breyer, nevamwe, anotsanangura uzivi hwavo hwezvisarudzo zvinowanika.

Masangano ose ezvematongerwo enyika anoongorora nyaya dzematongerwe enyika zvakasiyana - siyana, zvichibatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa maonero emibvunzo inodudzira.

mhedziso

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo rutivi rwakaoma asi runokosha rwehurumende yeAmerica nomutemo. Kunzwisisa mashoko makuru nemirangariro − mavambo, kunyorwa kwamashoko, kugadzirwa kwemitemo, kurongeka kwapamutemo, kuoma nokufara, kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga, kuparadzana kwamasimba, hurumende, muitiro wakafanira, uye vamwe — kunopa vagari vemo vane hwaro hunodikanwa kunzwisisa kuti matare anodudzira sei Bumbiro remitemo uye kuti dudziro idzodzo dzinotapura sei upenyu hwavo.

Nharo idzi dzinodudzira hadzisi nyaya dzematauriro chete, dzine migumisiro chaiyo yekodzero dzevanhu, simba rehurumende, uye kuenzana kwechiremera chehurumende nehurumende.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi mifungo, vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru muhurukuro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunzvera zvisarudzo zvokutonga nenzira inodenha zvikuru, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avo vamene nerusununguko nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. kududzira kweBumbiro remitemo kunokosha zvikuru zvokusagona kusiyiwa chose chose mumagweta navatongi (inhau yokuitira hanya vagari vose vanoitira hanya mutemo nedziviriro yemipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuda kuti munhu aite basa rokuva mugari wemo, kurarama mubumbiro remitemo, kana kuti imwe nzira yokuita nayo zvimwe zvinhu, kubatanidzwa nemibvunzo iyi nokufunga uye kuziviswa nokuziva mashoko makuru uye pfungwa zvinokosha kuti uchengete utongi hunosarudzwa nehurumende hunotonga nomutemo hwakanaka.

Sezvo Dare Gurusa rinopfuurira kusarudza nhau idzo dzinoumba mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica, uye sezvo gakava pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira munhandare yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzvimbo yavose, vagari vemo vakashongedzerwa nenzwisiso yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo vachava vakagadzirira zviri nani kutora rutivi muidzi kurukurirano dzinokosha. iyi zivo inopa vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti hurumende irambe ichizvidavirira, uye kubetsera kugadziriro inoenderera mberi yehurumende yomunhu oga yebumbiro remitemo iyo yakarondedzera Hurumende yeAmerica chifo chokutangwa.