Kunzwisisa Muganhu Wokuita Kworubudiriro Rwekurumidziro

Hurumende dzinodirana muhurumende dzomunzvimbomo, njodzi dzomusikirwo, kana kuti mabasa ougandanga. Mhinduro yacho haiwanzowirira kuchinhu chimwe; panzvimbo pezvo, inodirana kupfurikidza nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende, imwe neimwe ine zviremera zvakasiana zvapamutemo, zvishandiso, uye nguva inoshanda. Nyaya inopa kuenzanisira kunoshanda kweiyi mwero wehurumende inoita zvinhu nokukurumidza, ichijekesa mabasa avo, zvirongwa zvinovatungamirira, uye zvidzidzo zvadzinodzidziswa muzviitiko zvikuru. Nokunzvera simba nezviganhuriro zvebumbiro rimwe nerimwe, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro ezvinhu anoshandira pamwe chete okutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro anobudirira uye kuziva nzira dzokuvandudza nadzo mamiriro ezvinhu ose.

Mabasa Anoitwa Nehurumende

Gadziriro yokutarisira njodzi yeUnited States inovakirwa pauzivi hwakaderera zvikuru: zvinoitika zvinobatwa pamwero wakaderera zvikuru unobvira, nemwero yakakwirira inopa tsigiro bedzi apo pfuma yomunzvimbomo inokurirwa. Iyi nheyo inosimbiswa muStafford Act uye inoshandiswa kupfurikidza neNational Incident Management Management System (NIMS). Kunzwisisa mabasa makuru emwero mumwe nomumwe kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti mabasa ose egadziriro inoshanda sei.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Mupimo Wakarurama

Hurumende dzemo(_maruwa, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo) ndidzo nguva dzose dzinotanga kusvika. Kuva pedyo kwadzo nenzanga kunobvumira kuyera zvinodikanwa nokukurumidza uye kuronga mabasa ekurumidziro mumaminiti. Mitoro inosanganisira:

  • [ Kushanda kwemasangano etsinga - mapurisa, moto, EMS, uye mabasa avose zvinoshanda zvakabatanidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji zvichishandisa ICS System Message yeICS.
  • [ Kuchengeteka kwechiPublic uye zvirongwa zvoutano - Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anopa mirayiridzo yenzvimbo yokugara, kuparadzira mishonga, uye kudzora nzira dzokubuda.
  • Rongedzero dzengwavaira dzenzvimbo yapachako - Nyika imwe neimwe inochengeta gadziriro yokuvhiya kwekurumidziro (EOP) yakawirirana nengozi dzayo dzechienzi(_flood, tsva, kudengenyeka kwapasi, tsaona yeindasitiri.
  • Dzidzo yakarongwa namapurogiramu okugadzirira [[FLT: 1] - Mapoka anorinda nharaunda, mapoka eCERT, uye nhimbe dzamashoko avose zvinovaka kusimba kwomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende dzemo dzinotarisirawo kukumbira kwokutanga kwezviwanikwa. Kana zvinodikanwa zvikapfuura mwero, dzinokumbira betsero yakarongwa kubva kunyika kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvakatangwa zveyamuro nezvinyorwa zvehurumende. Zivo yavo yapedyo yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, uwandu hwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye zvivako zvinovaita kuti vasashandurwe mukati mamaawa okutanga namazuva ekurumidziro ipi neipi.

Hurumende: Kukwikwidza Nokuronga

Hurumende dzinobatira sebhiriji pakati pemhinduro yomunzvimbomo netsigiro yehurumende. Gavhuna ane chiremera chikuru chokubudisa zviziviso zvekurumidziro, anonyandura National Guard, uye mirau inodzivisa kupedza ngwavaira. Mitoro mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Revice migove[ – United States inochengeta mirwi yemigove yezvokurapa, zvicherwa zvemidziyo, uye nzvimbo dzokurongedza vashandi. Vanotumira zvinhu izvi uko zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo zviri zvikuru.
  • Kurongwa kwamasangano ehurumende anotarisira kurumidziro yehurumende [ - Hurumende iri yose ine hofisi yokutarisira kurumidziro (mutoo., California OES, Texas DEM) iyo inoisa nharaunda neEOCs.
  • Chikamu chehurumende dzomunzvimbomo – Kutenga, unyanzvi, uye mapoka akarovedzeka (kutsvaka nokununura, mazamu, mapoka anotarisira zvinoitika) zvinogoverwa muzvibvumirano zvenzvimbo yehurumende.
  • Kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzenjodzi dzehurumende yose - United States inotanga gadziriro dzakazara nokuda kwezvisaririra, kudengenyeka kwapasi, madutu, uye ugandanga, izvo masimba omunzvimbomo anogamuchirwa nokugadziridza.

Apo chinoitika chinobatanidza miganhu mizhinji, hurumende inobatanidza mhinduro yakabatana, kazhinji kazhinji inotanga hofisi yebasa yemativi ose. National Guard, pasi poudzori hwehurumende (Tit 32) pamberi pokuva mukuru mukuru, inogovera simba rakakomba nokuda kwemibato yemitemo, chengeteko, uye kunzvera. Hurumende dzinotarisirawo zviverengero zvokuparadza kwokutanga izvo zvinotsigisa zvikumbiro zvehurumende nokuda kweziviso dzengwavaira.

Hurumende Yenyika: Kumira Kudzoka Shure

Hurumende yehurumende inopinda mumufananidzo apo mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro anokurira hurumende nezviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti anoita miuyo yechengeteko yorudzi. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuzivisa ngwavaira huru kana kuti njodzi muStafford Act, achizarura mhatsa yakafara yepurogiramu dzehurumende nemari. Mitoro yeSangano inobatanidza:

  • njodzi yeNyika [ – Chikumbiro chapamutemo chinobva kuna gavhuna chinonyandura kubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Pane imwe nguva yakatenderwa, FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) inobatanidza.
  • Kuiswa kwemasangano ehurumende - Panze peFEMA, mhinduro inobatanidza Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Department of Defense (DoD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), uye mamwe, ose anoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende yakabatana.
  • Kuunganidza nezviwanikwa - Hurumende yehurumende inogovera betsero yemari yakananga kuvanhu uye hurumende kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakadai seIniversal Applice (IA) uye Public helpation (PA). Inotumirawo mirwi yenyika, mapoka ezvokurapa, uye vashandi vane unyanzvi.
  • Nhano dzerudzi dzokugadzirira [ - masangano eFederal anogadza mipimo, kurovedza, uye nzvero yokutsigira mari kuvandudza mano munyika yose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza National Reformation Framework (NRF) neNational Limbledness Sendro.

Basa rehurumende zvikurukuru rinotsigira panzvimbo pomutobvu; hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende dzinochengeta murairo pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvadzo dzimene. Zvisinei, muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki denho huru yamagandanga kana kuti njodzi youtano yavose yeitiro hanya yamarudzi ose($________Chesteral Act) ingafunga kudzora kukuru kunoshanda. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa se “chirefu,” inonyorwa mumirau yakananga yakadai sePublic Health Service Act neHomeland Security Act.

Mabasa Apamutemo Neanoshanda Aibatanidza Matanho

Mhinduro ine mwero mizhinji inoshanda haiitiki netsaona. Zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinovimbisa kuti masangano omunzvimbomo, ehurumende, uye ehurumende anogoverana mutauro mumwe, gadziriro yesangano, uye gadziriro dzemiitiro:

  • .National Incident Management Management System (NIMS) - Inzira inotanhamariswa kudzorosa zvinoitika izvo mwero yose yehurumende inodikanwa kutora semamiriro ezvinhu okugamuchira zvipo zvehurumende. NIMS inobatanidza ICS, mibatanidzwa yeyakati kuti iwirirane, uye nhevedzano yokutarisira manyuko.
  • Stafford Act - Mutemo mukuru wehurumende unodzora yamuro yengwavaira. Inorondedzera muitiro weziviso dzapurezidhendi, reshiyo dzinoda mari, uye marudzi ebetsero anowanika. Mutemo unoganhurirawo basa rehurumende ku “kudzosa mamiriro ezvinhu nenhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Emperency Management Icelation Compatification [FMAC] – A State-kuyamuranisano inobvumira nyika kugoverana zviwanikwa(ppersonnel, midziyo, mapoka(matanho), kubvisa mhinganidzo dzemabhuresi. EMAC yakashandiswa mumazana ezvinoitika, kubva kumhepo dzinoparadzana kusvikira ku 9/11.
  • Revolution yeNational Framework (NRF) - A anotungamirira anoonesa kuti hurumende yehurumende inobatira pamwe sei nehurumende, yomunzvimbomo, yedzinza, uye nzvimbo. Inoronga pfuma yehurumende kuva 15 Emergency Sutrust Tracts (EFS), imwe neimwe ine sangano renhungamiro (umr., ESF-6 nokuda kwetarisiro yavazhinji, ESF 8 yeutano hwavanhu vose).

Zvirongwa izvi zvinovimbisa kuti vapinduri vanobva kumativi akasiyana - siyana vanogona kushanda pamwe chete pasina musomero, vachideredza nyongano nokupazve simba.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Kuchinja Kunoita Kubva Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo mabasa negadziriro zvichigovera purani, kuita chaikoiko kunogona kusiana zvikuru.Pazasi pane kuenzanisa kunoshanda kumativi anoverengeka makuru:

Nguva Yokupindura Nokushanda Kwayo

[[FLT:] Hurumende dzenzvimbo dzinonzi dzinoita nharaunda[[FLT:] dzinopindura mukati memaminiti, kazhinji kazhinji pamberi peziviso yekurumidziro. Mapurisa nemwoto zvinotofamba-famba; mabasa avose anogona kubvisa migwagwa nokukurumidza. hurumende dzeruwa[[[FLT:]] dzinounganidza mukati memaawa akawanda, kuronga nyika EOC nepfuma inovhara. [[FLT:]] Hurumende yeFED [[FT:5] mhinduro inogona kutora 2472] maawa kana kuti kure, zvikurukuru nzvimbo dziri kure kure nenzvimbo dzinopinda. , zvikurukuru zvikumbiro, zvinosimbisa kuvadziko yose, mari inononotsa, kunyange zvazvo mapoka akaitwa (FMLT: 5,5])

Kuwanika Kwezvinhu Nenzvimbo

Zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo zvakaganhurirwa kuizvo nyika inogona kugona. Guta duku ringava nenjini imwe yomoto uye pasina midziyo inorema yokununura. Mitengo yehurumende yakafara: National Guard, mapurisa ehurumende, boka rengarava dzezvokufambisa, uye mapoka ezvokushandisa. Asi kunyange nyika dzinogona kupedzwa nechinoitika chikuru. Nhengo dzehurumende dzine simba guru: Gwetagetegic National Stockpile, Disatagement Medical Actives (DAM), U.S. Army of Engineters, uye mabhiriyoni emadhoramendi emari. Zvisinei, izvi zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa nokuda kwokuwedzera, kwete kutsiva.

Chiremera Nokuitwa Kwechisarudzo

Vakuru vakuru vomunharaunda ._Mayotor, vakuru vakuru veruwa . Vanogona kuraira kubviswa, kuisa nguva dzokusvika, uye migwagwa iri pedyo pasina mvumo yenyika. Magavhuna ehurumende ane chiremera chakafara: vanogona kuzivisa mugariro wekurumidziro, kuunganidza National Guard, mirau, uye kubvisa mirairo yomunzvimbomo apo zvinenge zviri madikanwa. Chiremera cheFederal chine ganhuriro asi chine simba: mukati meziviso yapurezidhendi, Purezidhendi anogona kutungamirira masangano ehurumende kuti aite chiito, uye mumimwe migariro (um., kupindira kwehondo pasi peInsurrection Act), kudzorwa kwehurumende. Kuoma kwemifungo pakati peISCOM nepakati peyatiodrometic command inhau inodzokororwazve mumugariro wengozi.

Kushandisa Mari Nokubhadhara

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine ndyiko dzokutanga dzemhinduro / nguva inopfuura, migove, , , gona kutsvaka kudzorerwa kuhurumende uye pakupedzisira kubva kuFEMA. Musi weStafford Act, hurumende inobhadharira 75% yendyiko dzakakodzera nokuda kwebetsero yavose; hurumende nomunzvimbomo dzinogoverana 25% yasara. Mukati mezvinoitika zvine ngwavaira, Masangano angawedzera mugove womubatanidzwa kusvikira ku 100% (sezvakaitirwa Dutu Katrina neSandy). Hurumende dzinewo mari yadzowo yeyamuro yengwavaira, asi idzo dzinogona kuderedza nokukurumidza. Muitiro wokudzorerwa wemari unooma uye unodzosakisa kazhinji kazhinji kacho unotora mwedzi kana kuti makore kuti upedze.

Kuwirirana Nokukurukurirana

Kutarisirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro kunobudirira kunotsamira pakurukurirano isina musoko pakati pemitengo yose. EOCs yenzvimbo inokurukurirana negadziriro dzeredhiyo dzehurumende dzinotsaurwa, vhidhiyo inoiswa mutepi yetebhureki, uye stati yeWeb -OC. Hurumende EOCs inodya muNational Reformation Cooonativement Center (NRC) paFAMAC). Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wemashoko anoona kuti ane chokwadi chokuti mashoko enhau echokwadi. Kudzokorokorodza dzinoitika apo mabumbiro enhau dzinoshandisa maredhiyo asingawirirani kana kuti apo kukwikwikwikwidza kwamazvamatongerwe enyika kuendesa mashoko kugoveranwa mashoko. Pashure pePrameto Katrina, kusharatiodhasiodha yakapomerwa mhosva zvikuru nokuda kwemhinduro inonono.

Fundo Dzenhau Mukutarisirwa Kwenhamo Kwakawanda

Zviitiko chaizvoizvo zvenyika zvinozivisa kuti aya masimba anopambadza sei mudzvinyiriro. Pasi apa anofutunurwa kunzvera kwengwavaira mbiri huru, uye muenzaniso wechitatu unoratidzira batira pamwe inobudirira.

Hurricane Katrina (2005): Kukundikana Kubatana

Dutu racho rakarova Gulf Coast musi waAugust 29, 2005, makomo makuru ari muNew Orleans uye achikonzera mafashamo anoparadza.

  • Mwero wapanova panzvimbo imwe – Guta reNew Orleans rakanga rine gadziriro yekurumidziro isina kusimba; vagari vazhinji vakanga vasina chokufambisa kuti vabudise. Chisarudzo chameya chokushandisa Superdome senzvimbo yokugara yokupedzisira chakaitwa pasina migove yakakwana kana kuti gadziriro yechengeteko.
  • Mwero weruwa - sangano rapanguva yenjodzi reLouisiana rakatapurwa uye rakanonoka kuunganidza. Gavhuna Kathleen Blanco akazengurira kukumbira betsero yehurumende kutozosvikira mugariro wakomba, uye akaramba kudzora National Guard, iyo yakanonotsa betsero yehondo.
  • Mwero weFEDA FEMA, pasi peBato idzva reHomeland Security, yakanga isina kugadzirirwa. Mutungamiriri Michael Brown akava ane mukurumbira wakaipa nokuda kwokuita chisarudzo chenguva shoma. Mhinduro yehurumende yakashorwa zvikuru nokuda kwokushaikwa kwayo kwekurumidziro, zvirongwa zvakashata, uye kukundikana kukurukura nehurumende navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo.

Njodzi yacho yakatungamirira kukuchinja kukuru: Post-Katrina Emergency Management Act ya 2006 yakasimbisa FEMA, yakatanga National Integration Center, uye yakaraira mipimo iri nani yokushandira pamwe. Yakasimbisawo kudikanwa kwemwero yose yokushandisa nokurovedza pamwe chete ngwavaira isati yaitika.

COVID-19 Pandemic (2021): Chiremera chakadimburwa

Dambudziko racho rakafumura zvinetso zvokudzora kutama zvishoma nezvishoma, kwaidiwa kuti hurumende dzose dziite chiito panguva imwe chete.

  • Mwero wapanovanda Maguta nenhamba zvakashandisa mirairo youtano pamusoro pokuvanza, miganhu, uye kuvharwa kwechikoro. Mamwe madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo akapa nhungamiro inorwisana kana ichienzaniswa navakuru vakuru venyika, kuchiparira nyongano yavanhu.
  • Mwero weruwa - Vatongi vakashandisa masimba avo ekurumidziro kubudisa zvirango zvekugara pamusha nokugoverwa kwezvishandiso zvinodzivirira zvomunhu oga (PPE) nenhomba. United States yakakwikwidzana nokuda kwemigove mumwedzi yapakuvamba, ichizivisa utera mucheni yokugovera.
  • Mwero weFEDA - Hurumende yehurumende yakagovera mabhiriyoni eyamuro kupfurikidza neCHERS Act uye gare gare American Replation Plan. FEMA yakagona kuparadzirwa kwePPE nenhomba, nepo CDC yakapa nhungamiro yesayenzi inochinja. Zvisinei, kusawirirana kunoderedza chivimbo chavanhu, uye tsinhirano yehurumende nehurumende yakavakirwa zvikuru paukama hwebasa.

Murakatira wacho wakasimbisa kukosha kwokushandisa nzira imwe chete yenyika, kukurukurirana kwakajeka, uye kuwedzera kwesimba rezvoutano hwevanhu vose.

California Wild Fires (208-2023): Huwa yeHurumende inoshanda

Moto wemoto uchangobva kutsva weCalifornia unoratidza kuti kushanda pamwe kwehurumende nesimba kunogona kuderedza njodzi inongoitika yoga. Pashure peKamba Kamwe Kamoto (2088), nyika yacho yakaisa mari yakawanda mukudzivirira moto uye kuita chimwe chinhu.

  • Mwero wapanovanda - Madhipatimendi omunzvimbomo okudzima mwoto naroro remitemo zvinoshanda zvikuru neCal Fire neHofisi yaGavhuna yeEmergency Service (Cal OES). Magariro akagamuchira nhungamiro dzechadenga dzisingachinjiki nerovedzo dzokubuda.
  • Mwero weruwa-California yakaita gadziriro yeyamuro yose inofambisa boka redziyo, ngarava dzendege, uye zvikwata zvepasi kubva pachinoitika chimwe kuenda kune chimwe pasina kunonoka. Gavhuna nguva dzose anotanga kuzivisa kurumidziro moto usati watanga, achibvumira zvinhu kutangira kugadzirwa.
  • Mwero weFEDA - FEMA Ressociation Fire Management Active Grants (FMAGs) Angokukurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji mukati memaawa. Sanzi reNzvimbo dzeU.S. rinobatira pamwe nezvikwata zvehurumende, uye National Guard inogovera tsigiro yendege. Kubatana kwakavakwa kupfurikidza nokurovedza majoini nguva dzose, kwakaderedza nguva dzomhinduro ndokuponesa upenyu.

Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kuti kana vanhu vose vakarongeka uye vakashandira pamwe, kunyange zvinhu zvine ngozi zvikuru zvinogona kugadziriswa zvinobudirira.

Kuvandudza Kurukurirano Yezvinhanha: Zvidzidzo Nemiitiro Yakanakisisa

Zvakaitika kuna Katrina, Covid -19, uye California zvinoratidza kuti kune kumwe kugadziridzwa kunoverengeka kunoitwa:

  • Yakapinza muzvibvumirano zvokuyamurana zvisati zvasvika - Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanira kuva dzakasaina mapepa nenzanga dziri pedyo nemamiriro ezvinhu adzo pamberi pekurovanya kwekurumidziro. EMAC inoshanda, asi inoda nyika kuchengeta maroster akavandudzwa nendaza.
  • Shandisa rovedzo necects - Vapinyi vose vokutanga namaneja ekurumidziro vanofanira kurovedzwa muNIMS neICS.Federal inofanira kupfuurira kubatira kugamuchira iyi mipimo.
  • Kuedza ruzivo rwekurukurirano - Iredhiyo dzinopfaviswa nevhidhiyo yakachengeteka pakati pemitezo yose yehurumende inogona kudzivisa mashoko akatambudza Katrina. Nyika dzakawanda zvino dzinoshandisa zvikamu zvimwe chetezvo zvesoftware dzinodzora dambudziko.
  • Kururisa zviremera zvapamutemo uye kumutsa - Stafford Act, mirau yenhau, uye mirau yomunzvimbomo inofanira kududza ane chiremera panhambo imwe neimwe yekurumidziro. Zvigadziko zvakagadzirwa pachine nguva mberi nokuda kweziviso uye vapambi vanogona kukurumidzisa kuita chisarudzo.
  • Rovedzo dzenguva dzose dzechitsama chakazara[ - zvirovedzo zvamamita mazhinji zvinotevedzera migariro chaiyoiyo(kubatanidza rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuperevedza kwemitengo). Uvaki hwechivi uye kufukunura zvikanganiso zvakavanzika. Pashure pekuita mishumo inofanira kuitwa, kwete kuchengetwa.

Nokuda kwenhungamiro ine udzame zvikuru, mapeji eNational Lingleding Mediretate anopa zviteshi zvakawanda pamusoro pokuronga nokuronga marongerwo ezviito. Mukuwedzera, CDC's Public Health Public Sepring [[[FL:3] peji inogovera zvirongwa zvakananga zvemigariro youtano.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Wokugoverana

Hakuna mwero mumwe wehurumende inogona kubata mamiriro ezvinhu akakomba makuru oga. Hurumende dzemo dzinogovera kumhanya nezivo yenzanga zvinokosha mumaawa okutanga. Hurumende dzinoyera zviwanikwa nokushandira nharaunda. Hurumende yehurumende inoshanda sekumisa, ichiunza simba guru netsigiro yemari apo inodikanwa. Kubatanidza pakati pazvo kwakaoma, kunodzorwa nemitemo, ukama hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye miitiro yezvishandiro zvinofanira kuramba zvanatswa. Nokudzidza zvose zvakareruka nebudiriro, uye nokugadzirira zviri nani pamwero uri wose, nzanga dzinogona kuvaka gadziriro inodzivirira upenyu, zvinhu, uye chivimbo chavose. Nharisi chinhu chakakwana chakadaro. Chinoro hachisi chinhu chakadaro, asi hachisi chinhu chakasimba, apo mwero mumwe nomumwe unozviziva basa rayo uye unoshanda nevamwe.