Dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende haisati iri pfungwawo zvayo yerondedzero inobva mubhuku rehurumende.(idzo itsika mhenyu, yokufema yehurumende yeAmerica.) Zuva riri rose, mukirasi umo vadzidzi vanodzidza nezvenzira dzavanofamba nayo nemitemo inovadzivirira, kukamukana kwechiremera kwakarongwa muU.S. Mutemo weMitemo inoumba rudzi. Vadzidzisi vanotsvaka kushongedzera vadzidzi nenzwisiso huru yemashandire anoita nyika yavo, uye nokuda kwavadzidzi kuvavarira kuva vagari vemo vanoziva, kunzwisisa ukama pakati pehurumende nemasimba enyika zvinokosha. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera gadziriro yemitemo inorondedzera iyi mitoro, inotevedzera sei kuti gadziriro yacho yakagadzirwa nenhau uye dare, uye kunzvera mipimo chaiyoiyo yenyika yedzidzo noupenyu.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Rehurumende

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatarisana nedenho huru: nzira yokuita nayo hurumende yorudzi yakasimba zvakakwana kuchengeta mubatanidzwa pamwe chete nepo vachichengeta utongi hwehurumende. Chigadzikiso chavakagadzira chakanga chiri chibvumirano chehurumende (jere rehurumende). Muitiro umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pechiremera chikuru namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Panzvimbo pokupa simba rose kumwero mumwe, Bumbiro remitemo rinopa noune unani, richiumba dzikamo ine simba iyo yakaedzwa uye yakanatswa kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Uku kupesana hakusi kwokuzvidira. Kunoratidzira kusavimba kukuru kwevamiriri vesimba rakanangidzirwa uye chitendero chavo chokuti hurumende iri pedyosa navanhu inogamuchira zvikurusa zvinodikanwa zvavo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vakaziva kudikanwa kwehurumende yenyika inokwanisa kupindura nhau dzinopfuura mitsetse yehurumende ($defensi, kutengeserana, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu panzvimbo inobvira inodenhwa nehurumende.)

Masimba Ane Simba: Chiremera Chehurumende Yehurumende

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo ndiwo manyuko makuru echiremera chehurumende. Chinoronga masimba chaiwo anopiwa kuCongress, anozivikanwa samasimba akarongwa kana kuti akagoverwa. Aya anobatanidza:

  • Kuunganidza mitero, mabasa, zvitupa, uye kutora mitero
  • Utengesi hwepakati penyika nehwokumwe
  • Zivisa hondo uye tumira tsamba dzechibhakera nechitsive
  • Mari yesimbi uye inodzora kukosha kwayo
  • Ronga nzvimbo dzinotumirwa tsamba nemigwagwa
  • Kudza uye tsigira mauto nemauto egungwa
  • Govera nokudana varwi kuti vaite mitemo, kudzvinyirira kumukira, uye kutanda kuvhozhokera

Aya masimba akabatanidzwa neChinodikanwa neChinowirirana naClaus, icho chinopa Congress chiremera chokuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita mitoro yayo inodudzwa. Iyi chitsama, chinowanwa pamugumo weChikamu I, Chikamu 8, chave chiri hwaro hwewedzero huru yechiremera chehurumende munguva, zvikurukuru sezvo rudzi rwakura uye upfumi hwava hunova hunowiriranwa nenzira inowedzera.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisawo ukuru hwomutemo wehurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo weSupremacy Claus muChikamu VI. Ichi chiziviso chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende inoitwa kuti ive yakabatana nawo, uye zvibvumirano i "mutemo mukuru wenyika," zvinosunga vatongi vose navakuru vakuru munyika iri yose. Apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo womubatanidzwa, mutemo wehurumende unokurira [1] nheyo yave iri pakati penhau dzakawanda dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa.

Masimba Akasiiwa: Nzvimbo yeStates

Pesvetment yegumith Amendment, yakatenderwa sorutivi rweBill of Rights muna 1791, inopa nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yechiremera chehurumende. Inoti: “Masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inojekesa izvo vagadziri vemiitiro vakanga vatoreva: hurumende yehurumende ine masimba bedzi ainopiwa, nepo hurumende dzichichengeta nzvimbo huru yechiremera pamusoro penhau dzisingapiwi kuhurumende yenyika.

Aya masimba akachengetwa anobatanidza mabasa akawanda anobatanidza anotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevaAmerica:

  • Kudzora dzidzo uye kutanga zvikoro
  • Kutarisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo kwemunzvimbomo uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu
  • Kuitisa uye kuronga sarudzo
  • Kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nemitemo yemitemo
  • Kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nemabhizimisi
  • Nyanzvi dzinotengesa (vanachiremba, magweta, vadzidzisi, zvichingodaro).
  • Kuona roorano nemitemo yechatanuro zvakanyanyisa
  • Kudzora kushandiswa kwevhu nemutemo wezvinhu

Aya masimba akaganhurirwa anobvumira masangano kushanda samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu — achiwirirana nemiitiro inoratidzira mipimo nezvinodikanwa zvavagari vemo vawo.

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa: Mitoro Yakagoveranwa

Kuwedzera kumasimba ari ehurumende yehurumende chete kana kuti nyika, kune masimba epanguva imwe anoshandiswa nemwero yose iri miviri panguva imwe chete. Iyi mitoro inowanzoda kuti pave nokushandira pamwe uye kunogona kuva manyuko ezvose zviri zviviri kubatira pamwe nokusawirirana. masimba makuru anobatanidza:

  • Kubhadhara mitero nokukwidza mari
  • Kuvaka nokuchengetedza zvinhu zvinokosha, kusanganisira migwagwa nemabhiriji
  • Kuumba uye kushandisa matare nemasangano ematare
  • Kuisa mitemo uye kuchengeta nhevedzano yavose
  • Kukwereta Mari
  • Kunyora mabhangi nemasangano
  • Kutarisira utano uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu

Masimba akabatana anoratidzira kuti unani hwehurumende hausi mutambo wedoro. Dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzinogona kuita munzvimbo imwe cheteyo yomuitiro, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende uchifanira kuva wokutanga muchinoitika cherwisano. Ichochi chiremera chakagoverana chakabvumira mitoo inoiswa kuzvinetso zvakaoma, zvakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo, umo hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo yehwaro yehwaro nehurumende kana ikasarudza.

Mhindumupindu yeFederal-State Relations

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende hwakachinja zvinoshamisa munhau yeAmerica, zvichiratidzira chinjo muupfumi, nzanga, uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dual Federalism: Chikamu cheMalayes Cake Model (1789-1930)

Kwakawanda kwamakore 150 okutanga, hurumende mbiri dzehurumende dzakadzorwa. Pasi pomuenzaniso uyu, kazhinji kazhinji, dzichienzaniswa nekeke rebutiro, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzakashanda mumativi akasiyana, mabhora akasiyana ane mativi maduku. Hurumende yehurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro pamasimba ayo anorongwa nenzvimbo dzayo dzenyika yose (idzinodzivirira, nhau dzokumwe, kutengeserana kwehurumende, uye basa repositi (panguva ino) nyika dzakabata ruzhinji rwehurumende dzomumba, kubatanidza dzidzo, mutemo, uye murairo webhizimisi nezvinhu.

Dare Gurusa rinowanzoita miganhu yakatsiga pakati pemitengo miviri. Munhau dzakafanana ne United States v. E.C. Knight (1995), Dare rakaganhurira simba rehurumende pasi peChambery Claus, richitonga kuti kugadzira wakanga uri mubato womunzvimbomo usingadzorwi nomutemo wehurumende. Nguva ino yakava neganhu rakaganhurirwa zvikuru munhau dzemari nedzenzanga.

Kushanda Mubatanidzwa: Marble Cake Model (1930s -1970s)

Great Depression and Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Bureal formation. Sezvo njodzi yemari yakakurira pfuma yehurumende, hurumende yehurumende yakaita basa guru zvikuru mumutemo wemhuri. Iyi gadziriro itsva, yaiwanzonzi isangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwe kana kuti "mark keke" rehurumende, yakadzika miganhu pakati pemitoro yehurumende nehurumende.

Muhurumende inobatira pamwe, hurumende yehurumende yakagovera mari ndokugadza nhungamiro dzakafara nokuda kwepurogiramu, nepo nyika dzakadzipa pasi. Grant-in-aid purogiramu dzakawedzera, namadhora ehurumende achiyerera kumitemo nokuda kwegadziriro, dzidzo, garikano, uye utano hwavanhu. Hurumende yehurumende yakakudzawo fambiro mberi yayo nokududzirwa kwakafara kweCHENGETA CHHENGETA CHHENGETA , yakatsigirwa neDare Rapamusoro muzviitiko zvakaita se NLB v. Jones & Lauglin Stel Corp.[[FL:1] [1937]

New Federalism neDevolution (1970säPresenters)

Kuvambira muma 1970 uye kukurumidza pasi paMapurezidhendi Richard Nixon naRonald Reagan, sangano rinozivikanwa seNew Federalism rakatsvaka kudzorera simba nomutoro kunyika. Vatsigiri vakarangarira kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga yanyanyoiswa pakati uye kuti hurumende dzakanga dzaiswa zviri nani kuti dzipe zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Nguva ino yakaona kupiwa kwemipiro yemari, uko kwaipa kuchinjika kukuru mukushandisa mari yehurumende, uye kubviswa kwegadziriro dzegarikano dzakafanana nokugadziridzwa kwegarika kupfurikidza neProfection yeUnicial and Work Unictive Recective Act ya19969.

Dare rapamusoro rakaitawo basa muiri chinjo, kubudisa zvisarudzo zvinoganhurira simba renyika uye zvinodzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana neUnited States v. Lopez (1995) uye Printz v. United States (1997) yakaputsa mitemo yehurumende pahwaro hwokuti yakapfuura chiremera cheCongress pasi peCommerce Claus uye inoputsa nheyo dzechibvumirano chehurumende.

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Gurusa Dzinokanganisa Kurwira Nyika

Dare Rapamusorosa reUnited States rave riri mutsigiri mukuru wekakavadzano dzomuhurumende, richirondedzera kuronga kwehurumende kupfurikidza nemitemo yemaoresa iyo inopfuurira kuumba dzikamo yesimba.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Kugadza Federal Supremacy

Imwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica, Mcloch v. Maryland yakapindura mibvunzo miviri inokosha: kana Dare rakanga rine chiremera chokunyoresa bhangi renyika, uye kana hurumende yaigona kubhadhara sangano rehurumende. Chirevo Chikuru John Marshall, achinyora nokuda kweDare rinobvumirana, akapindura munzira dzose dziri mbiri dzakasimbisa simba rehurumende.

Chokutanga, Marshall akadavira kuti Mutezo naSed Claus wakapa chisarudzo chikuru chokusarudza mutoo wokuita nawo masimba awo akaverengwa, kunyange kana mutoo iwoyo usina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Chechipiri, akatonga kuti Suprematy Claus akarambidza nyika kubva kumasangano ehurumende anobhadhara mutero, achizivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "simba rokubhadhara mutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa nheyo youkuru hwehurumende nepfuudzoro pasi pechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Rava nhau yakazara paOyez.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Kutambanudza Commerce Claus

Mu Gibbons v. Ogden, Dare rakawedzerazve simba rehurumende, nguva ino kupfurikidza neChommerce Claus. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzengarava dzinofamba nemvura mumvura dzeNew York. New York yakanga yabvumira kuva mukuru, asi Congress akanga agadza midziyo yehurumende inotengesa mhenderekedzo yegungwa. Dare, raitungamirirwazve naMarshall, rakatonga kuti mutemo wehurumende waikurira pasi peSupremacy Claus.

Chinokosha zvikuru, Marshall akarondedzera "kuchinjana" kwakafara kubatanidza kwete bedzi kutsinhana zvinhu asi zvimiro zvose zvebhizimisi, kubatanidza kufamba nechikepe. Aidavirawo kuti simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika yose kwakatambanudzirwa kukutengeserana kupi nokupi kwakayambuka mitsetse yehurumende (kana kuti kunyange kwakatotapura nyika imwe. Iyi rondedzero hurusa yakaisa nheyo nokuda kwedzoreso yehurumende yomunguva yemberi. Kurava nhau yose paOyez.]

United States v. Lopez (1995): Reining muFederal Power

Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare rakatsigira anodokuva mutemo upi noupi wehurumende wairangarirwa paChommerce Claus. Icho chakachinja mu United States v. Lopez, apo Dare rakarova Gun-Free School Zoners Act ya 1990, iyo yakakuita utsotsi hwehurumende kuva nepfuti munzvimbo yechikoro. Hurumende yakataura kuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nezvikoro kwakatapura kutengeserana kwedzidzo nepfuma.

Dare, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rakaramba uku kurangarira. Mutongi mukuru William Rehnquist akanyora kuti mutemo wakanga usina chinhu chokuita nokutengeserana kana kuti rudzi rupi norupi rwebhizimisi" uye kuti kuutsigira kwaizo "kudzosa chiremera chesangano pasi peChemmerce Claus kusimba guru ramapurisa. [[FLT:]] Leacher [[FLT:]]

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): ACA naFederal Power

Mhaka yehurumende inokosha zvikurusa yezana ramakore makumi maviri nerekutanga kusvikira panguva ino, NFIB v. Sebelius akaedza kuva kwebumbiro remitemo reAffordhable Care Act (ACA). Dare rakatarisana nemibvunzo miviri inokosha: kana Dare raigona kuda vanhu kuti vatenge inishuware youtano pasi peMedicaid, uye kana kukura kwaACCAID kwakanga kuri kubvumirwa nokushandiswa kwesimba remari yomubatanidzwa.

Mutongi mukuru John Roberts, achinyora nokuda kweDare rakaputsika, akarangarira kuti murairo womunhu oga haungagoni kururamiswa mukutonga kweChurch Claus, sezvawakadzora kusashanda (8) chisarudzo chokusatenga inishuwarenzi (panzvimbo pomubato wezvokutengeserana uripo. Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigira murairo sechiito chesimba reDare rinobhadhara mutero, sezvo wakashanda somutero nokuda kwaavo vasina kuwana bhadharo.

Panhau yeMedicaid, Dare rakatonga kuti gadziriro yeACA inotyisidzira kubvisa mari yose yakare yeMedicaid kubva kuhurumende iyo yakaramba kufutunura purogiramu yakanga iri yebatira pamwe uye yakaputsa nheyo dzehurumende. United States inofanira kupiwa chisarudzo chapachokwadi pamusoro pokuti igamuchire kukura. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira muganhu unokosha pakushandisa simba rehurumende, kusimbisa pfungwa yokuti hurumende haigoni kushandisa mari ine chokuita nemari kumanikidza masangano kuti ashandise mitemo yehurumende. Rava nhau yakazara paOyez.

Shicilelaz v. United States (1997): Kudzivirira Hurumende

Mu Printz v. United States, Dare rakarova gadziriro dzeBrady Handgun Polence Prevention Act yaida hurumende nevakuru vakuru vehurumende vomunzvimbomo kuti vasasarire nzvero dzekare pavatengi vepfuti. Dare rakaramba kuti Dare risagona kuraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vashandise gadziriro dzehurumende dzehurumende. Iyi "Anti-commandealing" inodzivirira uchangamire kupfurikidza nokudzivisa hurumende yehurumende kushandisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende sezvishandiso zvehurumende. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa dziviriro yehurumende yehurumende inopinzwa muBumbiro remitemo.

Kushanda Kwourongwa Hwedzidzo

Dzidzo ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinooneka zvikurusa umo unani hwehurumende hunoshanda.Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi dzidzo, naizvozvo muTenth Amendment, rinopinda mukati memasimba akachengetwa enyika. Bva hurumende yomubatanidzwa inoita basa rinokosha, ichiumba wirirano yakaoma iyo inotapura zvakananga vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye zvikoro.

Basa Rehurumende Mudzidzo

Pasinei zvapo nokushayikwa kwemurairo webumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwehurumende mudzidzo, hurumende yenyika yakava yakabatanidzwa zvikuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro mikuru miviri: kutsigira nemari uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Hurumende yehurumende inopa tsigiro yemari kumaruwa neruwa ezvikoro kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seTitle I (pazvikoro zvine upfumi hukuru), Assembly ane Division Education Act (IEA), uye yakasiana - siana inogovera mapurogiramu. Mukudzoka, masangano anofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza zviito zvokuzvidavirira, dziviriro dzavagari vemo, uye kushuma mashoko.

The Students Fuevered Act (ESSA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2015, inomirira gadziriro yazvino yemiitiro yedzidzo yehurumende. ESSA inoda nyika kuti dziise mipimo yedzidzo, ipe mirau yegore negore, uye izivise uye itsigire zvikoro zvinoita basa rakaderera, asi inopa chibvumikiso chikuru mukuwana zvinangwa izvi. Ikoku kunoratidzira kubviswa panzvimbo yapamberi pebasa rehurumende pasi peNo Child Lef Behind Act (NCLB).

Hurumende yehurumende inodzika mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu inodzivirira vadzidzi pakusarurana panobva padzinza, mavambo orudzi, vatano, urema, uye zera. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights inoongorora zvichemo nenhau dzinotungamirira panhau dzinovambira pakunetswa kwevatano kusvikira kukuwana vadzidzi vemutauro wechiNgezi.

Hurumende Nedzoro Yomunzvimbomo

Nyika dzine chiremera chikuru padzidzo, kubatanidza kuronga mipimo yezvidzidzo, kurongera vadzidzisi, kusarudza nzira dzokushandisa nadzo mari, uye kutanga zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda. Mumaruwa, zvakawanda zvezvidzoro zvezuva nezuva zvinopiwa kumaruwa echikoro omunzvimbomo, ayo anotarisira zvikoro, anopinza vashandi, uye anotanga mitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Iyi gadziriro yakaisvonaka inoita mhatsa ine revo. Mitemo inosiana mukushandisa kwayo mari painenge $7 000 muUtah kusvikira kuinopfuura $20 000 muNew York), mipimo yavo yedzidzo (zvakadai sokuti vanoshandisa Core yaVose), uye nzira dzavo dzokusarudza chikoro, kuedza, uye mudzidzisi. Uku kupesana kunogona kutungamirira kukuparadzanisa mwero wedzidzo nemiuyo mumitsetse yeruwa, denho inopfuurira mumuitiro wedzidzo yeAmerica.

Nhamo Nebatano Munzanga Yedzidzo

Kubatana pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende mudzidzo kunowanzoratidzirwa nokusagadzikana. Dzimwe nyika dzakadzivisa zvirevo zvomubatanidzwa, dzichikakavadzana kuti dzinoputsa udzori hwomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, nhamburiko dzevaObama dzokukurudzira hurumende kutora mipimo yaVose kupfurikidza namakwikwidzano anopa mhindu kuMubatanidzwa weMitemo unobva kuna avo vaiiurangarira sewakanyengerwa. Nenzira yakafanana, gakava pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemari yehurumende kuisa migariro pazvinhu, yakadai sechinodikanwa chinoti kutora gadziriro dzakananga dzokurangarira mudzidzisi namapindudziko dzinopa rukudzo dzinoda kumutsa mibvunzo yehurumende.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende inobvumira kuti ibatsire. Nyika dzinogona kudzidza kubva mukubudirira nokukundikana kweimwe, uye hurumende inogona kugovera zviwanikwa nebetsero yemichina kuti ibetsere maruwa kuvandudza gadziriro dzawo dzedzidzo. Kuchinjika kunovakwa muEssa kunobvumira nyika kuronga gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira dzinoratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo, nepo dzichiri kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa nokuda kwokujeka nokusasarura.

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha kuvadzidzisi nevadzidzi, sezvo utongi huchiumba zvakananga pfuma, mitemo, uye mikana inowanika munzanga dzavo.

Magakava Anovapo Nguva Dzose Mumagariro

Kubva pakungwarira utano kusvika kumhoteredzo yemamiriro ezvinhu outano, kukamukana kwechiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika kunoramba kuri manyuko egakava nokuchinja.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

AKA, yakatsigirwa mu NFIB v. Sebelius, inoramba iri nhambo inodzorwa mukurukurirano dzehurumende. Chisarudzo chokubvumira nyika kusarudza kana dzingada kukudza Medicaid yakaita basa rakamanikana rokufukidza nyika. Kusvikira muna 2025, inenge nyika gumi hadzina kukudza Mdhicaid, dzichisiya vakuru vazhinji vakaderera vari mumaruwa iwayo vasina kukwanisa kuwana inishuwarenzi youtano yakakwana. Iyi muganhu unoenzanisira sei kuti Hurumende yehurumende inogona kutungamirira kukuwana betsero dzapachena dzakavakirwa panzvimbo inogarwa nomunhu.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, inotaura kuti Medicaid yakashandisa kuchinjika kwakapiwa nehurumende yehurumende kuita gadziriro itsva dzakagadzirirwa kuvagari vemo vayo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaisa zvinodikanwa zvebasa, nepo dzimwe dzakanangidzira ngwariro pakutaura nokudzivisa kwenzanga kwoutano. Gadziriro yokuchinjana yeACA inobvumirawo nyika kushandisa misika yadzo dzimene kana kuti kusadzoka kunzvimbo yemubatanidzwa, kuchiparira rumwe rutivi rwesangano rehurumende muzvoutano.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo ndiimwe nharaunda umo hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha. Hurumende yehurumende inoisa mipimo yemhoteredzo pasi pemitemo yakadai seClean Air Act neClean Water Act, asi hurumende dzinogona kushandisa mirau yakakomba zvikuru. California, somuenzaniso, yakatanga mipimo mizhinji yokubudisa mhepo yakatsiga yemotokari, uye dzimwe nyika dzine chisarudzo chokugamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia pasi peCheather Air Act.

Iyi gadziriro inogona kutungamirira kurwisano, zvikurukuru apo hurumende dzinodenha mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende kana kuti apo hurumende yehurumende inotsvaka kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende. Mukati mekudzora kweTrump, hurumende yehurumende yakabvisa chiremera cheCalifornia chokugadza mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari, chiito icho gare gare chakachinjwa negadziriro yeBiden. Iyi nhambo yeshure neyoruwa inoratidzira dzvinyiriro inopfuurira pakati pekusunungurwa kwehurumende nenzvero yehurumende mumitemo yemhoteredzo.

Kunyoreswa Pamutemo uye Kushandira Kumwe

Chinzvimbo chepamutemo chembanje chinopa mumwe wemienzaniso inoshamisa zvikuru yehurumende. Nepo mbanje ichiri shoo yandinodzora pasi pomutemo wehurumende, chiverengero chinokura chehurumende chakainyoresa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwezvokurapa, kushandiswa kwenhandaro, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri. Kubvira muna 2025, 24 nyika nePuniti yeColumbia zvakanyoresa mbanje, uye inodokuva hurumende iri yose inobvumira mbanje yezvokurapa.

Ikoku kunoparira rwisano huru pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakagamuchira nzira yokurega nayo, ichiramba kupomera vanhu kana kuti mabhizimisi anowirirana nemitemo yembanje yehurumende, asi kuchinja kwemiitiro kunoparira kusaziva pamutemo nedenho dzinoshanda kumabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vatengi. Kusvikira panguva iyeyo Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira nhau yacho, richisiya kusagadzikana. Uku kurwisana kunopfuurira kunoratidzira ganhuriro dzehurumende apo mutemo wehurumende unoramba uri pamabhuku.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Noutano Hwevanhu Vose

COVOID-19 yakaunza kuzviisa pamberi kwehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende payaigovera mari, nhungamiro, uye kugadzirwa kwenhomba kupfurikidza neFirst Warp Speed, nyika dzakatungamirira mukushandisa zviito zvoutano hwavanhu zvakadai serockdown, kuraira, uye kuvharwa kwezvifukidzo zvechikoro. Mugumisiro wakanga uri mhinduro isina kuenzana zvikuru, nyika dzichigamuchira mitoo yakasiana zvikuru yakavakirwa pamigariro yomunzvimbomo, mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye miraudzo yedare.

Ganhuriro yakabvumira nyika kubvumira mirangariro kuwirirana nemigariro yadzo chaiyo, asi yakatungamirirawo kunyongano nokuchinja. Mitemo yapamusha yokurera vanamukoti, kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzokugara, uye betsero dzourovha zvakasiana zvikuru muhurumende nehurumende. Murakatira wacho wakamutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro peganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende, kubatanidza kana hurumende yehurumende yaigona kuisa murairo wokuvhara kana kuti chinodikanwa chenhombadzo icho pakupedzisira chakapedzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yakachinja.

Chikonzero Nei Kushandira Pamwe Kuchikosha Nokuda Kwavadzidzisi Navadzidzi

Vadzidzisi nevadzidzi, kunzwisisa hurumende hakungorevi kudzidza chete kuti zvikoro zvinoshanda sei, kuti zvinopiwa sei, uye kuti vadzidzi vanodzidza sei mabasa avo sevagari vemo.

Kushanda kwehurumende kunotapura dzidzo munzira dzinoshanda: uwandu hwemari inopiwa chikoro, mipimo yezvidzidzo yachinogamuchira, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuedza zvinofanira kusvitswa nokushanda kwose kwebatano pakati pehurumende, hurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo. Vadzidzisi vanonzwisisa simba iri vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutsigira pfuma, kuchinja kwemitemo, uye kutsanangurira vadzidzi chikonzero nei zvikoro zvichisiyana zvikuru munyika nehurumende.

Uyezve, hurumende ndiyo inokosha mudzidzo yevanhu vose.Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kwete chete mashandiro anoita hurumende yavo, asiwo mashandiro anoita hurumende dzavo nehurumende dzomunyika mavo, uye mashandiro anoita nyika idzi. Vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro Remitemo rinoumba nzira yokutonga nayo uye yokukwikwidzana nayo, uye kuti tsika ino inoumba zvinhu zvose zvoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva pamitero yavanobhadhara kudzidzo yavanogamuchira.

Kupfurikidza nokufunda nhau dzeDare Gurusa, kunzvera nharo dzemitemo dzenguva imwe cheteyo, uye kunzvera rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo rumene, vadzidzi vanokudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba uye nzwisiso huru zvikuru nokuda kwemhatsa dzokudzora kwehurumende yedemokrasi. Vanoziva kuti unani hahusi gadziriro yakagadziriswa asi kurukurirano inopfuurira (ihwo zvizvarwa zveAmerica zvakapinda mairi), uye kuti ivowo, vachagara nhaka.

mhedziso

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yorudzi nenyika, ichiumba dzikamo ine simba iyo yakashanduka nokufamba kwenguva. masimba akabatanidzwa anopa chiremera chehurumende pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi, nepo Amendment yeThose inoramba ine masimba akafara kunyika. Masimba echiNgezi anobvumira mutoro mumwe, uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rakaita rutivi rukuru mukududzira iri boka.

Kubva pazvinoitika zvenjiso dze Mcculloch v. Maryland uye Gibbons v. Ogden kusvikira kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro pezvoutano, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, uye pamutemo, unanistism inoramba iri rutivi rukuru netsinhano dzechidzoreso cheAmerica. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa unani hunokosha kunzwisisa kuti United States inoshanda sei uye kuita nenzira ine revo mubasa rinopfuurira rokuumba nguva yayo yemberi.

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo chinhu chenhau. Chirongwa chipenyu chinopfuurira kuchiwirirana nedenho itsva nemigariro inochinja. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, mhindu yeukama hwehurumende, uye mienzaniso yapamutemo inokosha, vagari vemo vanogona kutanga nzwisiso huru zvikuru yenheyo dzinotsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica (8) nebasa ravo vamene mukati mayo.