Nhoroondo Yokudzikama Kwesimba

Idzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende, hurumende, uye nzvimbo hadzisi gadziriro yazvino uno yakavakwa nokungwarira asi yakavakirwa mumazana amakore ouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuedza kunoshanda. Vavaki veUnited States Confestitution vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzeChession yakadai saJohn Locke, uyo akaitirana nharo nokuda kwekodzero dzomusikirwo neparadzano yemasimba kuti adzivise udzvinyiriri, uye Baron de Montesquie, uyo akatsigira nokuda kwemitemo yakasiana, uye mapazu edare. Pfungwa idzi dzakavakwa mukati me Confeclation of Confectal Convention ye 1787, umo nhume dzinokurukura kuparadzirwa nehurumende yapakati nehurumende. Chinyorwa zvikurukuru, chinoparira gadziriro yehurumende inodzivirira nesimba renyika yose. [51]

Gakava renhau pakati poukuru hwerudzi nouchangamire hwehurumende rakaumba kukura kweAmerica kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Hondo yeChiviko neReconstructations yakatevera kukudza chiremera chehurumende, zvikurukuru nevimbiso dzeKineth Amendment yegadziriro yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Gare gare, nguva yeNew Deal yakaona hurumende yehurumende ichiita basa guru zvikuru mumitemo yemari negarikano yenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji inoruramiswa neCernal Claus. Zvisinei, Pendement yechigumith Amendment yakakumbirwa nguva dzose kusimbisa maruramiro enyika, kubva kuhondo dzechikoro dzinodese Confective comstion kusvikira kunharo dzinotemuka dzapamhina dzinotesa. Iyi inoenderera mberi inoratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu makuru ourongwa hwehurumende, umo dzikaro yesimba inogadziridzwa nguva dzose nomutemo, kugadziriswa kwechipo, uye hurukuro yavose.

Chinhambwe Chenyika

Pamwero wehurumende, Constitution yeU.S. inopa masimba akananga, kana kuti akaverengwa, kuhurumende yenyika. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza chiremera chokupa mari, kuzivisa hondo. Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga masimba aya, asi chinobatanidzawo chibvumirano chaMasimba anodikanirwa naMakuru, icho chinobvumira Chitendero kupfura mitemo inodikanwa kupfuudza masimba acho anorongwa. Chitsama ichi chave chiri manyuko okukura kwakati kuti kwechiremera chomubatanidzwa, sezvinoonekwa mumitoro yeDare renhau gurusa rapasi se McCCulloch v. Mary v 1819, icho chinobatanidza masimba ehurumende anoreva uye ukurunako kwayo pamusoro pemitemo. Hurumende yehurumende inodzokerawo, mufambirowo womunyika yenyika imwe chete inodzora nzanga yorudzi rwayo, uye inoshandisa dziviriro yemiteongedzero yezvo-nzanga dzakapoteredza nyika yose (EPAE). Miteose inoda mitoro mikuru yeMiteo yeMiteo youkuru yezveri yeZuni inobvumira kuto yehurumende, inobvumira upfumi

Chinhambwe Chehurumende

Hurumende dzine masimba ayo asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende, sezvinochengetwa neTenth Amendment. Idzi dzinosanganisira chiremera pamusoro pedzidzo, zvokufambisa, utano hwevoruzhinji, kutengeserana kwehurumende, mitemo yeroorano, uye masimba amapurisa kuvimbisa chengeteko yavose negarikano. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine murairo wayo, kazhinji kazhinji ine udzame hukuru zvikuru kupfuura rugwaro rwehurumende, uye dare rayo, chibvumirano, uye mapazu edare. Iyi inobatanidza kushanda semasangano edemocracy, kubatira semasangano ehurumende, kutevera mitemo yakasiana-mondiroma, kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana-njiso. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakaita kubhadharo yezvosero yezvoutano yavose, nepo dzimwe migariro yemitero inodzorwa zvikuru. Mwidrongedzo mumitemo yehurumende inodzorwa zvikuru nemhoshongadzo huru yehurumende yehurumende.

Mwero Womunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo (kubatanidza nharaunda), nharaunda, maturashi, maruwa chaiwo, ndedziri pedyosa navagari vemo uye dzinotarisira zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvakada kukurumidza zvikuru. Dzinoshanda pasi pechiremera chinopiwa nehurumende, izvo zvinogona kusiana kubva pautarisiri hwakasimba kuenda kudzorwa kwapamusha. Masangano anopiwa munzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo anobatanidza mapurisa, dziviriro yomwoto, migwagwa, migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, maraibhurari, maraibhurari, mafafiterabhureji, uye kuvaka mvumo dzinoshandisa zvikoro zvavosero. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisira zvikoro zvakasarudzwa nepoteko, uye dziri pamitsetse yedavidzo yekurumidziro. Murangariro womusha unobvumira mitemo mizhinji kugamuchira miganhuro nemiraudzo yadzo yadzoro yomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yehurumende yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, mipiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavose, pasineidzo yavose, pasineidzo yemitengoro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika inobvumiranwa, inobvumira kubetsera nokuda kwemiteo yapasi, miteo yavose,

Kuedza Kudzikamisa Simba

Kuparadzirwa kwesimba mumwero yehurumende kune revo huru pamusoro penzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, nzira iyo zviwanikwa zvavose zvinogoverwa nayo, uye nzira iyo vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa nayo nehurumende yavo. Payakanakisisa, hurumende inobvumira mitemo inogadziridza inoratidzira mhatsa yenharaunda apo inoramba ichichengeta chinzwano yorudzi. Pazvakaipa zvayo, inogona kutanga majeni, magariro, uye nyongano pamusoro peanei anoitwa neane mutoro wedzidzo. Somuenzaniso, dzidzo inobatanidza mwero yose mitatu: hurumende inogadza mipimo yakafara ndokugovera mari, masangano epashure negadziriro dzokuzvidavirira kwechikoro, uye maruwa echikoro anoshandisa mabasa ezuva nezuva. Uku kusviko kunoshanda kwapamutemo kwehurumende inoparira kubvumirana nokubvumirana kwegadziriro yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, nenzira yakafanana nokupindura migariro migariro migariro mano, uko masangano ehurumende anoitwa namahofisi ehurumende omunzvimbomo omunzvimbomo omunzvimbomo zvinodzorwa zvikuru. Kubetsera kubetsera nokuda kwesimba rehurumende kuti igovedzeke mamiriro ezvinhu zvapamutemo nokuda kwehurumende, nenzira inotongedzero, nenzira inotodzo dzinodzo dzinodzosera kutsigira kupfurikidza nokuda kwehurumende

Makeja Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo ichinhu chikuru chedzikamo yesimba, chinoshanda pamwero yose yehurumende nehurumende. Pamwero wehurumende, bazu rewisciginicha (Conterent) rinoisa mitemo, asi bazu guru (Pudenti) rinogona kuzvipa, uye bazu redare rinotonga (Dare) rinogona kuzvizivisa zvisina muganhu. Uku kuparadzana kunogona kudzivirira rimwe bazi pasimba. Zvivako zvakafanana zvinovapo muhurumende, umo vatongi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vane simba pamitemo yehurumende, uye matare makuru anogona kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu. Idzi dzinovimbisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa rinongwarira uye kuti maruramiro maduku anodzivirirwa. Zvisinei, gadziriro ino inogonawo kutungamirira kutsika, zvikurukuru apo mapazuro akasiyana anodzorwa nemapoka.

Ukama Hwehurumende

Ukama hwehurumende hunorondedzera kuyanana uye kuyanana pakati pehurumende. Uhwu ukama hunowanzoitwa nerokupiwa mari, zvibvumirano, uye zvikumbiro. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari yokuvaka nzira huru kupfurikidza neDhipatimendi rezvokufambisa, asi nyika dzinofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende kuti dzigamuchire mari. Nenzira yakafanana, mapurogiramu akawanda enzanga, akadai seSNAP (zviteshi zvezvokudya) naMediaid, zvinodzorwa namasangano ehurumende ane utarisiri hwehurumende. Iyi hurumende inobatira pamwe chete inopa mari kuvaka nokushandisa kupfurikidza neGungano yeSangano rehurumende, inodanwa kuti "ble communistism" /-8] mitsetse pakati pemitengo yehurumende, kuumba mitoro inogoverana. Zvisinei, inogonawo kutungamirira kukwikwidza, sokudzivisa kudzorwa kwemitengo inodzodzorwa kwemitengo yehurumende inodzorwa neyamutevedzero huru yehurumende. Zvipoteshi zvekubetsera zvikuru, zvinoda migariro inodzodzodzodzodzorwa zvikuru yehurumende inodzo inodzo inodzorwa pasina kubetsera.

Kuongorora Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba

Kunzvera chinoitika chaicho kunojekesa kuti dzikamo yesimba inoshanda sei mukushanda, ichizivisa zvose zviri zviviri budiriro nenyanduko.

  • [[FLT: 0] Mutemo wokubetsera: Basa rehurumende mudzidzo rakakura chifo chePretary and Secondary Education Act ya1965, yakagovera mari nokuda kwavadzidzi vanoshaiwa. Hapana Child Chile Chiri Kusiiwa (2001) uye Mudzidzi ari wose Wekubudirira Act (2001) Act (20) yakapfuuridzira iyi kombano, kugadza mipimo yokuedza nokuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, nyika dzinodzora paukondizo, kunyora, uye mari yechikoro, zvinotungamirira kukupesana kukuru mumugariro wedzidzo. Maruwa echikoro omunzvimbomo anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva, asi anofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvose zviri zviviri zvomubatanidzwa. Iyi gadziriro inoparira kusawirirana, zvakadai sokudzivisa mirayiro yenyika pakuedza kana kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwemakirasi kwenzvimbo yedzidzo. Chiwiriranwa chinoitwa mugadziriro chamabasa ose ari maviri okugara pasi.
  • Reformation: Affordcable Care Act ya2010] ACA inoratidzira zvinetso zvehurumende mukutarisira utano. Mutemo unoda kuti zviteshi zvitange tsinhano dzoutano, wedzerai Mdhicaid, uye tevera miraudzo yehurumende pakubhadharwa nebetsero. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakaita kuti Medicaid ikudzirirwe nenzira isina donzo nokuda kwemiganhuro, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana: dzimwe nyika dzakakudzwa, dzinorambwa, dzinosiya mamiriyoni asina kutenderwa. Mamirioniwo anochinjirwa mukuronga kurukurirano dzavo nokuronga, zvinoguma nezvisarudzo zvakasiyana. Chinoratidza kuti muitiro womubatanidzwa unogona sei kuva wokuchinja kumugariro asi unoita gadziriro yakapesana pakukwanisa kubetsera kuvaka zvinhu.
  • Mitemo yezvemagariro ezvemagariro: Gwema rimwe remasangano emota nerekunatsirira mvura rinogadza mipimo yenyika, asi nyika dzine mutoro mukuru wokushandisa nokuasimbisa. California, nerakaisiro rayo rakasiyana neEPA, rakagadza mipimo yaro imene inobudiswa nemotokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutora. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kurwisano, seapo dare reTrump rakabvisa chitsauko cheCalifornia, bedzi nokuda kwegadziriro yeBhinden kuti iigadziridze. Muitiro wemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo unowanzoona hurumende ichisundwa nokuda kwedziviriro yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yomubatanidzwa, kana kuti kudzorwa, kusimbisa kuoma kwemitezo. Somuenzaniso, kufanana neColorad yakavandudza simba rinoshatsa.
  • Tsaster Resolution: Njodzi dzomusikirwo dzakadai sePurtule Katrina (2005) uye Supersat Sandy (2015) yakafumura utera mubatira pamwe yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera zviwanikwa kupfurikidza neFEMA, asi hurumende dzinofanira kukumbira betsero nokugona kunaya. zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinovangana. Zvikanganisira kurukurirano nerokugoverano nerojiri yemiuyo zvinogona kutungamirira kumiuyo ine ngwavaira, sezvinoonwa muNew Orleans. Gadziro yemists anowedzera kufambidzana, asi kupesana kwemitoro kunoramba kuri denho. Zviitikombere zvenguva pfupi zvakafanana neCHOVAD zvinokatapuko yakashata zvikuru, namasangano ezvokugoveranopesana nokuda kwemigove yavose youtano yavose.

Zvinetso Zvokuti Tive Nesimba

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rawo, dzikamo yesimba inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinogona kusekesa kubudirira nokuva pamutemo.Idzi denho dzinomuka mukusawirirana kwomuzvarirwo pakati pemwero yehurumende uye kudikanwa kwokuchinjira kumigariro yenzanga, yezvemari, uye yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyanyokwikwidza

Federal inonyengera apo hurumende yenyika inoshandisa chiremera kupfuura icho Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokududzira kwakafara kweTende yeClassic kana kuti Peace Claus. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uku kudzongonyedza uchangamire hwehurumende uye kuderedza nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvibvumirano zvehurumende pakuedza dzidzo, inishuwarensi yezvoutano yezveutano, uye mipimo yemhoteredzo iyo inotonga kuti inofanira kutevera kana kuti kurasikirwa nemari. Mune dzimwe nguva, hurumende yakadenha mirairo yakadaro mudare, nebudiriro yakavhengana. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusorosoro reAA rinodzosa kukura Midhidhiki nokutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose yeMidhicaid. Hurudzo yehurumende inogonawo kuita chimiro chemari, apo mutemo wehurumende unodzorwa mumitezo yapamutemo yapamutemo munzvimbo dzokudzorwa kana kuti idzorerwe. Pane dzimwe nguva kuto dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinoda kudzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa nehurumende dzorongedzerwa.

Kudzivisa kweHurumende

Mitezo inocherekedzwa inobatanidza maguta matsvene uye inodzora kubatira pamwe kwemitemo yehurumende, zvimwe nokuramba kushandisa mitemo, kupfuudza mitemo inopesana mudare. Iyi rwisano inogona kubva mupfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika, ganhuriro dzemari, kana kuti chitendero chokuti hurumende yakakunda chiremera chayo. Mienzaniso inoteererwa inobatanidza dare rinoyera uye inoganhurira kubatira pamwe nemitemo yehurumende yokudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa, uyewo kudzika pamutemo yembanje yembanje pasinei zvapo nokurambidzwa nehurumende. Vatungamiriri vehurumende veObama vanodzivirira Mubato weReference forfacessss for Parents of Americas (DA) purogiramu yakadzorwa nechisarudzo chakasiana, ichitungamirira kuchisarudzo chedare repamutemo. Kudzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana-mitemo ehurumende anogona kuita basa remitemo nokudzikamisa.

Oganomy yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzotsvaka utongi kuti dzipedze zvinodikanwa zvenzanga zvakananga, asi dzinogona kupesana nemitemo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, maguta akawanda akapfuudza mitemo yokudzivirira vatami vasina kunyorwa, kuzongotarisana bedzi nemitemo yehurumende inorambidza mitemo yakadaro. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo inoganhurira kurongwa kwedzimba dzinoda kutengwa inogona kurwisana nemitemo yehurumende yedzimba. Kupesana kwemitemo yenzvimbo tsvene, mipimo youtano yavose (se mirayiro yezvifukidzo), uye nyika inoshandisa miraudzo inosimbisa kuoma kwemifungo pakati pechisarudzo chomunzvimbomo nechiremera chakakwirira. Nepo mutemo womusha uchigovera kuchinjika, kunogonawo kutungamirira kusvika kukuvadziko inooma kupfurikidza nemitemo yenharaunda. Kudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunodzorwazve nokuganhurirwa nokutsigira mari, sezvo mitero yakawanda inovimba neyamutero, inoita kuti ive inova ive yakataputswa kuganhurirwa kuganhuridzo yemipimo yemitengo yomunzvimbomo. Kudzo inodzo inodzo inodzorwa pakati petsika yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende inoda kudzo.

Kushandisa Zvinetso

Ukama hwemari pakati pemitengo yehurumende ndimanyuko makuru enyasha. Federal nehurumende zvinopa mipiro inopesvedzera migariro yemari yomunzvimbomo, uye mirairo isina kurongwa mitoro pamwero yakaderera yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inoda kuti hurumende dziwirirane neAmerica neMitemo ine Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeZudzo asi haisati ichiibhadharira zvizere nokuda kwendyiko yemari inodzo yechikoro kana kuti chengeteko yavose inogona kudzvinyirira mari yavose. Ikoku kunoparira zvinetso zvemari yomunharaunda yomunzvimbomo: hurumende dzinoda zviteshi asi dzinoshatirirwa ndyiro dzakakwirira. Ndyiko dzemari dzinoiswa mumitengo inoiswa mudenga kumitengo yakakwirira kumusoro neyakaderera (5) sezvinozivikanwa sezvinodikanwa zve "hurumende kudzorwa kwemibato yemibato yehurumende") zvinotungamirira nokuda kwemibato yemibato yemitengo yavose yemitengo.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende, hurumende, uye nzvimbo kunokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira vagari vemo vanoziva nokudzora kunobudirira. Manyuko enhau etsika ino, revo dzinoshanda, uye denho dzainotarisana nedzose dzinoumba seizvo mitemo inoitwa, zviwanikwa zvinogoverwa, uye mabasa avose anoitwa. Kupfurikidza nokuziva mabasa akasiyana uye mitoro yenzvimbo imwe neimwe. Vadzidzi vanogona kupinda mumuitiro wedemokrati, kutsigira nokuda kwemitemo inowirirana nemitemo yavo inodzorwa. Dzikamo yesimba haichinjiki; inovamba kupfurikidza nechiito chezvamatongerwe enyika, kududziro zvapamutemo, uye chinjo yenzanga. Sezvatinofamba nhau dzakafanana nechinjo yemamiriro ezvinhu ezvoutano, mamiriro ezvinhu okurapa, uye kugadziridza zvinhu, mano okunzwisisa nokufamba - mativi enyika zvichava zvinonetsa. Chikamura kuva chikasharira mumugariro womunzvimbomo mumugariro wehurumende womunzvimbomo, uye kugoveranwa kwesimba revo vomunyika inotevenetevedzo yesimba renyika inopfuudzo inopfuudzo inopfuurira mberi kusimba kusimba kurudzi rwenzanga, inopfuungira kusimba guru rino