Kunzwisisa Muitiro weDare: Nhungamiro Yakakwana Kumuitiro Wapamutemo

Rwendo runopfuura nomugadziriro yemitemo runganzwa ruchityisa, asi kunzwisisa nhano huru dzinoita kuti matare apedze sei gakava. Ungave uri mudzidzi wemutemo, mudzidzisi, kana kuti munhu zvake anoda kuziva kuti ruramisiro inoshanda sei, kuputsa rutivi rumwe norumwe kunoratidza mutoo wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi. Nhanho dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza kupokanidzana pakati pavanhu kana kuti masangano, dzinotevera nzira yakajeka kubva pachisarudzo chokutanga kuenda kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira kana kuti chigadzikiso. Iyi nhungamiro inotsanangura nhano dzinokosha dzemuitiro wemitemo, ichigovera kujeka pazvinoitika panhambo imwe neimwe uye nei zvichiri kukosha.

Kupfuudzira Kwechiito Chepamutemo Mukurevererwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Muitiro wapamutemo mumhaka yevagari vemo zvikurukuru unoumbwa nenhevedzano yenhano dzakajeka. Nepo miitiro chaiyoiyo inogona kusiana kupfurikidza nemitemo yedzosero nemirau yedare, gadziriro huru inowirirana. Kunzwisisa idzi nhano dzinobetsera mapoka, magweta, uye vacherekedzi vanoziva chokukarira nokugadzirira maererano. Nhano huru ndedzi:

  • Kunyunyuta Kana Kuti Kukumbira
  • Kubatsira Vari Kuronga uye Zvakaita Mudziviriri
  • Kuwana
  • Kutanga Kufamba Nemisangano
  • Kutongwa
  • Kufamba Nokukwirira Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Nhengo imwe neimwe inobatira donzo rakananga, kubva pakupa chiziviso chokuunganidza ufakazi kusvikira pakupedzisira kukurukura nharo pamberi poMuiti wechisarudzo chokusatora rutivi. Gadziriro yacho inogadzirirwa kupedza rwisano nenzira inobudirira apo ichidzivirira maruramiro amativi ose anobatanidzwa.

Nhano 1: Kunyunyuta – Kuzaruka

Muitiro wapamutemo unovamba apo mupurisa (munhu kana kuti sangano rinounza dare) anoisa chinyorwa chakanyorwa chakanyorwa chinonzi nyunyuto nedare rakafanira. Ichi chisaini chinoonesa kutaura kwomupurisa, maidi anotsigira kutaura ikoko, uye rondedzero dzapamutemo umo mukwirirwi anofungidzirwa kuva anofanirwa. Chinyunyuto chinofanirawo kududza kutsvakwa, uko kunogona kubatanidza kuvadziko yemari, murayiro (muraudzo wedare wokumisa kana kuti kumanikidza chiito), kana kuti rutongeso rwapamutemo (mashoko ekodzero dzapamutemo).

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvokunyunyuta Kunonyanya

Kunyunyuta kwakasanorongwa kunobatanidza:

  • [[[FOL:0] Parapatimendi:[ Mazita nekero zvemupari wetsoropodzi (s) nemukwiridziri.
  • Juridiction and Venue: Hwaro hwapamutemo hwokuti dare rinzwe mhaka yacho (mutoo, mubvunzo womubatanidzwa kana kuti mhatsa) uye nzvimbo yapasi yakafanira.
  • Zvinowirirana: Ndaza yakajeka, yakarongwa yamaidi ayo, kana akabvumikiswa kuva wechokwadi, aizotsigira kutaura kwapamutemo.
  • [ ZVITAURO zvemitemo: Zvisakiso zvakananga zvechiito zvakadai seregeredzo, kuputswa kwebvumirano, kana kuti kuzvidza, nenongedzero kumitemo inoshanda kana kuti mienzaniso.
  • [[[MVURA] Munyengetero nokuda kweyamuro: Chikumbiro nokuda kwemushonga chaiwo mupurisa anotsvaka.

Kana dare rangokwidzwa bedzi, mupomerwi anofanira kurishandisa pamukwirirwi, pamwe chete namadaidzo ayo anozivisa mukwiridzirwi wedare neganhuriro yenguva yokupindura. Basa rakafanira chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo; pasina iro, dare harigoni kushandisa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi. Mitemo nokuda kwebasa inosiana /imwe inobvumira kupiwa kwomunhu oga, vamwe vanobvumira basa kupfurikidza neposi kana kuti kupfurikidza nomumiriri akasarudzwa. Nokuda kwebasa rebasa, ona U.S. Dare.

Nhano 2: Mhinduro Yomudziviriri – Mhinduro, Kufamba, Kana Kuti Kwakarurama

Pashure pokugamuchira nyunyuto, mukwirirwi ane nguva yakaganhurirwa (mukuwirirana namazuva 21 kusvikira ku 30 mudare romubatanidzwa) yokupindura. Kukundikana kupindura kunogona kuguma nerutongeso rwapamberi, umo mupoteri anozviwanira nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi haana kuoneka kukwikwidzana nenhau yacho.

Kuedza Mhinduro

Mhinduro imhinduro yakarongwa apo mukwirirwi anobvuma kana kuti anoramba pomero imwe neimwe munyunyuto. Mhinduro ingabatanidzawo dziviriro dzinoramba kupomerwa kwacho (8ft) ziviso dzingakurira kutaura kwacho kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kuri kwechokwadi, zvakadai somutemo weganhuriro, kutadza, kana kuti kuisa mari mumaoko. Kuwedzera, mukwiridzwi anogona kutaura kuti anorwisana nomupomerwi, achizivisa kuti mupomedhe akakuvadza mupomerwi.

Kuedza Kudzinga

Panzvimbo pokupindura, mukwirirwi angaparira chiito chokudzinga, achisimbisa kuti kunyange kana kutaura kwamaidi kwose kwomuparidzi kuri kwechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga. Zvikonzero zvavose zvinobatanidza kushaikwa kwesimba renhau, nzvimbo isina kufanira, kundikano yokutaura pamusoro apo rusununguko runogona kupiwa, kana kuti kukundikana kukumbanira pabato riri madikanwa. Kana dare rikabvumira kufamba, mhaka yacho ingabviswa pasina rusaruro (kubvumira mutevedzeri wacho kushandurazve mhaka) kana kuti nefungira mano yakaipa (mugumisiro usingabvumiri mhaka yacho). Kufamba kwokuramba kuisa ngwariro pachinhu chapamutemo, kwete panharo dzechokwadi.

Nhano 3: Kuwana Kwomukurumbira – Mashoko Anoshamisa

Kuwana kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo inopa nguva yakawanda zvikurusa neyazvinowanika. Donzo rako nderokubvumira mativi ose ari maviri kuwana ufakazi hwakafanira kubva kune mumwe nomumwe uye kumativi matatu pamberi pokuedza. Federal Pages of Civil Procediture nemirau mizhinjisa inokurudzira kuwanwa kwakafara, kugonesa mapoka kuwana maidi, magwaro, uye ufakazi hunopupurira huchaumba nhau yacho. Mitoo yeDiscovery inobatanidza:

  • Mibvunzo yakanyorwa iyo inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kubatira chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenzvero (kazhinji kazhinji 25 mudare rehurumende) kuunganidza maidi makuru nokuzivisa zvapupu.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokubudiswa kwaManyoro: Kudikanwa kwebato rinopikisana kubudisa maemail akakodzera, zvibvumirano, marekodhi ezvokurapa, kana kuti humwe ufakazi hunooneka. Kuwana kwemagetsi kwazova rutivi rukuru rwekuzivisa kwazvino uno.
  • [[FT:0] Kukumbira mashoko eChibvumirano: Mashoko ayo anopesana anofanira kubvuma kana kuti kuramba. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kupfupikisa nhau dzokutongwa kupfurikidza nokusimbisa maidi asina kubvumikiswa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Nzvimbo: Sworn, kunze kwechapupu chedare chinopiwa nechapupu kana kuti nebato. Zvibvumikiso zvinoitiswa pamberi pavatori venhau vedare namagweta, uye chipupuriro chinogona kushandiswa gare gare kupa uchapupu kana kuti soufakazi kana uchapupu husingawaniki pakutongwa.
  • [[FULT:0] SUBPOENA: Dare rinoraira munhu wechitatu kuraira kubudisa magwaro kana kuti kuoneka nokuda kwechitsama.

Kuwana kunodzorwa nemirau yorumano kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Mapati anofanira kuzivisa mashoko anokosha kunyange kana achikuvadza mhaka yavo, uye anogona kutenderwa nokuda kwokukundikana kubatira pamwe. Muitiro wacho unowanzoratidza simba noutera hunotungamirira kukurukurirano. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru zvikuru mumiitiro yokuwana, American Bar Association inogovera zvinhu zvinobetsera.

Basa Remirayiro Negakava Zvinodzivirira

Kana paine chimwe chinhu chatinoziva chikumbiro chakafara zvikuru, chinorema, kana kuti chinotsvaka mashoko akaropafadzwa, vanogona kugadzira nhevedzano yokudzivirira. Dare ringaganhurira kuwanda kwokuwana kana kuti kugadza migariro. Kukakavadzana kwokuwana zvinhu kwakapararira; muitiro wakanaka unobatanidza kusangana uye kutaurirana dare risati rakumbira kupindira.

Nhano 4: Kufamba Kwapamberi Pezviito Nemisangano

Musi wokutonga usati waitwa, dare ringaita musangano mumwe kana kuti yakawanda pamberi pedare kuti rikurukure kutarisirwa kwemhosva, nhau duku, uye kukurudzira kugadzikiswa. Mukati mouyu mutambo, mapati anowanzoronga nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita kuti apedze mibvunzo yepamutemo kana kuti kuganhurira chinogona kupiwa pakutongwa.

Kufamba Kunowanzoitika Pasati Pasvika

  • Motion for Fung Justitu: Rimwe boka rinokumbira dare kutonga munyasha dzaro nemhaka yokuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu uye boka rinofamba rine maruramiro okutonga senhau yomutemo. Kana rikabvumirwa, mhaka inoguma pasina muedzo. Chisarudzo chapachipfupiso chakafanira apo ufakazi, hunorangarirwa muchiedza zvikuru kuboka risiri rapasi, chinotsigira bedzi muuyo mumwe.
  • Motion muLimine: Kufamba kwokubvisa ufakazi hwakati husati hwapiwa kudare rinobetsera vatongi. Somuenzaniso, boka ringatsvaka kubvisa mapikicha anofungira mano akaipa, kutaura kwenzwi, kana kuti ufakazi hwamabasa akaipa apamberi. Zvisarudzo pamusoro peidzi dzinoumba chinyorwa chokutonga.
  • Motion to Compel: Kana mubato akakundikana kupindura zvikumbiro zvekuwana, rumwe rutivi runogona kukumbira dare kuraira kuzviisa pasi. Sanictions ingatevera.
  • [[FOT: 0] Motion for Sanctions: inoshandiswa apo panenge papinda papi kana kuti gweta raita mufambiro usina kufanira, wakadai sokuisa zvikumbiro zvenhando kana kuti kusateerera mirairo yedare.

Chikamu chapamberi pedare chinowanzobatanidza kunyorwa kwenhevedzano ye yapamberi pedare, iyo inoronga nhau dzinofanira kutongwa, zvapupu uye zviratidziro rutivi rumwe norumwe zvichapa, uye mirau ipi neipi yeidi. Iyi nhevedzano inotungamirira kutonga uye inodzivisa zvishamiso.

Nhano 5: Kutonga – Kupa Mhaka

Kana nhau yacho ikaramba iripo pamberi pezviito zvedare uye kutaurirana kukundikana, inopfuurira kutongwa. Mukutonga kwehurumende, mutongi ane mutoro wokubvumikisa chinhu chimwe nechimwe chezvakataurwa kupfurikidza ne kurangarira ufakazi[.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Kana nhau yacho ikatongwa pamberi pedare rinobetsera vatongi, nhano yokutanga inotyisa() mutoo wokubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuti vasarudze rusaruro. Ose ari maviri magweta nomutongi vanogona kudzinga vatongi nokuda kwechisakiso (kufungira mano akaipa) kana kuti kushandisa denho dzokutsiva (chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho pasina kupa chikonzero, mukuwirirana nemitemo inorwisana nenhema).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko okuzarura haasi uchapupu; ipuratifomu rokubatsira vatongi kunzwisisa zvavanofanira kutarisira.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Mupurisa wacho anopa nhau yake pakutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinonzverwa zvakananga negweta romupoteri, chichiteverwa nokuongororwa kwapamuchinjikwa negweta romukwiridzi. Kupfuudza nokupazve kungava kuitika. Pashure pokunge mupoteri agara, mukwiridzwi angasundira mutongo unorayirwa (kutonga senhau yomutemo) achiramba kuti mupurisa akundikana kupa ufakazi hwakakwana kutsigira chisarudzo. Kana akaramba, mukwirirwi anopa ufakazi hwake amene nezvapupu, angazviisa kumuitiro mumwe chetewo wokunzvera.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge mativi ose ari maviri azorora, gweta rimwe nerimwe rinogovera chibvumikiso chokugumisa richipeta ufakazi ndokuitirana nharo chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kuwana vachitsigira.

Mirayiridzo Nemhosva

Mutongi anoraidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda() mipimo yapamutemo yazvinofanira kushanda kumaidi. Vatongi ipapo vanoisa munzeve ndokudzorera chisarudzo. Munhau dzevagari vemo, mativi mazhinji anobvumira chisarudzo chishoma (muremutoo, 5 mu 6 kana kuti 9 muvatongi). Kana vatongi vakafa, mutongi angazivisa dare rakaipa, uye mhaka yacho ingadzoserwa.

Mukutonga kwebhenji (kutonga kwoga, pasina vatongi vanobetsera vatongi), mutongi anobatira somuwani weidi ndokupa chisarudzo chakanyorwa nezvinowanwa zveidi nemhedziso zvomutemo.

Danho 6: Kufamba Nokufadza Kwokudzoka

Pashure pokunge nyaya yacho yatongwa nechisarudzo, munhu anorasikirwa nedare angapikisa zvaanenge aita pashure pedare uye, kana zvakakodzera, kukwirira kudare repamusoro.

Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure Pejeti

  • Kusarudza rutongeso seNhau yoMutemo (yakavandudzwa):[ kwakafanana nomutongo wakarayirwa, wakachengetwa pashure pechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi, uchitaura kuti hapana vatongi vane mufungo vaigona kuve vakasvika mhedziso iyoyo yakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • Kutsiva nokuda kweDare Idzva: Kutonga kwokuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo, kusazvibata, ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kana kuti kukuvadza kwakanyanyisa kana kuti kusina kukwana kunoraira kutongwa kutsva.
  • [ Commentaution to Alter kana kuti Ameni Atongeswa: inotsvaka kururamisa chikanganiso chapamutemo kana kuti kuchinja chitsama chekuvadziko.

Kufadza Kunoita

Kana kutora kwapashure pokutonga kukarambwa, mubato unorashikirwa unogona kuisa chiziviso chekwirira kudare. Chikumbiro hachisi kutonga kutsva; dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvomutemo. Appelant (mubato unofadza) inonyora kutsanangura kupfupi chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chakanga chisina kururama, uye mhinduro. dare ringanzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. dare rinogona:

  • Aftiding: Anotsigira chisarudzo chedare rinotonga.
  • [[[FT:0] Dzvera: chinja chisarudzo.
  • [ ` Tsimira nyaya yacho kudare rokutonga nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa kunowirirana nekutonga.
  • [[[ITS. 0] Ronga: Chinjo rutivi rworutongeso.

Kukwirira kunodzorwa nemitemo yenguva yakatsiga nemirairo. Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States nematare ehurumende akakwirira zvinonzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvikumbiro zvehwirudzuro. Nokuda kwomuitiro wekurukurirano, inoreva Mitemo ye yeAppelte Procedure.

Kupesana Kunotsiva: Kugara, Kugadzirisa, uye Kuronga

Hadzisi nharo dzose dzemitemo dzinoitwa nokutonga kwose, nyaya dzakawanda dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chegadziro yegakava (ADR), zvimwe nokuzvidira kana kuti zvimwe nomurayiro wedare. ADR inogona kuchengetedza nguva, mari, uye kuchengetedza ukama.

  • [ Kutaurirana kunopfuurira pakati pepati namagweta avo kunotungamirira kubvumirano inogamuchirika. Mhaka zhinjisa dzevagari vemo dzinomira pamberi pokutongwa.
  • [[FT:0] A chikamu chechitatu chisingatori rutivi (mureveri) chinopfavisa kurukurirano asi hachimanikidzi chisarudzo. Kutsiva hakusungi; nzvimbo dzinodzora muuyo.
  • Arbitation:[ Mutongi asingatori rutivi anonzwa ufakazi uye anoshandura chisarudzo chinosunga kana kuti chisingasungi. Anoshandiswa nenzira inowedzera muzvibvumirano zvebhizimisi nezvibvumirano zvebasa.

Courts often require parties to attempt mediation before trial. The rise of ADR reflects the legal system’s recognition that not every dispute needs a public trial to achieve justice.

Basa Revatongi, Rokumiririra Vatongi, uye Rokumiririra Mutemo

Kunzwisisa muitiro wapamutemo kunorevawo kunzwisisa mabasa avatori rutivi vakuru.

  • Vatongi: Vanoshanda savatongi vasina kwavakarerekera, vanotonga pamusoro pemiitiro, vanorairidza vatongi, uye vanosimbisa nzira yakarurama. Mukutonga kwebhenji, vatongi vanosarudza zvose zviri zviviri zvokwadi nomutemo.
  • Mitambo:[ Munhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo, matare anosarudza kukakavadzana kwechokwadi uye anosarudza mhaka nekuvadziko. Kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi inodzivirirwa neSecond Amendment iri mumatare ehurumende.
  • Mazita anoratidzira, anopa zano pagadziriro, uye mutsigiri mudare. Gadziriro yedare inotsamira pamimiriri inoshingaira iri kurutivi rumwe norumwe.
  • [[FOLT]S. Crorks, beilfif, uye vatori venhau vedare vanobata mabasa okutarisira ndokuchengeta chinyorwa.

Kumirira kwapamutemo kunoshanda kazhinji kazhinji kunokosha mukufamba nokuoma kwemitemo, ufakazi, uye muitiro. Nokuda kwaavo vasina mutoo wenzira. Masangano eyamuro yapamutemo nepurogiramu dzeprobono zvinogovera betsero. SALM Services Services Corporation mari yehurumende nokuda kweyamuro yapamutemo yakaderera yevagari veAmerica.

Nei Kunzwisisa Maitiro Epamutemo Kuchikosha

Muitiro wapamutemo hausati uri bedzi nokuda kwamagweta navatongi; unotapura munhu upi noupi angada kuita kuti chibvumirano chivepo, kupedza gakava, kana kuti kudzivirira padare. Nokuziva nhanho dzinokosha(kubvisa kunyunyuta kuti zvikwidze(varwi) uye masangano anogona kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva, kuziva nguva yokutsvaka zano rapamutemo, uye kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mutsika yeruramisiro. Varayiridzi vanodzidzisa iyi mifungo vanobetsera vagari venguva yemberi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro. Muitiro, nepo pane dzimwe nguva murefu uye adversarial, unovakirwa panheyo dzomuitiro wakafanira, kujeka, uye mutemo uyo unova dare rinoumba shongwe yenzanga yehurumende yehurumende.