Basa Rokugara: Kuchengetedza Kunoita Rusununguko Rwako

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, rakatenderwa muna 1788 uye rakagadziridzwa nguva makumi maviri nenomwe, rinomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika. Inopfuura mitemo yokutonga; igadziriro yamaune yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga pasimba rehurumende. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi, vachiziva kuti iyi chinyorwa chinochengeta sei rusununguko rwomunhu oga kuti inzwisise democracy yeAmerica imene. Kuongorora kunotevera kuno udzame dziviriro dzakananga, mashoko enhau akavaumba, uye dudziro dzinowirirana dzinoita kuti dzive dzakakodzera.

Kudzivirira Kwapakuvamba: Bhuku Ramaruramiro

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanyoreswa, nhume dzakawanda navagari vemo vakatya kuti hurumende itsva yehurumende ingatevedzera udzvinyiriri hwehurumende yeBritain. Kukurukura izvi zvinonetsa, Congress yokutanga yakakarakadza nhevedzano yegadziridzo, gumi yadzo dzakatenderwa muna 1791. Nhamba dzose idzi dzinozivikanwa seBill of Rights. Vanodudza zvakajeka rusununguko rukuru rwokuti hurumende haigoni kuputsa.

Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Chivako Chorusununguko

First Amendment inobatanidza rusununguko rwakasiana rushanu rwakasiana asi rwakabatanidzwa: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Chigadziko chaClaus chinodzivisa hurumende kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo, nepo Free Expressice Claus inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu okushandisa kutenda kwavo. Rusununguko rwokutaura runotambanukira kupfuura mashokowo zvawo kumabasa okufananidzira, kutsutsutsumwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kunyange zvimwe zvimiro zvemashoko ezvokutengeserana, kunyange zvazvo chine miganhuro yakadai sokuzvidza nokunyandurira masimba masimba. Muchina wakasununguka unobatira secherekedzo pasimba, unobvumira vatori venhau kushuma mibato yehurumende pasina kudzoro. Pakupedzisira, kodzero dzokubatanidza norugare uye kukumbira hurumende kugovera vagari vemo vezvigumburo nenzira yakanangana kusimba.

Mutezo Wechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inoti: “Muna muProfection yakasanodzorwa neGwaro raMaritia, zvaririri madikanwa kuchengetedzwa kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa.” Tsananguro yaro yakaitiranwa nharo zvikuru. Mu Ditudituty of Columbia v. [[FLT]] [2001]] [, Dare rakakwirira rakasimbisa kuti ganhuriro inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwemadonzo egamuchidzanwa, zvakadai sewefensese ari mukati momusha, asingabatanidzwi nebasa muchiuto. Ichi chisarudzo hachina kupa maruramiro asina kuganhurirwa maruramiro asina kuganhurirwa; Dare rakabvuma kuti kuganhurirwa kwenguva refu pamusoro pepfuti kana kuti kupfurikidza nepfuti, mitemo inoshaidzwa, inodzo inodzorwa mumitemo yemitemo, inodzo inodzorwa mumitemo.

Penjero Yechitatu: Kudzivirirwa Pakutarisira

Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzopindurwi, Third Amendment inorambidza hurumende kumanikidza vagari vemo kunogara varwi munguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwavo. Yakanga iri davidzo yakananga kumiitiro yeBritain mukati menhambo yehurumende yokumwe. Iyi gadziridzo inosimbisa nheyo yokuti musha womunhu inzvimbo tsvene inobva mukuvhozhokera kwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwechina: Kuva Woga uye Kuchengeteka

Gemende yeChina inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nokubatwa nehosha. Inoda kuti vatsigiri vomutemo vawane maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, anotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare ashandisa iyi gadziridzo kuruzivo rutsva, rwakadai sokushandisa foni, shopu yenzvimbo yesero imwe chete. Matsotsi akafanana ne katz. United States (1967) akazivisa kuti Kugadziriswa kweGapu yeTSwechina kunodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo, uye kuti kariro ine mufungo yenzvimbo dzakavanzika iripo mumativi mazhinji.

Mutezo Wechishanu: Muitiro Wakafanira Nokuzvipopotera

Gadziriro yeshanu ine dziviriro dzakakomba dzinoverengeka. Grand Jury Clause inovimbisa kuti mhaka huru dzehurumende dzinoda pomero yapamutemo nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi. Mapirinice Jeopardy Claus inodzivisa munhu kuidzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Kuzvipa kwechisimba kwaClaus kunopa vanhu kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye kusamanikidzwa kupupurirana navo. Dare reBasa Renyika rinorambidza hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina miitiro yapamutemo. Pakupedzisira, kutora Clausse kunoda kuti hurumende igove kugovera mari apo inongova inzvimbo yapa vanhu kuti vashandiswe pachena.

Mutezo Wechitanhatu: Kodzero Dzematare Dzisina Ngozi

Dare reSikisi Remisi yePendeko rinovimbisa kutongwa kwedare ravose kunokurumidza uye kusingasaruri muruwa umo mhaka yakaitwa. Rinopawo mupomerwi maruramiro okuziviswa nezvorudzi nemhosho, kunangana nezvapupu, kuwana nyasha dzavo, uye kuva neRumbidzo rwezano nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira kwavo. Ruramisiro yezano yakawedzerwa zvikuru mu Gideon v. Wainright[ [1963], iyo inotaura kuti igovere magweta kuvakwiri vasingagoni kuvaridzi.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechiviri: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mumhaka dzavagari vemo umo chitsama chemhosho chinopfuura madhora makumi maviri (Z $2 000).Inovimbisawo kuti maidi akasarudzwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi haagoni kuongororwazve mudare ripi neripi rehurumende kunze kwemukuwirirana nemitemo yavose.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwechisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare Repamusorosoro rakashandisa chirango ichi kudenha miitiro yakadai sokuuraya vanhu vane urema hwoungwaru, kuuraya vaduku, uye kuisa upenyu pasina kusarura mhosva dzisina kufanira dzinoitwa nevana. Chirango chine utsinye uye chechienzi chinoratidzira mipimo inochinja yenzanga.

Mitemo Yechina Neyechigumi: Residance Rights neFederalism

Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti Bill of Rights haisati iri inokwana; vanhu vane dzimwe maruramiro okuwedzera asina kurongwa. Simba reTenuth Amendment reSivis reMitestation risina kupiwa kuUnited States neConstitution, kana kuti kuirambidzwa nayo kuUnited States, zvichiteverwa, kana kuti kuvanhu.

Rusununguko Rwomunhu Oga Runokosha Rwunodzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kunze kwekodzero dzakajeka dziri muBhishopi Yamaruramiro, Bumbiro Remitemo rinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga rwakafara kupfurikidza norugwaro rwaro nedudziro yokutonga.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nomufambiro Wounyoro

First Amendment inodzivirira kwete bedzi mabasa anotaurwa asiwo mabasa akanyorwa, kutaura kwounyanzvi, mabasa okufananidzira (sekupiswa kwomureza kana kuti kupfeka mabhande emaoko), uye kunyange zvimiro zvenhimbe zvinoshandiswa. Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti kutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha kumunhu anozvidzora, kutsvaka zvokwadi, uye kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Zvisinei, mamwe marudzi ekutaura akadai sokunyandura, kuzvidza, zvinonyadzisa, uye kurwa mashoko. Mutsetse pakati pemashoko akadzivirirwa nekutaura unoramba uchinatswa mumichina wemakombiyuta, zvakadai sezvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga uye kunetsa.

Rusununguko Rwechitendero: Vaviri Vanonzi Claus

Reformation Completence yeFirst Claus yaita kuti pave nemhesano huru. Chibvumirano chaClaus chinorambidza hurumende kubva pakuda kana kuti kuda chitendero chipi nechipi. Mu Lemon v. Kurtzman[ (1971], Dare rakagadzira muedzo wezvikamu zvitatu (kuedza kweLemon) kuti riongorore kana mutemo uchiputsa chikamu ichi. Mumutemo weFree Speciece Claus unodzivirira kodzero yevanhu yokushandisa rudzidziso rwavo, asi hausi mufambiro wose worudzidziso unodzivirira pamitemo inoshanda. [1] Kuedza kwetatu. Smith[FLT] [FLD]] [1990], Dare rairangarira kuti mutemo ureve, unowanzoita kuti rudzidziso rusapunzaniso rwechipfupi Free Crence Couption Activestion (1993]]) yapamutemo chinodzorwa zvikuru. Chibvumirano cheReligic. Chibvumirano chidzo. Chibvumirano chidzo. Chitendeko (194]

Kuwana Nguva Yokuva Woga

Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti “chibvumirano” risingaonekwi muBumbiro reMitemo, Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti kodzero yokuva woga inoratidzwa nezvipikirwa muChitatu, chechina, zveshanu, zveNyenu, uye zve144th Amendments. Uku kururama kwave kuri pakati pemitemo yokudzivisa kubata pamuviri ([]]Griswold v.Connecticut[[[FLT: 1]], 1965]), kubvisa pamuviri ([[FLT:]] Roe v.[FLT], uye 1450], uye zvinoitika zvakatevera).

Zvakakodzera Kuitwa: Zviri Kutaurwa uye Zvinobaya

Genence’s Access of Findromment inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, nepo purogiramu yeDineth Amendment ichiitambanudzira kunyika. Gadziriro yechinofanirwa inoda kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zviitwe nechiziviso chakanaka nokunzwa kune revo. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati pakudzorwa nehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakafanira ichiteverwa. Iyi dzidziso yave ichishandiswa kudzivirira maruramiro okuroora, kuva navana, kuita zvisarudzo zvokurapa, uye kutungamirira kurerwa kwavana vomunhu.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Gemende ye14th Expandment Protection Claus inorambidza kuramba munhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwavo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Chitsama ichi chave chiri hwaro hwemitemo yetsika dzavagari vemo yenjikanva, kubatanidza Brown v. Dare reDzidzo[ [1954], iro rakagumisa rusarurano rwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, uye bergefell v. Hodges (2015], iro rinonyoresa roorano yete-hegi. dare rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana yokunzvera zvichitsamira pa kusankhanwa (mavokwa, varume, varume, etvondo) uye kurudyi panhau.

Nhau Dzinokosha dzeDare Rapamusoro Dzakaumba Rusununguko Rwomunhu Oga

Tsananguro dzeDare Rapamusorosoro dzakaumba zvikurukuru ukuru nerevo yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Pasi apa pane dzimwe nhau dzinokosha kupfuura idzo dzakarongwa munyaya yapakuvamba.

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Yakashandisa mutemo wokuparadza nyika, ichida kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo nepfari zvibviswe mukutongwa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright[[FL:1] (1963): akagadza maruramiro okupa zano nokuda kwavapomeri vanopara mhaka mumhaka dzoutsotsi.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodikanwa kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: Rambwa pamberi pekurambidzwa pachinyorwa chePentagon Papers, richisimbisa chikarakadzo chakasimba mukurwisana nokuongororwa kwehurumende.
  • United States v. Nixon (1974): Chinoganhurirwa ropafadzo yeboka roukuru, achitonga kuti purezidhendi haagoni kunyima ufakazi mukunzvera kwoutsotsi.
  • Texas v. Johnson (1998): Yakarangarira kuti kupisa mureza weAmerica sechimiro chokuramba kunodzivirirwa nokutaura kwokufananidzira muFirst Amendment.
  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003): Kuderedza mutemo weTexas unoita kuti upedze utsotsi hwevatano yevatano yakafanana, uchisimbisazve maruramiro ekuva woga.
  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Yakadzora kuti kutsigira mari kwebhizimisi kwokuparadzira kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika musarudzo dzinoda kudzorwa hakugoni kuganhurirwa, pasi peFirst Amendment yakasununguka yenheyo dzokutaura.

Kuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Tsungiriro yeBumbiro reMitemo iri mumugariro wayo wokuchinjika. Kugadziridza kunobvumira chinjo dzakarongwa, nepo kududzira kwedare kuchibvumira kuchinjika kwezvinhu zvipenyu kumigariro mitsva.

Gadziriro Ye Amendeji

Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga mitoo miviri yokururamisa nayo mamiriro ezvinhu: kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri-tatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti nekokorodzano inodanwa nembiri-tatu dzedzimba dzehurumende. Ratiation inoda tendero nedzitatu-na dzenyika (kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende kana kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende). Muitiro uyu wakakomba unovimbisa kuti chinjo dzinotsigirwa zvikuru dzinova rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Kuchinja kwegumi kwokutanga (Bill of Rights) kwakatenderwa muna 1791; kupfuudzira kusingasviki, kupfumi namakumi maviri namashanu (kuwedzera kwemitero yemitengo).

Kududzira Kutonga Nenhema

Dare guru rinoita hwirudzuro yedare, simba rokuzivisa mitemo isingachinji, yakatanga kunyorwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183]. Kupfurikidza nekabhii-kabhii, Dare rinodudzira mutauro wakafara weBumbiro reMitemo remitemo muchiedza chetsika dzenguva ino nemigariro. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kweGamende reDine pakunzvera kusina mufungo kwakadudzirwa kuti kushandise kuGPPPPS ([FLT:]] United States v. Jones], 2012], uye stem-set trans trans permated trans. United States v, 2018, chirango chejekero chejekero cheutsinye, uye chiramisiro chejeko, chitsarira magetsi, chitsamisiti chakabvira kupfuutswa, chitsamisitiro chemuto yemishoni, chitsarira purojeko, sechikatenziro, chinoitwa.

Kuita Musangano NeneGuru

Kupfuura kugadziridzwa nematare, Congress nebazu guru zvinodzivirirawo rusununguko rwomunhu oga.Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo inokudza dziviriro, yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1965, Voting Rights Act ya1965, uye vaAmerica neChiratidzo cheUrema ye1990. Bazu guru rinodzika mitemo iyi uye rinogona kupa mirayiro yehurumende ine chokuita nerusununguko rwevagari vemo. Hurumende, kupfurikidza nemitemo yadzo dzimene uye mitemo, kazhinji kazhinji dzinogovera dzimwe dziviriro kupfuura mutemo wehurumende.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Evadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Kunzwisisa rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo hakungori dzidzowo zvayo. Vadzidzi, kodzero idzi dzinoganhurira mano evakuru vechikoro okutsvaka marocker, mapepanhau avadzidzi vanonzvera, kana kuti kuranga kutaura. Mhaka yechiratidzo . .Des Moines Independent Community School District [[[FLT:]] [1969] yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi havasati “vapedzisa kodzero dzavo dzemitemo dzerusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi repaimba yechikoro. [FLT]

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchienderera

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri chishandiso chipenyu, risinganeti kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukuchinja kwesimba rezvematongerwe enyika. Kuparadzana kwaro kwakarongwa nokungwarira kwemasimba, kodzero dzakarongwa, uye mashandiro okuchinja zvakabvumira United States kutendeuka apo inenge ichichengeta mipimo mikuru yerusununguko neruramisiro. Vadzidzisi, vanobatanidzwa neBumbiro remitemo mutoro wehurumende. Nokunzwisisa Bill of Rights, mitemo yemitemo yetsika, uye miitiro yokuchinja, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani nokudzivirira rusununguko rwavo vamene. Sezvo rudzi rwacho runotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, ungwaru, uganda, uye urongwa hwetsika dzenzanga hwenyika yose huchapfuurira kuedzwa uye, sezvinotarisirwazve. Vachengeti vadzorodzi vorusununguko urwu, vanowana ropafadzo inodzorwa nokungwarira.