Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo Egadziriro Yakafanira: Zvaunofanira Kuziva

Murangariro wegadziriro yakafanira unomira sechinhu chinokosha chevhu reAmerica, nhovo pamabasa ehurumende anofungira anotyisidzira upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Yakavakirwa mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa rapamutemo, muitiro wakafanira unopinzwa muBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza neMitemo yeFitanu neMitemo yeMitemo yeChishanu neMinei 4,i, kuvamba kuviri kunoshanda kuhurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzapamutemo dzemuitiro wakakodzera, ichironda mavambo ayo enhau, ichibudisa mapazi ayo makuru maviri — Procedcual nesuction — uye kunzvera kuti nhau dzeDare gurusaresaresa renhau nazvino uno dzinodenha zvinopfuurira sei kuumba rerevo yawo muzana ramakore rechi21.

Mavambo Enhau Ezvinoitika Zvakakodzera

Pfungwa yokuti hurumende inofanira kutevedzera mitemo yakanaka uye yakaronga mitemo payakanyima munhu kodzero dzayo haina kutanga muPhiladelphia, asi yakatanga kwemazana emakore, ichitangira muEngland yeMiddle Ages.

Magna Carta Nechipikirwa Chorutongeso Rwomutemo

Kuratidzirwa kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kwemuitiro wakafanira kunooneka muMagna Carta ya1215. Ganhuro 39 yechata iyoyo yakazivisa: “ Hakuna munhu akasununguka achatorwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa maruramiro ake kana kuti zvinhu, kana kuti kurambidzwa kana kuti kutapwa, kana kuti kunyimwa kumira kwake mune imwe nzira ipi neipi, kana kuti kutumwa vamwe kurwisana naye, kana kuti kutozotumira vamwe kuita kudaro, kunze kwechisarudzo chapamutemo chevaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. &squo; iyi Regitmondmmmash; nguva dzose “ muitiro wemitemo ” muChirungu — muteoteoteoteoteoteo resigration yeChirungu gare gare gare gare gare. Commentaust &dentiqu;

Mutemo Wavose weEngland Nemapepa Ehurumende Yake

Pashure peMagna Carta, magwaro apamutemo echiNgezi akatevera akasimbiswa dziviriro dzakafanira. Chikumbiro cha 1628 cheChirungu cheChirungu chiRevorce zvose zviri zviviri zvakarambidza zvirango zvisina chiremera chapamutemo. Apo vagari vomuEngland vakagara muNorth America, vakauya nenheyo idzodzi. Koronicratics nemitemo yenyika yapakuvamba zvakabatanidza nguva dzose “ mutemo wenyika &” zvitsama. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) yakagovera kuti &lquo;nos oupenyu kana kuti munhu amire achabviswa nemitemo yeColony.” asi kupfurikidza nomutemo watio.

Iyi nhaka yakapesvedzera zvakananga vaFramers muna 1787. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva nekodzero shomanene bedzi dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe, Findth Amendment — yakagamuchirwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights — yairambidza nenzira yakajeka hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi we “ upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ” panguva ino, ichi chitsama chamashoko chakanzwisiswa zvikurukuru sevimbiso yemitemo: hurumende yaifanira kutevera miitiro yapamutemo yakagadzwa pamberi pokuranga mumwe munhu. Asi revo yayo yaizowedzera zvikuru pashure peHondo yeChiviti.

Bumbiro reMitemo Rinovimbisa Kuti: Kuchinja Kwechishanu Nekwechigumi Nechina

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rine zvitsama zviviri zvemashoko akafanira, chimwe nechimwe chine mwero wakasiyana asi chinogoverana chinhu chimwe chete.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu neHurumende Inotonga Nyika

Findst Amendment, inoshanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, inodudza murutivi rwakafanira: “ hakuna munhu achave anopiwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira wemutemo &helpip;.” iyi ndima inodzivisa zvakananga Congress namasangano ehurumende. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, haina kuwanzoiswa panzvimbo, asi pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo yakava chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokudenha hurumende.

Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi Neviri neHurumende

Kuiswa kweIndaneti muIndaneti muna 1868 kwakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo. Chikamu 1 chinogovera: “ &helpip; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ” ichi chitsama chakashandiswa chinodikanwa chimwe chetecho chikuru chehurumende. Vagadziri vehurumende vakaironga zvikurukuru kudzivirira vanhu vaichimbova varanda kubva kumitemo yokutonga. Muzana ramakore rinotevera, zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakashandisa iyi kugadziriswa kwe “ inchorate ” zvikurusa yeChilderque; inodzivirira zvikurukuru kuhurumende &mmasque; kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwezvombo, kukuvara zvombo, uye kutongwa kworudyi; kupfurikidza nomutevedzero wechibvumirano chapamutemo cheGenegaro.

Pamwe chete, Mitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana inogadzira chinzwano chakabatana, munyika yose inovimbisa kuti hurumende pamwero uri wose dzinofanira kuita zvakaenzana apo dzinonyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Mubvunzo wakakomba, chokwadika, ndoupi uri &lquo; fair ” unoreva mukushanda. Mubvunzo iwoyo wakaparira dzidziso mbiri dzakasiana: muitiro wakafanira wetsika nomuitiro wakafanira.

Kufanorongwa: Chii Chinofanira Kuitwa?

Nheyo dzakakodzera dzine chokuita ne mashandiro anoita hurumende. Inobvunza kuti: Nyika isati yatora munhu ’ inobvisa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, rudzii rwecherechedzo, kunzwa, uye dzimwe dziviriro dzemumaprocedual. Mhinduro haisati iri imwe-ukuru-fati; inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza.

Kudzikamisa Mathaws neEldridge

Gadziriro yazvino uno yomuitiro wokuyera yakaitwa muchinoitika chapachivande che Mathews v. Eldiridge (424 U.S. 319). Dare rakataura nzvero yemativi matatu inodzikamiswa iyo matare achiri kushandisa nhasi: (1) fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa nechiito chehurumende; (2) ngozi yezvishaidzo zvisina kururama mumiitiro iripo noukoshi hwezviteshi zvokuwedzera; uye (3) fariro yehurumende ’ zvikamu, kubatanidza mitoro yemiitiro yokuwedzera.

Somuenzaniso, mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), Dare rakaramba kuti pamberi pokugumisa betsero dzegarikano, hurumende inofanira kugovera kunzwa kwokuva pachena nguva isati yasvika nemhaka yokuti mugamuchiri Actsquo; anofarira zvepachivande muvengi akanga akakwirira zvikuru, uye ngozi yemhosho pasina kunzwa yakanga iri inokosha. Nenzira inopesana, mu [[[FLT:]] Mathes imene], Dare rakatonga kuti betsero dzekusachengeteka kwenzanga dzingagona kupera pasina kunzwa kwakazara nemhaka yokuti fariro yomunhu oga yakanga yakaisvonaka uye miitiro inotodzikiswa.

Zvinhu Zvinoumba Kururamisira

Nepo nzvero yeMathews ichipfava, dzimwe dziviriro dzetsika dzinodokuva nguva dzose dzinodikanwa apo hurumende inonyima mumwe munhu rusununguko runokosha kana kuti mhindu yezvinhu:

  • Thokosi: Munhu anofanira kugamuchira ziviso yakakodzera nguva uye yakakwana yechiito chakarakadzwa, kubatanidza hwaro hwechokwadi nechiremera chapamutemo.
  • .Opportity kuidzwa: Munhu anofanira kuva nebanza rokupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kuitisana nharo nhau yavo pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina kutora rutivi.
  • Tribunal: Muiti wechisarudzo anofanira kuva asina rusaruro kana kuti fariro yomunhu oga mumuuyo.
  • [ Akarurama ku Zano: Mumativi akawanda, zvikurukuru nhau dzoutsotsi, hurumende inofanira kugovera gweta kana munhu wacho asingagoni kuritenga.
  • [ Kurudyi Kukutarisana neMuchinjikwa: Munhu anofanira kukwanisa kudenha ufakazi hwakasimba nezvapupu.
  • Chimiro cheZvikonzero: Mugadziri wechisarudzo anofanira kutsanangura hwaro hwechokwadi nehwapamutemo hwechisarudzo.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Gadziriro yakafanira inopesana zvikuru idzidziso inomutsa nharo. Inotaura kuti maruramiro akati anokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuaputsa chose chose, pasinei zvapo nokuti miitiro yacho inoruramisira sei. Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richironga idzi maruramiro zvakajeka; panzvimbo pezvo, matare anofanira kusarudza kana mutemo unodenhwa uchiputsa “orderderd Free ” kana kuti wakavakirwa zvikuru murudzi ’ rinoparira nhau namagamuchidzanwa.

Mavambo Egadziriro Isinganyatsoitiki

Mbeu dzemuitiro wakafanira wokuzvidira dzakasimwa muzana ramakore rechi19 apo Dare rakavamba kushandisa muitiro wakafanira kuputsa mitemo yemari yakaputsa pa “liberty yebvumirano.” Mu Lochner v. New York [190] (1905), Dare rakabvisa mutemo wehurumende unoganhurira vabiki ’ maawa okushanda, richitaura kuti raiputsa muitiro wakafanira kubvumirano yakasununguka. Nguva ino, inozivikanwa senguva yeLochner, yakatsoropoteswa zvikuru nokuda kwokuva nomutongo uye yakasiyiwa mukupera kwama1930.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, muitiro wakafanira wakaderera wakamutsidzirwa mumashoko akapoteredza akasiana: kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga nokuva woga. Mu Griswold v.Connecticut (65), Dare rakaputsa mutemo wakarambidza kushandiswa kwokudzivisa kunamba pamuviri kwevakaroorana, richiwana kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yekodzero dzeroorano. Kunyange zvazvo murangariro wacho wakatsamira pa &lque;penbras ” weBill of Rights, nhau dzapashure dzakaita kuti izvi zvive maruramiro akasimba mumuitiro wakafanira.

Mapfundo Makuru Akafanira Egadziriro

Kukura kwemuitiro wakafanira wokusada kwakarondedzerwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro pamusoro peroorano, mhuri, uye utongi hwomuviri.

  • . . . Dare raidavira kuti mukadzi '’ chisarudzo chokubvisa pamuviri ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa nechinhu chinenge chakafanira, chinodzorwa nepamuviri parinofambira mberi. Aidzorwa mu Dobs v.Vakadzi &&quo; Vakos Health Organization [[FLT7]], iyo yairangarira kuti kuva necho chakarurama kubvisa mimba hachina kudzika mukati meizere nenhau dzakadzivirirwa nechetesa.
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas (2003): Dare rakashaisa simba mitemo yaiputsa mufambiro mumwe chetewo wevatano, ichizivisa kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira runobatanidza maruramiro avakuru kupinda mumubato wevatano wapachivande.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) Dare rakaramba kuti muitiro wakafanira wemashoko unovimbisa varoorani vane maruramiro okuroora, kuwana kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha kuruzvimiriro rumwe norumwe uye chiremera.
  • Shaughton v. Glucksberg (1997) Dare rakaramba mamiriro ezvinhu aidiwa nehurumende airambidza kuzviuraya, richishandisa muedzo wakatetepa waida kodzero yokuva &lquo; yakavakirwa zvikuru muiyi Nhetembo negamuchidzanwa.&quo

Musiyano pakati penhau dzakadai se Obergefell (parefu) na Glucksberg (] [musiyano]) unoratidzira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro penzira iyo matare anofanira kuzivisa nayo maruramiro makuru. Masangano anowanzotsigira kusvika kwenhau, nepo achitendera murangariro mukuru unoshandura rusununguko.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakaumba Muitiro Wakafanira

Kupfuura nyaya dzatodudzwa, mimwe mitongo inoverengeka yeDare Rapamusorosoro yakapesvedzera zvikuru mutemo wakafanira.

  • Mira v. Arizona (1966) Dare raidavira kuti Dare reFind 5 Constment’ rinozvipa chitsama chinoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero yavo yokunyarara nokuva negweta panguva yokubvunzurudza kodzero. Iyi dziviriro yetsika yakakurumbira zvino se “ Miranda.&quo;
  • HAMDI v. Rumsfeld[FT:2] [2004]: Mumashoko akapoteredza eHondo paTROGY, Dare rakatonga kuti mugari wemo weU.S. akaiswa somuvengi ane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kumuitiro wakafanira, kubatanidza kuzivisa kwehwaro hwechokwadi hwokusungwa uye mukana une rekukwikwikwidza pamberi pechisarudzo chisina rekare.
  • [FLT]Timbs v. Indiana (2029): Dare rakashandisa faindi yakanyanyisa yemashoko eSendh Amendment kuhurumende kupfurikidza neIndaneti yeI47 Amendment ’ inotonga kuti zvinhu zvinoraswa zvisafanira kuva zvakanyanyisa.

Kuda Kuziva: Zvaifanira Kuitwa Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Ruzivo rwemazuva ano, kusaenzana kwezveupfumi, uye zvimiro zvitsva zvechiito chehurumende zvinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvinodiwa neruramisiro.

Kugadzirwa Kwemadhigirii uye Unyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kuwedzera kwemichina yemagetsi kwakaita kuti pave nemikana mitsva yezvirongwa. Kuongorora kwehurumende, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo yemitemo zvinogona kukanganisa vanhu vamwe navamwe ’ kufarira zvinhu pasina zvinodzivirira zvegamuchidzanwa.

  • Zvisarudzo zveHurumende zvinonzi: Masangano eHurumende anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera gadziriro dzinongoshanda kuti azive kuti anokwanisa kubetsera, aisa mari yebheyili, kana kuti anofanotaurazve kuti kubudazve. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chipemho “ bhokisi revhu ramondi ” maarolimendi anonyima vanhu mukana wokunzwisisa kana kuti kudenha hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvakaipa, zvinogona kuputsa muitiro wakafanira. Dzimwe matare akavamba kuda kujeka nokutsanangura mumiitiro yakadaro.
  • Kuvanzika: Pession yeChina ’ dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo dzakavandudzwa kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvakadai se Karpeent v. United States (2014), iyo yaidavira kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserofoni. Iyi dziviriro dzakavanzika dzinobatanidzwa nomuitiro wakafanira, sezvo dzinovimbisa kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe havaisi pasi pekudzo yehurumende.
  • Pamusana pekutaura nePlatform Modement: [Fommerce yeFirst] Nepo ganhuriro yePremende inodzora ganhuriro zhinjisa dzehurumende pakutaura, mibvunzo yakafanira inomuka apo hurumende imene inodzivisa vagari vemo kupinda mumibato yavose kana kuti nhau dzenzanga dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwamadonzo apamutemo. Matare anopesana nokuvimbisa nzira yokuita nayo mufambiro wakanaka apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanopinda mukurukurirano yepaIndaneti.

Kufambira Mberi Mukutama uye Chengeteko yeNyika

Hurumende ine chiremera chakafara pamusoro pokutama, asi Dare Rapamusorosa rakaramba richidavira kuti vasingapindi mumuviri muUnited States vane kodzero yokuita chiito chakafanira. Mu Zadvydas v. Davis (2001], Dare rinopfigirwa vatami vasingachinjiki, richida kuti kuvharirwa kusungirwe kuve kwechokwadi kunobvira chokubviswa. “ SAIS inoda kuti munhu apiwe ziviso ine revo nokunzwa zvakanaka asati anyimwa rusununguko, ” Justice Brey.

Munhau dzechengeteko dzenyika, kusawirirana pakati pechengeteko norusununguko kunoramba kwakakomba. Kupfigirwa paGuantanamo Bay kwakasunda nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinosimbisa vasungwa ’ zvakafanira maruramiro — kubatanidza habeas corpus — pasi peButhodmentiene v. Bush (2008) aidavira kuti Suspeion Claus anoshanda kuvasungwa vakabatwa paGuantamo, kuvaith vainde kuti vapine mhaka yokusungwa kwavo mudare rehurumende.

Ruramisiro Yedzinza Nezvemari

Muitiro wave uchiwirirana kwenguva refu neruramisiro yedzinza. 14th Amendment pachayo yakanga iri mhinduro kumitemo yepashure peChivil Black Codes. Nhasi, vatsigiri vanonongedzera kuuipi hwegadziriro yemitemo mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi sekuputswa kwegadziriro yakafanira.

  • .Bail Reform: Muitiro wokugadza mabhegi okubhadharisa mari unogona kuvharira nenzira inobudirira vakwirirwi varombo pamberi pokutongwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti havagoni kubhadhara. Mamwe matare akadavira kuti iyi inoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro. Mu O ’ Donnell v. Harris County [2029]), dare rehurumende rakaraira Texas ’ nyika hurusaidzo kushandisa gadziriro inorangarira kuva noMutongi anopomerwa.
  • Plaining namaruramiro ezano: Inopfuura 90 muzana yemhosva dzoutsotsi dzinopedzwa nokukumbira. Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kukumbira kuve kuziva, kuzvipira, uye kungwara. Mu Missouri v. Frye[ (2020) Dare rakava nebasa rokukurukura chikumbiro chakarongwa, uye rubatsiro rusingashandi pachikuva chinopesana neChitanhatu, chinobatanidzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yakafanira.
  • Dzidziso yedziviriro dzinokwaniriswa dzehurumende dzinodzivirira dziviriro kumitoro yavagari vemo kutoti vachiputsa “ mutemo wakasimbiswa zvakajeka. Vatsoropodzi vanokuita kuve kusingabviri zvikuru kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vazvidavirire nokuda kwokupunzirwa kwemitemo, nokudaro vachisekesa tapuro inodzivisa yedziviriro yomuitiro wakafanira. Dare Rapamusoro rakadzokorodzazve dzidziso yacho mumakore achangobva kupfuura asi harina kuibvisa.

Muitiro Unodikanwa Munguva Dzakaoma: COVID-19 uye Dzimba

ZVINHU zvinoda kuongororwa nedenda reCHOVID-19 zvakaedza miitiro inodikanwa. Mitemo yezvoutano neMitemo yeHumu yeSangano yeMarudzi, uye ganhuriro pamusoro pekuungana zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peziviso, kunzwa, uye ukuru hwegadziriro yezvinodikanwa. Mu Alabama Association of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Services [201], Dare rakaputsa CDC’ Moratorium, richiita kuti Korosaro kuti sangano ritendere sangano iroro kuti riise kukanganisa kwakakomba kwakadaro pakodzero dzezvinhu. Chisarudzo chakasimbiswa kuti kunyange mukati njodzi youtano yavose, hurumende haigoni kutanga miganhuro isina kubvumirano yakajeka.

mhedziso

Hurumende inovamba yegadziriro yakafanira inoramba iri inokosha nhasi sezvayakanga yakaita muna 1789. Kana ikashandiswa nokuedza kungwarira kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu akafanira kana kuti nzvimbo inokwikwidzana yegadziriro inotarwa, chipikirwa chikuru ndechimwe: hapana munhu achabviswa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu nehurumende nechiito chehurumende chinobvumirwa kana kuti chisina kururama. Court’ kududzirwa kwechipikirwa ichocho kwakajeka nenzira inokatyamadza — kubva pakudzivirira rusununguko rwezve rwemari kudzivirira zvisarudzo zvemunhu oga zvechisomugani kudzivirira — uye kucharamba kuchichinja semichina itsva uye chinjo dzenzanga dzinoparira zvinetso. Kunzwisisa muitiro wacho hakungovi muitiro wedzidzo bedzi; kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu. Nokuda , kunzvera kwakazara, kunzvera kurangarira [FT]:[FT][5][FFF]