Mumakore achangobva kupfuura iyi, dzidziso yokudzivisa kutemerwa chigaro kwehurumende yakabuda sechikamu chinodzokororwazve mumutemo webumbiro remitemo weU.S. chinokurudzira matare kunzverazve miganhu iri pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Iyi nheyo yapamutemo inowanzodzivisa masangano akavanzika kukwirira hurumende mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro kuronga kwakarurama kwechibharo ichocho kwachinja munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvazvino uno, kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri zvishuvo zvokuwedzera nemhindu yemitemo pakati pejudiciary. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo zvazvino unotonga zvinokosha nokuda kwevakishi, vagadziri vemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anodzokorodza pamutemo.

Mavambo Enhau aChangamire weHurumende Haawirirani

Dzidziso yazvino uno yekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira pahurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa yakabva kumutemo weEngland, waidavira kuti mambo aisagona kupiwa mhosva pasina kubvumira kwake. Pashure pekuchinja kweAmerica, nyika dzichangobva kuumbwa dzakagara nhaka iyi nheyo, asi zvikamu zveFramers of the U.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga kusiya kunyoreswa kwaro kwehurumende kusinganzwisisiki. Rugwaro urwu rwakaita serwakanyorwa kudzorero yePremitemplete muna 1795, rwakajekesa kuti simba rokutonga reUnited States harisati ratambanurira ku "rati kana kuti kutongerwa kurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari veimwe Nyika, kana kuti neMamie.

Munhau dzakafanana ne Hans v. Louisiana (190), Dare rakaramba kuti Dare rePremendement rePlowe7th rinobatanidza nheyo yakafara yokusazvidzora kwehurumende inosungirwa nehurumende yaro painenge yapanyika, kunyange apo sututi yakavakirwa pamutemo wehurumende. Chisarudzo ichocho chakagadza nzvimbo inopfuura zana ramakore rejurispruction kuedza kurondedzera miganhuro chaiyo yokudzivisa dziviriro. Pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare reRehnst rakanga ramutsidzira kudzivirirwa kwaro yechiremera semhinganidzo yakasimba, inoganhurira mano eDare remitemo kurwisa kurwisa kukuvadziko pasi peChikamu chemitemo chakati kuti I. Iyi nhau ino ino inosaidzwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa nzvimbo yedare remitemo yazvinodzorwa.

Penjere Regumi Negumi Nerimwe Netsananguro Yaro Yazvino Uno

Dare rePremindement rechi11 rinoramba riri chitsigiso chamashoko nokuda kwedziviriro yehurumende, asi kududzira kwaro kwakatanga nenzira inoshamisa. Mu Alden v. Maine (1999), Dare Gurusa rakaramba richitaura kuti kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo kunotambanukira kudare, kwete bedzi kubatanidzwa kwehurumende, kurangarira kuti Constitution inochengeta chiremera nekodzero. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Feder Maritime Commission v. South Carolina States Ports Authouty[[[FLT:]] (2002]] kudzorwa kwomutemo pamberi pamasangano ehurumende. Izvi zvakasimbisa kuva nemufungo wakafara wenyika dzinodzivirira.

Zvisinei, Dare rakaisawo kusiyana kunokosha. Mitezo ingabvumira kuwirirana, uye Congress ingadzivisa kudzivirirwa kwapachikamu apo inoita chiito kuChikamu 5 cheKine8th Amendment. Mukuwedzera, dzidziso ye Ex parate Young [ [1908]) inobvumira sututi mukurwisana navakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa kumanikidzira mutemo wehurumende, vavhari vanokosha vanodzivisa kudzivirirwa pakuva chitapuko chakakwana kumishonga yemitemo. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaedza izvozvi, kuparira zvisarudzo zvitsva zvehondo nokuda kwewedzero kana kuti ganhuriro.

Miitiro Inoganhurira Kubatana kwaChangamire: Nhau Huru Dzazvino Uno

Mitemo inoverengeka yezvinoitika yakafambira mberi kukuganhurira dziviriro youtongi hwenyika, zvikurukuru apo kodzero dzehurumende kana kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dziri pangozi.idzi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira kudisa kumanikidza ukuru hwehurumende kunyange mukurwisana nenyika dzinotonga.

Department of Criminal Justice (2017)

Mu Lane v. Department of Criminal Justice, Dare rapamusorosai rakataura kuti kusatapurwa kwehurumende hakudzivisi kutaura pasi peFamily neMedical Let Act (FMLA) apo mushandi anotsaura kuva murume kana mukadzi. Dare rakasiya pakati peFMLA roungwariri hunosiya gadziriro (yakanga isiri kushandiswa kwapamutemo kweChikamu 5) uye gadziriro dzaro dzemhuri (zvakanga zviri). Chisarudzo chakajekesa kuti apo Congress Com charomarks anoshanda sechiwindition pasi peGrangestivey yechi1448, chinoti chaita maruramiro.

Fulton muv. Guta reFiladelphia (2021)

Mu Fulton v. Guta rePhiladelphia, Dare rakataura pamharadzano yekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi uye kushandira mahara, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chokupedzisira chakachinja pazvikonzero zvemitemo. Mhaka yacho yakamuka apo Filadelphia yakagumisa chibvumirano chezvokutarisira pamutemo neTreaty Service yeKaturike nemhaka yokuti sangano rakaramba kuisa vakwanyina vamwe vokubereka vamwe nokuda kwokuisa. Nepo guta raisimbisa kuti mabasa aro akanga asina kutsigira uye anowanzoshanda, Dare rakawana kuti rakanga risiri. Zvineiwo, Dare harina kupa hurumende dziviriro yakafara nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvaro zvaro; panzvimbo pezvo, rairangarira kuti guta rinofanira kururamisa mutoro upi noupi patsikanoyera rudzidziso.

Allen Cooper (2020)

Allen v. Cooper akapa mhinganidzo kuvari vekodzero dzekodzero dzinotsvakirwa kunhau. Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura nokubvumirana kuti Kombicha Remedy Clarification Act haina kuganhurira nenzira yapamutemo kuganhurirwa kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti Congress yakanga yakundikana kuzivisa mutoo wetsika isina kutenderwa. Dare rakasimbisa kuti nokuda kwokuva nesimba, Congress anofanira kutaura zvakajeka vavariro yayo ndokuita pasi pemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende inobvumira kuva nenzvimbo yezvemari inorwisana nehurumende, rinosimbisa dikanwo yokusaidzwa kwegadziriro uye zvapachokwadi apo mamiriro ezvinhu edare anenge asina kururama.

Torres neDhipatimendi reTexas Resocial Safety (2022)

Mu , iro rinodzivirira kodzero dzebasa rehurumende dzemitezo yehondo. Dare rakarangarira ukama pakati pehurumende inodzivisa chigaro nesimba rehurumende rehurumende. Mhaka yakamuka pasi peUnionsed Servicess Communing and Respoction Act (USTERRA), iyo inodzivirira kodzero dzebasa rehurumende dzemitezo yebasa rehondo. Dare rakarangarira kuti apo hurumende inonyoresa hurumende inosimudzira chiremera chayo chapamutemo pamusoro pedziviriro yenyika, ingaisa avo vogadzimo pasina mvumo. Chisarudzo cha 5-4 chakasimbisa kuti chimiro cheBumbiro remitemo rinobvumira kuisa mipimo yemitemo yeSangano yeSangano reSangano remitemo pakudzika mipimo apo inoita nzira dzinodzongodzorwa nemasimba ehondo. Iyi inofurira mano okupfumisa masimba ehurumende pasi penyika dzakati.

Miitiro Inokura Kuzvidzwa kwaChangamire: Kurwisa

Despite these limitations, other recent decisions have reinforced sovereign immunity, especially in contexts where Congress lacks clear evidence of constitutional violations or where the state's consent is absent.

Kukura Muzvinhu Zvisina Kurongwa

Allen v. Cooper Haisi bedzi kuganhurirwa kwekuzvidzora asi yakasimbisazve murangariro wakafara wedziviriro yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti Dare rinyore mutoo wokushambadzira nomushonga unowirirana, Dare rakakuita kwakaoma zvikuru kuvhura dziviriro muchiratidzo, kopiyuta, uye mhaka dzinovakisa. Zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare zvakashandisa iyi yokurangarira nenzira yakapfava, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinoumba hurumende kubva musuturo kunyange apo zvinopinda mumibato yebhizimisi.

Kubatana Mudare reHurumende Kupfuurira Nokubvumirana Kwenhau

Nyaya dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakarwisanawo nechinoumba chisakiso chinoshanda chokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha. Mamwe matare akarangarira kuti mufambiro wehurumende wekubvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende kana kuti kutsvaka nyaradzo (hakusati kuri kukanganisa hako kutoti hurumende ikabvuma zvakajeka. Mu Lapides v. Board of Regents [2004]), Dare rakawana kuti dziviriro yehurumende kupfurikidza nokuzvidira kubvisa mhaka inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri Hurumende nezvinotemwa, asi kududzirwa kwakasiana. Dzimwe nguva matare eZasi anoshandisa Lapides, anochengeta nokuda kwematendiro anoratidzika kuva anozvidzora.

Kutapura kwe Pennern Pippine Co. v. New Jersey (2021)

Pennn Easter Pippline Co. v. New Jersey yakabata nesimba rehurumende yehurumende kugadza chiremera chakatanhamara choutongi kumakambani ehurumende. Dare rakaramba kuti apo hurumende yehurumende inounza chiito cheshurikidzo, ingashandisa maruramiro ayo ose kunyange kana ichiita kudaro kupfurikidza nechinhu chakavanzika. Iyi yakabvisa mubvunzo wokuti nyika dzakanga dzine dziviriro kubva kusuturo dzakaunzwa nenhume dzehurumende yehurumende. Nepo pakupedzisira yakabvumira kambani yepaipi kuti ipfuurire, yakaita saizvozvo kupfurikidza nokuisa chiito muuchangamire hwehurumende panzvimbo pokudzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende. Iyi nzira inobvuma chose chose kuti kudzivirira pamutemo kunogara kusina kushatakwa zvakananga.

Basa Remitemo Yemagariro: Mucheri Nokuzvitutumadza

Chinhu chikuru mumiitiro yekutonga yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi idivi riri pakati pechisakiso choutongi nemutemo wehurumende.Congress ingadzivisa kuzvidzivirira kana (1) ichiratidza vavariro yakajeka yokuita kudaro uye (2) ichiita chimwe chinhu kurutsiro rwebumbiro remitemo rune simba, Chikamu 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo yeMinei. Zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbisa zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuzvitutuma, zvichiraira kuti Congress azivise mutoo wakapararira wemufambiro wehurumende wakasiana uye kugadziridza mishonga yayo nenzira inowirirana.

Munoronga mutemo muimwe nzira: mashoko angabvumirana nokuzvidira kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende kana kuti kupinda mumibato iyo migariro yeCongress parapiter. Zvisinei, matare akanzvera zvisakiso zvakadaro kuti zvijeke. Mu College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepareary Education Reference Board [[FLT] [1999], Dare rakaramba kuti kutora rutivi kwehurumende mukutengeserana kwenyika hakungoeredzi kukanganisa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare raida kuti ipi neipi inodzorwa ive yakajeka nerisingadzoreki, kazhinji kazhinji kaidzo yokubvumirana nokuteerera.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Dzinorwisana naChangamire Haakwanisi Kubatana

Zvichida nzvimbo inopomerwa zvikurusa yedanho rinobatanidza kupesana pakati pekodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo nenhoo yokudzivisa chigaro. Dzidziso ye Ex see Young inobvumira sututi kurwisana nehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa, asi upamhi hwayo hwakaedzwa. Muchikamu cheMakadzi] Yvutano yeMakadzi v. Jackson[[[FLT]] [2001], Dare rapamusoro rinorangarira kana vatongi vedare rehurumende, vamabharani, uye vagari vemo vaigona kuiswa pasi pekodzero dzechito [[FLT] Kubva kuto. Dare rakavanza kuti ripikire musasa unorwisana navatongi nemhaka yokuti vatongi vakabvumirani kudzorwa. Vatongi vai vai vasina kudzorwa. Vatongi vai vogaromedzei.

Nenzira yakafanana, mu [[FLT: 0] kuvimbika nokugadziridzwa kwejeri , matare maduku asvika miuyo inopesana. Vamwe vakabvumira kuyamura kwakafara pasi pa Kureko kuti vagadzirise kuputsa mutemo, nepo mamwe akakuganhurira kuvakuru vakuru vakati vane chiremera chokuchengeta. Muuyo ibasa rakaganhurirwa rejurispruction iro rinoda kukumbira kungwarira nokushandisa.

Kunetsa Vari Kudya Miti uye Varidzi

Vatongi vanoona nezvenyaya iyi vane migumisiro inokosha.

  • Kuratidzira mukwirirwi akafanira: Kubvisa mukuru mukuru wehurumende musimba rawo rehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa pasi pe Ex padice Young [ angadzivisa dziviriro, asi kukwidza hurumende imene hakudaro.
  • Mutauro wedare wehurumende weAnalyze: kana kutaura kwacho kukamuka pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa, nzvera kana Congress yaratidzira zvakajeka vavariro kudziviriro kunoparadza uye kana yakaita pasi peChikamu 5 kana kuti chimwe chiremera chine simba.
  • Kurangarira kubvumirana nerasikidzo: Tsvaka kwezvakashambadzira mumutemo wehurumende kana kuti kugamuchirwa kwemari yehurumende. Kunyange ipapo, iva akagadzirira nokuda kwedudziro yakatetepa yedare.
  • Muenzaniso unotsinhirana: neDare Gurusa rakakamuraniswa, mutemo wedziviriro yesimba rinodzivisa kubatwa nehosha unoramba uri mvura. Kugadza kwazvino uno kungabvisazve dzikamo, naizvozvo vanachiremba vanofanira kutora mari yezvibvumirano zvecertiorari nenhau dzinomirira.

Nokuda kwehurumende, kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzedziviriro yokudzivisa hosha kunokosha zvakaenzana. Kudzivirira padare kungada kunzverwa kwokungwarira kana hurumende ichigona kudzivirira njodzi yokuidzivisa kupfurikidza nokuoneka. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inobvumirana nezvikamu zvakati zvesutu apo dzinochengeta dziviriro nokuda kwavamwe. Kudzivisa zvinodzivisa zvikanganiso zvinodhura.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Zviri Mberi

Kutevedzana kwechisakiso chapamutemo chehurumende kuchatsamira pazvikonzero zvinoverengeka: kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro, kudisa kweDare kuvaka zvinyorwa zvakasimba nokuda kwokuzvidzwa, uye marudzi enhau dzinosvika dare rapamusoro. Munhambo ya2023, Dare rakanzwa Kubvumirana kweDzidzo v. Brown, mhaka inodenha kuva nomutezo webvumirano yokugarwa iyo yakaisa nyaradzo pahurumende pasina kuibvisa. Mhaka iyoyo ingajekesa miganhuro yebvumirano yebvumirano yehurumende.

Uyezve, nhau dzinobatanidza kudzivirirwa kwekodzero yokuzvitonga mukubhuroka, kuchengetwa kwemhoteredzo, uye zvinhu zvoungwaru dzinopfuurira kujeka. Kuwedzera kweDare kutsamira pamagwaro namavambo kungada murangariro muduku zvikuru wokudzivisa zvirwere, sezvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzemavambo dzinotaura kuti Kuchinja kwe145 kwakaitwa kuti kuchengetedze zvipfeko pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Nhau dzinotsigira kuva chigaro chinosarudzwa navanhu ichinhu chinokosha chinochengetwa nebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzedare dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mukuwedzera kana kuti kuganhurira dziviriro yehurumende yesimba rinotonga dzinozivisa nzvimbo yakatsiviwa zvikuru yomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kubva Lane uye Fulton [[ ku [[FLT]]] Allen[[4]] na [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Troress[, Dare rapamusoro ratumira zviratidzo zvakavhengana, pane dzimwe nguva kuganhurira kudzivirira kodzero dzomubatanidzwa uye dzimwe nguva kuisimbisa kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu okudzivirira. Muuyo upi noupi unowanzotsamira pamugariro wapamutemo wakananga, mamiriro ezvinhu echinjo dzinoshanda zvikuru pakati penyika yemitemo yemitemo, uye kutsanangura mutoo wetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information yeFoography Institute yeficial chambrime stitut , [[FLT:] jira re [[FLT:]] Troff] Testaros v. Texas Department of Public Safety[FLT]], uye Dare reSango iri mu Allen v.[FLT][FLT]]