Table of Contents
Kubva pakutarisira utano uye dzidzo kumabasa enzanga uye zvinhu zvinokosha, sangano rehurumende rinosarudza kuti mabasa api aripo uye kuti vanosvika sei zvinobudirira vanhu vanoda kubatsirwa. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana ezvirongwa zvehurumende uye zvazvinoita kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei mapurogiramu evanhu achisiyana zvikuru munzvimbo, nyika, uye kunyange munyika imwe chete.
Kunzwisisa Zvirongwa Zvehurumende: Nheyo Yebasa Rinoitirwa Vanhu Vose
Zvivako zvokutonga igadziriro umo simba nezviwanikwa zvinoparadzirwa ndokutarisirwa mukati mamasangano kana kuti masangano, zvinopesvedzera zvikuru kuitwa kwebasa ravose kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera nzira iyo zvisarudzo zvinogoverwa nayo, nzira iyo zviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa nayo, uye kuzvidavirira kunoitwa nayo. zvivako izvi zvinobatanidza mitemo, miitiro, mirau, uye gadziriro dzesangano izvo pamwe chete zvinosarudza kunaka nokuwanikwa kwemabasa avose.
Hurumende munyika yose dzinogona kurongwa zvikuru mumarudzi anoverengeka ouvaki, rimwe nerimwe rine mavara akasiyana anotapura mashandire nokubatira chiverengero chavagari vemo varo. Mativi matatu makuru igadziriro dzehurumende, gadziriro dzegadziriro, uye kubatanidzwa. Chimwe nechimwe chezvivako izvozvi chinoparadzira chiremera nenzira yakasiana, kuchiparira betsero nedenho dzakasiana nokuda kwokupiwa kwepurogiramu yavose.
Masangano Anoshanda: Kuparadzira Simba Kupfuura Mamirire Akawanda
Mumibatanidzwa, hurumende dzoruwa/ruwa dzinogoverana masimba nehurumende yapakati savatambi vakaenzana kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, uko kubvumira kwavose vari vaviri kunodikanwa kuita gadziridzo. Iyi gadziriro yesimba inoparira gadziriro yakarongeka umo chiremera chinoparadzirwa mumativi akawanda ehurumende.
Mashandiro Anoita Mashandiro Egadziriro Dzenyika
Gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika yose nemapoka amarudzi (hurumende, maruwa, municipios), ichipa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo chiremera chaichoicho pazvinhu zvakadai sedzidzo, mabasa enzanga, uye pane dzimwe nguva mitero. United States inoenzanisira ichi chirongwa, nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika richiparadzana pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe yavanhu vane makumi mashanu, chiremera chimwe nechimwe chinowanwa muzvose zviri zviviri Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe.
Mugadziriro yehurumende hurumende yehurumende kana kuti hurumende dzeruwa dzinogoverana uchangamire nehurumende yepakati uye dzine chiremera chokupedzisira pamhatsa yakafara yemiitiro. Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo youchangamire hwamarudzi anosianisa gadziriro dzehurumende nedzimwe zvivako zvehurumende uye inoparira gadziriro umo hurumende dzenharaunda dzinogona kushandisa utongi hwechokwadi munzvimbo dzakati.
Chikonzero Nei Nyika Dzichisarudza Kurwira Nyika
Nyika inosarudza hurumende apo inoda simba rehurumende kuti ipe nzvimbo dzine utongi chaihwoihwo (hwukuru kudzora misiano yedzinza, nharaunda, kana kuti yemari.
Nyika dzine mvumo yenyika dzakawanda, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwenyika kwakakudziridzwa zvishoma, sezvingabvira dzichashandisa mutoo wehurumende wehurumende umo simba rinoparadzirwa munyika pakati pemapoka akawanda amarudzi, uye kufurira kungashanda zvakanakisisa apo nyika inenge ine marudzi akawanda kana kuti marudzi akawanda muchisiko. Panzvimbo pokukamuranisa kuva nyika dzakaparadzana, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinobvumira mapoka akasiyana - siyana emadzinza kana kuti etsika kuchengeta mwero wakati wechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika nepo dzichiramba dziri rutivi rwesangano guru rezvamatongerwe enyika.
Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzegadziriro Dzenyika Dzakapoteredza
Zvivako zvehurumende zvinopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha nokuda kwokupiwa kwepurogiramu yavose:
Betsero dzinobatanidza kuswededza hurumende pedyo navagari vemo, kuderedza dzvinyiriro dzechitsaru kupfurikidza nokugara nevezvokushandira, kubvumira muitiro "masangano" pamwero womunzvimbomo, uye kuganhurira kuiswa kwesimba rorudzi. Uku kupfaviswa kunogonesa hurumende dzomunharaunda kuedza mitoo yakasiana, kuchiparira mikana yokuvandudza nokudzidza.
Kupesana kwamasimba pakati pehurumende yapakati nehurumende kunounza kuiswa kwakaisvonaka kwezviwanikwa, sezvo hurumende yepakati inogona kunangidzira ngwariro huru panhau dzamarudzi ose nedziviriro yenyika, nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigona kubata nezvinodikanwa zvomunharaunda. Uku kudzorwa kunobvumira mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende kuisa ngwariro panharaunda dzayo dzebetsero yakaenzaniswa.
Kana mapoka emadzinza omunharaunda achida kutaura mutauro wavo kana kuti kudzidzisa chitendero chavo chaicho muzvikoro zvomunzvimbomo, hurumende huru inobvumira vanhu vomunzvimbomo kuita zvisarudzo izvozvo.
Urongwa uhwu hunobvumira kuzvitonga kukuru kwenharaunda uye kupindura zvinodiwa munharaunda, huchikurudzira pfungwa yokubatanidzwa uye kuratidzwa kwevanhu vakasiyana - siyana.Vagari vemo vanowanzonzwa vakabatana zvikuru nehurumende pazvisarudzo zvavanoitwa pedyo nomusha, zvingangowedzera kuvimbisana uye kugutsikana nemabasa anoitwa nevoruzhinji.
Matambudziko Egadziriro Dzemapuraneti
Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzawo, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinopawo denho dzakasiyana:
Kana hurumende dzakawanda dzichipana mhosva nokuda kwezvirongwa, kushandira pamwe kunova kwakaoma, zvichiita kuti pave nokuedza kuenzana kwebasa, mitemo inorwisana, kana kuti kutadza kupedza basa.
Gadziriro iyi yehurumende inodhura nemhaka yokuti kune vanhu vazhinji vakasarudzwa pahofisi, vose vari vaviri pakati nehurumende.
Kusiyanisa kwemaruwa kunoti ndiko kunobva zvinhu, mikana yebasa, zvichingodaro, kwakasiyana munzvimbo dzose kana kuti nyika.
Kuda kukurukura pakati pemikana yakawanda yehurumende kunogona kuderedza kurongwa kwemitemo uye kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma kukurumidza kugadzirisa zvinetso zvinomuka.
Gadziriro dzeUngano: Chiremera chakaumbwa neCM CHM program
Nyika inotonga sehurumende inotonga sesangano rimwe chete rine hurumende huru pane dzose.
Mativi Egadziriro Dzinobatanidza
Hurumende yapakati ingatanga kana kuti kubvisa zvikamu zvokutonga (mapoka apasi kana kuti apasi pevhu), uye mapoka akadaro anoshandisa bedzi masimba ayo hurumende huru inosarudza kugovera. Uyu musiano mukuru kubva kumasangano ehurumende unoreva kuti hurumende dzenharaunda dziripo pafariro yechiremera chikuru uye dzinogona kuita kuti masimba adzo akudziridzwe, kuderedzwa, kana kuti kubviswa kupfurikidza nomutemowo zvawo.
Mugadziriro iyi, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzingavapo, asi zvikurukuru dzinobatira setambanudzo dzechiremera chikuru, dzichiita zvisarudzo zvakaitwa neparamende yorudzi.Panzvimbo pokuva nouchangamire hunodzivirirwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dziri mugadziriro dzegadziriro dzinobatanidzwa dzinoshanda savamiriri vanodzora vanoshandisa miitiro yakagadzwa zvikuru.
Nyika dzakawanda munyika (87%) dzine hurumende dzinobatana, dzine mienzaniso inosanganisira France, Great Britain, Jamaica, kana kuti Italy. Kupararira kwegadziriro dzegadziriro dzepasi penyika kunoratidza kuti dzinokwanisa kushandira nyika dzakawanda, kunyanya duku kana kuti dzine uzivi hwakasimba hwenyika.
Apo Masangano Anoshanda Zvakanaka
Munzvimbo dzakadai seEgypt, France, neJapan, umo mirangariro yourudzi yakasimba, uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika imwe chete kunogamuchirwa zvikuru navagari vemo, nyika inobatana kazhinji kazhinji inokura, uye gadziriro dzehurumende dzinobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo pasina chishoro chakasimba kukudzora kukuru.
Kurwa pakati pehurumende dzapakati nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo iduku uye simba rehurumende dzomunzvimbomo (dzezvemari) rakaneta zvikuru mugadziriro dzegadziriro dzegadziriro. Uku kurwisana kwakaderedzwa kunogona kudirana murutivi rurefu kuita zvisarudzo uye kuita kwemiitiro, kuchibvumira kuita nokukurumidza zvikuru kuzvinetso zvorudzi.
Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzouviri
Zvivako zvine urongwa hunopa betsero dzinoverengeka nokuda kwegadziriro yavose:
Hurumende dzinobatanidza dzinoratidzira kushanda kwakakwirira zvikuru sezvo pasina mwero mizhinji yehurumende yokupfuurira kana toreva nezvokuita chisarudzo nokugamuchira mitemo. Muitiro wokuita zvisarudzo unodzokororwa unogona kukurumidzisa kuitwa kwemiitiro ndokuderedza kunonoka kwebureaucracy.
Miitiro yeboka kazhinji kazhinji haina kuoma kunzwisisa kuti vagari vemo vanzwisisewo, sezvo kusina miitiro yakawanda kwazvo yakasiana - siana inoitika muhurumende somuFederalism, kuri nyore zvikuru kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo chinzwisise uye sezvinobvira kubatana nayo. Uku kuva nyore kunogona kuwedzera kujeka ndokukuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vazive kuti isanganoi rehurumende rine mutoro nokuda kwemabasa akati.
Kunoparira pfungwa yechinzwano sezvo vagari vose vachiiswa pa "danho" rimwe chetero uye vanofanira kuwirirana nemitemo mimwe cheteyo nemirairo. Miitiro yakafanana murudzi rwose inogona kusimudzira kuenzana ndokudzivisa misiyano yenharaunda iyo pane dzimwe nguva inobuda mugadziriro dzehurumende.
Kana paine njodzi, hurumende inogona kuigadzirisa zvakanaka sezvo pasina kubatana kwakawanda kungaitwa.
Nokuchengeta mwero mumwe chete mukuru wehurumende ine masimba akazara okudzora uye okudzora, gadziriro dzokuronga zvinhu dzinodzivisa kubatanidzwa kwezvivako zvokutungamirira izvo zvinoratidzira gadziriro dzehurumende.
Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzokubatana
Zvivako zvepakati zvinopawo zvinetso zvinokosha:
Gadziriro yeboka harina kukodzera nyika huru nemhaka yokuti mugadziriro yesimba rakazara iri mumaoko bedzi epakati uye zvimwe vangasakwanisa kusvika kunharaunda dzomumaruwa. Danho kubva kudzimbahwe rinogona kuita miganhu yemashoko ndokuderedza mano makuru ehurumende kunzwisisa ndokupindura kumigariro yomunzvimbomo.
Central government may not have any knowledge about the problems and needs of the people living in rural areas. This disconnect between central policymakers and local realities can result in programs that are poorly suited to regional needs or circumstances.
Apo zvisarudzo zvose zvinokosha zvinofanira kupfuura nomuzviremera zvepakati, mitsipa yebhodhoro inogona kutanga, kuderedza kuitwa kwepurogiramu uye kuderedza kudavira.
Muchimiro chehurumende, nyika ingatarisana nefambiro mberi isina kuenzana nokukura, sezvo hurumende huru inogona kukuwana kwakaoma zvikuru kuparira rutivi rwuri rwose rwenyika panguva imwe cheteyo pasina kupiwa chiremera namasimba.
Miitiro Yokubatanidza: MaAlliance Akasununguka eIndependent States
Zvibvumirano zvinomirira chisarudzo chechitatu chokuvaka, kunyange zvazvo zviri zvinozivikanwa zvikuru negadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti dzesangano munyika yazvino uno. Pakuvamba, United States yakarongwa sebvumirano – boka rakabatana renyika dzakazvimirira dzakabatanidzwa munharidzano imwe cheteyo yokukurira British. Muiyi nharaunda, nyika dzinotonga dzinobatira pamwe nokuzvidira nokuda kwamadonzo akananga apo dzinochengeta masimba ehurumende akawandasa.
Kusafanana namasangano ehurumende umo hurumende yenyika ine chiremera chakananga pavagari vemo, kuronga kunoshanda zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nenyika dziri mitezo. Chiremera chikuru mubvumirano chinotsamira pahurumende dzemitezo nokuda kwokushandiswa kwemitezo uye kazhinji kazhinji chinoshaiwa simba rokumanikidzira zvisarudzo zvakananga. Iri chiremera chikuru chisina kusimba chakaita kuti kuronga kwapakuvamba kweAmerica kushande kuunganidza mitero, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, kana kuti kugadza hondo, pakupedzisira kuchitungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.
Mienzaniso yazvino uno yezvivako zvakafanana nebvumirano haisi yenguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo mamwe masangano amarudzi ose akafanana neEuropean Union achiratidzira mavara akati ebvumirano, nenyika dziri mitezo dzichichengeta uchangamire dzichibatira pamwe panharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro. Zvinetso zvokuronga nezvibvumirano pasina chiremera chikuru zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei kuronga kwakachena kwakabvumiranwa zvikurukuru kuzvivako zvehurumende kana kuti zvegadziriro.
Mafungiro Anoshamisa Pakati Pemapuraneti NeUnitary: Magadziriro Ehwanyari
Gadziriro dzokushanda kwapasi nedzinobatana imarudzi akaisvonaka, anomirira mativi okuguma enzvimbo dzokupfuurira, uye nyika zhinjisa dzinowira pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pemifungo miviri yakanyanyisa nejeka rakadai sestatements inogona kuva yakaenzana zvikuru kana kuti shomanene kana kuti inopfuura hurumende.
Magadziriro Ezvikepe
Nyika dzinonzi "seminareal" dzine mwero wapakati wehurumende isina dziviriro imwe cheteyo youchangamire iyo nyika kana kuti maruwa enyika dzinofarikanya.Idzi gadziriro dzinopa hurumende dzomunharaunda masimba akati asi dzinochengeta udzori hwepakati hwakasimba zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro dzehurumende dzechokwadi dzehurumende.
Nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzenharaunda munyika dzine simba rinongova bedzi pamusoro penhau dzakarongwa (uye kunyange pano dziri pasi murutivi pamasimba makuru ezviremera zvapakati), basa radzo chairoiro nepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika mukati metsika zvikurukuru zvinotsamira pakombamiro yehurumende huru yokuzvidzora kana kuti kuganhurira kuzvidzora kwadzo. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira hurumende kugadziridza dzikamo yesimba pakati pezviremera zvepakati nereruwa sezvo migariro inochinja.
Kushanduka - shanduka Mumiitiro Yemaunitary
Kunyange zvazvo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika ringapiwa kupfurikidza nokubvisa shanduka-shanduka kuhurumende dzomunharaunda kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo nomutemo, hurumende huru ingachinja mutemo, kukurira zvisarudzo zvehurumende dzakabviswa kana kuti kukudza masimba adzo. Dvolution inobvumira hurumende dzechikamu kupa chiremera chenzvimbo nepo dzichichengeta chiremera chikuru.
China ine gadziriro yeboka, asi Hong Kong, ruwa, inoshanda mumitemo yakasiyana kupfuura mamwe maruwa ari muChina. Gadziriro dzakadaro dzinobvumira nyika kuti dzigadzire mhatsa yenharaunda pasina kuchinja zvikuru mavakirwo adzo. United Kingdom inogovera mumwe muenzaniso, ichiva namasimba makuru akareruka kuScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland apo inenge ichichengeta uchangamire hweparamende.
Kubatsira Kunoita Hurumende Utano Hwava Neutano
Kupiwa kwezvoutano kunopa muenzaniso wakajeka wemashandiro anoita mapurogiramu ehurumende.Sangano rehurumende rinosarudza kuti ndiani anoita zvisarudzo zvezvoutano, kuti mapurogiramu anobhadharwa sei, kuti mabasa api anowanika, uye kuti nguva dzose anotarisirwa sei munzvimbo dzakawanda.
Kutarisira Utano Mugadziriro Dzegadziriro Dzeutano
Mugadziriro dzehurumende, mitoro yezvoutano inogoverwa zvikurukuru pakati pehurumende dzenyika nedzenharaunda. Hurumende yenyika ingatanga gadziriro dzakafara, mipimo miduku, kana kuti mibato yokushandisa mari, nepo nyika kana kuti maruwa achironga ndokushandisa gadziriro dzakati. Iri boka rebasa rinogona kutungamirira kukusiyana kukuru mukuwana kwoutano norudzi munzvimbo dzose.
MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inotarisira vakwegura uye inogovera mari nokuda kwaMedicaid, asi nyika imwe neimwe inongwarira zvikuru mukusarudza Medicaid eligie, betsero, uye utarisiri. Ikoku kunoguma nemwero yakasiana--jeka yokubatanidza munyika dzose, nokupa betsero huru kuvagari vemo vanowana mari yakaderera nepo vamwe vachipa rondedzero shoma. Gadziriro dzeFrederal dzinobvumira nyika kuedza kusvika kumitengo yakasiana- siyana(5) dzimwe dzakakudza Medicaid, kuvamba tsinhano dzeinishuwarenzi, kana kuti kugadzira kunzvera kwemichina yemisikirwo inogona kuzivisa kugadzirwa.
Zvisinei, kusiyana uku kunoparirawo kusawirirana. Kusvika kwomunhu kuutano kungatsamira zvikuru pahurumende yaanogara, uye kufamba kwehurumende kunogona kuvhiringidza kuwirirana. Zvinetso zvokubatanidza pakati pepurogiramu dzehurumende nehurumende zvinogona kuparira kuoma kwehurumende, kuvhiringidzika kwevanobatira pamwe, uye miganhu inodzorwa.
Kurapwa Mugadziriro Dzezvikwata
Gadziriro dzesangano dzinotanga gadziriro dzezvoutano dzakafanana mundima yadzo yose. Hurumende yenyika inogadza muitiro wokutarisira utano, inogadza mipimo, uye kazhinji kazhinji inoisa zvakananga mabasa kana kuti inotarisira basa renharaunda. Uku kubatana kunogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vose vanogona kuwana mabasa akafanana pasinei zvapo nekwavanogara.
United Kingdom’s National Health Service Inoratidzira kupiwa kwezvoutano kwakadzika miganhu mugadziriro yezvoutano (nemimwe miuyo yokuchinja Scotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland). Hurumende yenyika inogadza muitiro woutano, mabasa emari kupfurikidza nemitero yose, uye inovimbisa kusvika kwakafanana munyika yose. Iyi nzira inogona kusimudzira kutarisirwa kwakaenzana uye kuringasaita kuti pave nemisiyano yenharaunda muzvinodikanwa zvoutano kana kuti zvinoda zvoutano.
France, imwe nyika, inoshanda gadziriro yeinishuwarenzi youtano yenyika ine betsero dzakasimba nemwero yokudzorerwa.Apo mimwe mibato yokutarisira inopiwa kumasangano enharaunda, gadziriro huru nebetsero zvinoramba zvakafanana munyika yose, zvichivimbisa kufukidzwa kwenguva dzose kwevagari vose veFrance.
Zvirongwa Zvedzidzo Negadziriro Dzehurumende
Dzidzo ndeimwe nzvimbo inokosha umo gadziriro yehurumende inotapura zvikuru kupa purogiramu, kutsigira nemari, zvinodzidziswa, uye kunaka kwepurogiramu.
Dzidzo Mumiitiro Yemapuraneti
Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinopa chiremera chikuru padzidzo kuhurumende dzenharaunda. MuUnited States, dzidzo mutoro mukuru wenyika neyomunzvimbomo, hurumende yehurumende ichiita basa rakaganhurirwa asi rinokura kupfurikidza negadziriro dzemari, kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, uye mipimo. Hurumende imwe neimwe inosimbisa mipimo yayo imene yedzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvemari yechikoro, uye zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda.
Dzimwe nyika dzinonyanya kusimbisa kudzidza basa, kugadzirira kukoreji, uye kutaura nyaya dzinomutsa nharo dzakadai semhindumupindu, dzidzo yepabonde, kana kuti nhau dzakasiyana - siyana.
Mari yechikoro mugadziriro dzehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira zvikuru pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, iyo inogona kuwedzera kusaenzana pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo. Nepo hurumende nehurumende dzehurumende dzichiedza kuenzanisa mari kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana, mikana yedzidzo yavadzidzi ingatsamira zvikuru pamirayiridzo yavo yezipu, nemimwe miruwa ichipa makosi akakwirira, mibato yokuwedzera yapashure pechikoro, uye nzvimbo dzazvino uno apo dzimwe dzichirwisana nezviwanikwa zvinokosha.
Dzidzo Mumiitiro Yokubatana
Gadziriro dzokubatana dzinochengeta zvikurukuru udzori hukuru zvikuru padzidzo, hurumende dzenyika dzichigadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvikwaniriso zvomudzidzisi, uye mwero yokushandisa mari. Uku kuita kunogona kuvimbisa rudzi rwedzidzo yakafanana zvikuru munzvimbo dzose ndokuderedza kusiana kwakavakirwa papfuma yomunzvimbomo.
Gadziriro yedzidzo yeFrance inoratidzira udzori hukuru, noUministry of Education yorudzi ichigadza zvinodikanwa zvine udzame zvedzidzo, mipimo yomudzidzisi, uye gadziriro dzebvunzo. Vadzidzisi vashandi vorudzi, uye vadzidzi munyika yose vanotevera zvikurukuru zvidzidzo zvimwe chetezvo ndokutora nzvero dzimwe chetedzo dzenyika. Uku kubatana kunovimbisa kuti mudzidzi ari mumaruwa Brittany anogamuchira zvikurukuru dzidzo imwe cheteyo neyomuParis.
Japan nenzira yakafanana inochengeta udzori hwakasimba pamusoro pedzidzo, noMinistry of Education ichigadza nhungamiro dzedzidzo, kutendera mabhuku okushandisa, uye kugadza mipimo. Nepo kumwe kusiana kwomunzvimbomo kuripo, gadziriro inovimbisa vara redzidzo rinowirirana munyika yose. Uku kuisa zvinhu pakati kunogona kusimudzira kusasarura asi kungaderedza kuchinjika kuti kugotaura zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti kubvumira nokuda kwokutangwa kwedzidzo.
Masangano Okubatsira Vanhu Nezvirongwa Zvemagariro
Zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinobatsira vanhu kushaya basa — kubatanidza inishuwarenzi yokushaya basa, betsero dzokuremara, rubatsiro rwemhuri, uye kuyamura varombo — zvakaumbwa zvikuru negadziriro yehurumende.
Masangano Enzanga Mugadziriro Dzemagariro
Hurumende yenyika ingatanga mitemo shoma kana kuti inogovera mari, nepo nyika kana kuti maruwa achipa zvirongwa uye anosarudza mipimo chaiyo yokuratidza kuti munhu anokwanisa kuita zvinhu uye kuti anobatsira.
MuUnited States, zvirongwa zvakadai seServer Applice for Nery Families (TANF) zvinogovera mari kuhurumende, iyo ipapo inogadzira ndokushandisa gadziriro dzadzo dzegarikano mukati menhungamiro huru dzehurumende. Ikoku kunoguma nemhatsa inoshamisa(mwero yemashandiro, zvinodikanwa zvenguva, uye mipimo inooneka inosiana zvikuru munyika dzose. Mhuri iri mune imwe ingagamuchira betsero yemari yakawanda namabasa anotsigira, nepo mhuri yakafanana iri mune imwe nyika inowana tsigiro duku.
Iyi mhatsa inobvumira nyika kuedza mitoo yakasiana- siyana nepurogiramu kumisika yebasa yomunzvimbomo nendyiko yokurarama. Zvisinei, inoitawo kusasarura uye inogona kutungamirira ku "kupinda pasi" masimba umo nyika dzinoderedza betsero kudzivisa kukwezva vatami vanowana mari shoma kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Kuoma kwemiitiro yenyika yakasiana - siana kunogonawo kuita kuti vabetseri vapfuvuri, zvikurukuru avo vanofamba vachigura mitsetse yehurumende.
Masangano Okubatsira Vanhu Mumasangano Akabatana
Miitiro inobatana inogovera zvikurukuru gadziriro dzenzanga dzakafanana zvikuru nemipimo yegarikano yakatsunga munyika nokubetsera. Iyi nzvimbo inovimbisa kuti vagari vemo vagamuchire tsigiro yakafanana pasinei zvapo nekwavanogara uye kubvumira vadzori.
Nyika dzeScandinavia, idzo dzinoshanda gadziriro dzemagariro avanhu, dzinogovera gadziriro dzenzanga dzine revo dzinopiwa munyika kana kuti noutarisiri hwakasimba hworudzi. Denmark, somuenzaniso, inopa betsero dzokushaya basa, mari yemhuri, tsigiro yeurema, uye mamwe mabasa enzanga ane mwero yenzanga inowirirana neyakanakira nyika yose. Uku kuita kunokurudzira kusaruramisira uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuderera kwemari kana kuti kuchinja kwenhamba yevagari vemo munharaunda dzakati hakudzivisi dziviriro yenzanga.
Zvisinei, masangano enzanga angave asingagamuchiri zvikuru misiyano yomunharaunda yendyiko yokurarama, migariro yemisika yebasa, kana kuti tsika. Mwero webetsero yenyika ungava worupo munharaunda dzomumaruwa dzine mari shoma asi usina kukwana munzvimbo dzomumaguta dzinodhura, kana kuti unopfuura.
Kubudirira Kwezvirongwa uye Kuumbwa Kwehurumende
Kubatanidza michina yokufambisa, mvura, magirazi emagetsi, uye mafoni nefoni (jekiseni), zvinokosha pakubudirira kweupfumi uye kunaka kwoupenyu. Hurumende inochinja zvikuru kuti zvinhu zvinogadzirwa sei, zvinotsigirwa sei, uye kuti zvinochengetedzwa sei.
Dzidzo Mugadziriro Dzemapuraneti
Gadziriro dzemasangano dzinokamuranisa mabasa ezvivako pakati pemitengo mizhinji yehurumende. Hurumende dzenyika dzinowanzobata migwagwa mikuru yepasi, zviteshi zvikuru, uye zvitima, nepo hurumende dzenharaunda dzichitarisira migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, mamirire emvura, uye kufambiswa kwevanhu vose. Uku kupesana kunogona kuparira zvinetso kushandira pamwe asi kunobvumirawo kugadzirisa kugadzirirwa kwezvinodiwa zvomunharaunda.
MuUnited States, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru yeruwa nezvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa kupfurikidza nezvipo, izvo zvinoronga ndokuita mabasa. United States nenzvimbo uye inotarisira zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira nzvimbo kuisa mabasa ezvirongwa zvinotsamira pazvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo(a hurumende ingashandisa zvikuru mukufamba kwavose nepo imwe inganangidzirawo ngwariro pawedzero yemugwagwa mukuru nenzvimbo mumibatanidzwa inoyambuka miganhu.
Kushandisa mibato yehurumende inowanzobatanidza kuendesa zvinhu zvakaoma muhurumende, zvinodiwa zvakafanana, uye kutaurirana pakati pemitengo yehurumende. Zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvingada kubatana pakati pehurumende, nyika, uye nzvimbo, chimwe nechimwe chine zvinhu zvinokosha zvakasiyana uye zvinoganhurirwa. Uku kuoma kwepfungwa kunogona kunonotsa mabasa asi kunovimbisawo kuti vachengeti vakawanda vane miuyo muzvisarudzo.
Dzidzo Mugadziriro Dzezvinhu Zviduku
Hurumende dzenyika dzinogona kuronga kuronga kuti zvinhu zvienderane, kuisa zvinhu panzvimbo yazvo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvichatevedzana. Izvi zvinogona kushanda chaizvo pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoda kuti nyika ibatane, zvakadai semasitepisi ezvitima kana kuti michina yemagetsi.
Chikamu cheraruwe chakakwirira cheFrance (TGV) chinoenzanisira kurongwa kwezvirongwa zvemari zvakadzika. Hurumende yenyika yakaronga uye yakatsigira chikwata chaibatanidza maguta makuru munyika yose, ichivimbisa mipimo isingachinji uye basa rakabatana. Iyi nzira yapakati yakagonesa kutangwa kwokukurumidza kwegadziriro yenyika inobudirira ingave yakava yakaoma kuwana kupfurikidza nokuita zvisarudzo zvakanaka.
Zvisinei, gadziriro yepfuma yapakati ingava isati iri yokugamuchira zvikuru zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo. Hurumende dzenyika dzingaisa gadziriro nerevo yorudzi nepo dzichiregeredza zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo zvegadziriro. Maruwa kana kuti nharaunda dzenzvimbo dzezviwiro zvingagamuchira bhizimisi shoma kupfuura nzvimbo huru dzomumaguta, zvimwe zvichigona kuvandudza kusaenzana kwenharaunda.
Kufamba Kunoita Mari Negadziriro Dzehurumende
Ukama hwemari pakati pemitengo yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende, hunonzi fiscal unitionalism", hunoumba mashandisirwo anoitwa mapurogiramu. Kunzwisisa urongwa uhwu hwemari kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yehurumende inoita kuti vanhu vabatsire sei.
Manyuko Emari Nechiremera Chemitero
Hurumende ndiyo inotema mwero wehurumende inogona kuisa mitero ipi. Mugadziriro dzehurumende, dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzenyika nedzenharaunda dzine chiremera chakazvimirira chokubhadharira mitero. Hurumende yenyika ingatsamira zvikurukuru pamitero yemari nemabasa etsika, nepo nyika kana kuti maruwa anoshandisa mitero yokutengesa, mitero yezvinhu, kana kuti mitero yavo vamene. Iyi goverano inobvumira mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende kukwidziridza mari yakazvimirira asi inogona kuita kuti kuoma uye bviro yemakwikwikwi pakati pevhu.
Mugadziriro dzegadziriro, hurumende yenyika inodzora chaizvoizvo manyuko makuru emari, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichitsamira pamitero yenzvimbo, mitero yebasa, kana kuti kutamiswa kunobva kuhurumende yepakati. Uku kudzorwa kunogona kupfavisa kutarisirwa kwemitero ndokuderedza ndyiko yokuteerera nokuda kwemitero asi inoganhurira kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo.
Kuendeswa Kwehurumende
Kutamiswa uku kunobatsira mumabasa akasiyana - siyana: kuenzana kwemari munzvimbo dzose, kutsigira mari nebetsero dzenyika asi kupiwa kwomunzvimbomo, uye kupesvedzera mutemo wenyika yose.
Mugadziriro dzehurumende, hurumende dzenyika dzinowanzogovera zvipo kunyika kana kuti maruwa nokuda kwamadonzo akati (zvipo zvemipiro yavose) kana kuti tsigiro yavose (zvipo zvezvikamu). Uku kutama kunogona kuuya nemigariro(masangano anopinzwanisa mari yehurumende, kusvitsa mipimo yakati, kana kuti kushandisa miitiro yakananga. Iyi "simba rechikwama" inobvumira hurumende dzenyika kupesvedzera nzvimbo dzemitemo nenzira yezita pasi pokudzora kwenyika.
Kuendesa kune mativi ose kunoedza kuderedza kusawiriraniswa kwemitsara pakati penharaunda dzakapfuma nedzisina kupfuma. Chirongwa chokuenzana cheCanada, somuenzaniso, chinotamisa mari kubva kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuruwa rwakapfuma zvishoma kuti chive nechokwadi chokuti inogona kupa mabasa akaenzana pamwero wemitero ine mufungo. Uku kutama kunosimudzira kusasarura asi kunogona kuparira kutsamirana nokuderedza zvikonzero nokuda kwokubudirira kwemari yomuruwa.
Utachiona Hwemari uye Basa
Kukwanisa kwavo kukwidza mari yehurumende kwakasiyana - siyana (8) mari yavangawana panzvimbo yemari inoenderana nemitoro yavo inotengwa. Panyika, kuva nenzvimbo dzinoda mari kunosiyana zvikuru munyika kana kuti maruwa akavakirwa paupfumi hwavo, uwandu hwevanhu, uye mitero. Nharaunda dzepfuma dzinogona kupa mitero inopa mari yakawanda dzichichengeta mitero ine mwero, nepo nzvimbo dzine urombo dzichifanira kusarudza pakati pemitero yakakwirira kana kuti mitero isina kukwana.
Iyi mhatsa inotapura inenge purogiramu yavose iri yose. nyika kana kuti maruwa akapfuma anogona kubhadhara zvikoro zviri nani, tarisiro youtano yakakwana zvikuru, gadziriro dzakakwirira, uye mabasa enzanga ane rupo zvikuru. Nharaunda dzevarombo dzinotamburira kupa mabasa anokosha, dzichiparira sundo dzokutama idzo dzinoparadzazve zvivako zvadzo.
Masangano anogona kuparadzira zviri nyore pfuma kubva kune zvakapfuma kuenda kune varombo kupfurikidza nemitero yapakati uye mari. Kupfurikidza nokuiunganidza yakavakirwa pakushaiwa kwenyika uye kuiisa panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo, gadziriro dzegadziriro dzinogona kusimudzira kupiwa kwebasa kwakaenzana. Zvisinei, kutsigira uku kunogona kuparira kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati penzvimbo dzinopa mambure nedzinotora mambure.
Chiremera Chokutungamirira uye Kuchinja - chinja Kwemitemo
Hurumende ndiyo inosarudza kuti ndiani ane simba rokudzora mabasa akasiyana - siyana, kubva pakudzivirira mhoteredzo kusvika pakupa nyanzvi yokuchengetedza zvinhu kusvika pakuchengetedza vatengi.
Kudzorerwa Mugadziriro Dzemapuraneti
Hurumende dzenyika dzinowanzodzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzakasiyana - siyana, kutengesa nyika dzakawanda, uye nhau dzinoda kuti nyika dziite zvinhu zvakafanana, nepo nyika kana kuti maruwa achidzora bhizimisi romunzvimbomo, kugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi ebasa, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinonyanya kutyiwa nomunzvimbomo.
Uku kupesana kunoparira mikana yokuedza mitemo uye misiyano. Nyika dzinogona kushanda se "mibato yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza nzira dzakasiyana- siyana dzokudzivirira mhoteredzo, kuchengeteka kwevatengi, mipimo yebasa, kana kuti dzimwe nhau. Kuchinja kunobudirira kunogona kupararira kune dzimwe nyika kana kuti kuteererwa munyika yose, nepo kuedza kutadza kuramba kuripo.
Zvisinei, kuchinja kwemitemo kunoparirawo zvinetso. Mabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo dzose dzehurumende anofanira kushandisa zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana- siyana munzvimbo imwe neimwe, mari dzinotevedzerwa dzinowedzera. Vagari vangafarikanya dziviriro dzakasimba mune imwe nyika asi mikana miduku. Makwikwi okudzosera zvinhu zvinogona kutungamirira ku "kupinda pasi" sezvo nyika dzinoderedza mipimo yokukwezva bhizimisi.
Kudzikama kwemhoteredzo kunoenzanisira aya masangano makuru. Dzimwe nyika dzeU.S. dzakagamuchira mipimo yemhoteredzo yakaganhurirwa kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa wehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta mirau mishomanene.Iyi chinjo inobvumira nyika kudzikamisa dziviriro yemhoteredzo nefambiro mberi yezvemari mukuwirirana nezvinodiwa zvomunzvimbomo, asi dzinogonawo kuita kuti mhoteredzo ive nenzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzinoshatiswa ndokusekesa nharidzano dzemhoteredzo dzinoda chiito chinotsinhiraniswa.
Kushandiswazve Kwemagadziriro Emasangano
Gadziriro dzokubatana dzinochengeta zvikurukuru chiremera chikuru zvikuru chokutungamirira, hurumende dzenyika dzichigadza mipimo yakafanana munyika yose. Uku kudzikamisa kunovimbisa dziviriro dzinopfuurira nokuda kwavagari vose uye kunosimudzira kuzviisa pasi kwamabhizimisi anoshanda munyika yose.
Kubatana uku kunoita kuti vagari vemuFrance vadzivirirwe nenzira yakafanana pasinei nekwavanogara uye kuti mabhizimisi atarisana nezvinodiwa zvisingachinji munyika yose.
Zvisinei, kudzikamiswa kwapakati kungasava kunogamuchira zvikuru misiyano yenharaunda mumigariro, zvido, kana kuti zvokutanga. Mutemo wakakodzera nharaunda dzomumaguta dzine vanhu vakawanda ungava unorema nenzira isiri madikanwa munharaunda dzomumaruwa, kana kuti usiri wapamutemo. Gadziriro dzapakati dzingavawo dzinononoka kuvandudza, sezvo chinjo dzomugariro dzinoda chiito chenyika panzvimbo pokuedza nenharaunda imwe neimwe.
Kuzvidavirira Nokutora Rutivi Kwehurumende
Chivako chehurumende chinotapura nzira iyo vagari vemo vanozvidavirira nayo uye vanotora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pepurogiramu dzavose.
Kuzvidavirira Mugadziriro Dzehurumende
Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoita mapfundo akawanda okuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, navagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru vakuru vorudzi, voruwa, uye vomunzvimbomo. iyi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakaenzana namapoka akawanda inogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi kupfurikidza nokuunza hurumende pedyo zvikuru kuvagari vemo uye kugovera mikana yakawanda yokuvimbisana.
Zvisinei, chiremera chakakamukana chinogonawo kuvhara kuzvidavirira. Apo mwero yakawanda yehurumende inogoverana mutoro wepurogiramu, vagari vemo vangaparapatika kusarudza kuti ndiani ane mutoro wezvinetso kana kuti budiriro.
Gadziriro dzinoshanda dzinogadzirawo mikana yokudzoresa mhaka pakati pemwero yehurumende. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kushora nyika nokuda kwokukundikana kuita, nepo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachinongedzera kumirayiro yehurumende isina kukwana yemari kana kuti inoganhurira. Iyi mirau yomunwe inogona kukangaidza vagari vemo ndokusekesa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy.
Kuzvidavirira Mugadziriro Dzesangano
Miitiro yesangano inowanzogovera mikana yakajeka yokuzvidavirira, nehurumende yenyika ine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakawanda. Vagari vanogona kuziva zviri nyore zvikuru kuti vakuru vakurui vane mutoro wezvisarudzo zvemitemo voita kuti vazvidavirire kupfurikidza nesarudzo.
Zvisinei, gadziriro dzapakati dzingapa mikana mishoma yokutora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo. Apo zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoitwa mudzimbahwe renyika, vagari vemo munharaunda dziri kure vangava namano mashoma okupesvedzera miitiro inotapura nzanga dzavo. Nhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo dzingawana ngwariro shomanene kuvanogadzira mitemo yenyika panhau dzakakura zvikuru.
Chinhambwe chiri pakati pevagari vemo nevaiti vezvisarudzo mugadziriro dzegadziriro chinogona kuderedza kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo uye kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika.
Kugadziridzwa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu uye Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo
Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja uye kuvandudza marongerwo emitemo kunosiyana - siyana negadziriro.
Kuvandudza Mumagadziriro Okushanda KwemaFederal
Gadziriro dzemiitiro dzinobudirira pakuedza nokuvandudza. Apo nyika kana kuti maruwa ane chiremera chokugadzira mapurogiramu azvo zvimene, zvinogona kuedza mitoo yakasiana - siana kuzvinetso zvinozivikanwa. Kuvandudza kunobudirira kunogona kupararira kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mutemo sezvo dzimwe zviremera zvinogamuchira zvigadzikiso zvakabvumikiswa, nepo kundikano dzichiramba dziri dzomunzvimbomo.
Miitiro mitsva yakawanda inokosha muUnited States yakavamba pamwero wehurumende isati yagamuchirwa munyika yose. Inishuwarenzi yourovha, muripo wavashandi, mirairo yemhoteredzo, uye chinjo dzezvoutano zvakapindwa nehurumende imwe neimwe isati yava purogiramu dzenyika. Uku kuedza kunobvumira kudzidza nokunatsa pamberi pokukamuranisa mitemo munyika yose.
Zvisinei, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinogonawo kuva dzinononoka kugamuchira chinjo munyika. Kunyange apo kutanga zvinhu zvitsva kunobvumikisa kuva kunobudirira mune dzimwe nyika, mhinganidzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, makwikwi enyika, kana kuti ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzingadzivisa kugamuchirwa nenyika. Muuyo unogona kuva mutoo unopfuuridzira nomudzimwe nharaunda dzinofarikanya gadziriro itsva nepo dzimwe dzichinonoka kudzokera shure.
Kuvandudza Mugadziriro Dzemibatanidzwa
Gadziriro dzesangano dzinogona kushandisa muitiro unogona kuchinja nokukurumidza zvikuru uye nenzira yakafanana kana zvisarudzo zvikangoitwa bedzi. apo hurumende yenyika inogamuchira chinjo, inogona kushandiswa munyika yose panguva imwe cheteyo, ichivimbisa betsero dzisingachinji uye ichidzivisa muitiro wokubuda pashoma napashoma kwegadziriro dzehurumende.
Zvisinei, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuchinja zvinhu zvingava zvine ngozi zvikuru mukuchinja kwetsika. Kana kuchinja kuchifanira kugamuchirwa munyika panzvimbo pokuedzwa munzvimbo dzimwe, mhinganidzo dzacho dzakakwirira uye zvematongerwe enyika dzingava huru. Kuedza kwakakundikana kunotapura nyika yose panzvimbo penyika imwe neimwe, kuchiita kuti vagadziri vemitemo vangwarire zvikuru.
Izvi zvinoedza kuongorora kubatsira kunoita hurumende asi zvichiramba zvichidzora uye zvichikwanisa kuchinja zvinhu nenzira yakanyatsofanana.
Basa Rinoendesa Michina Mhiri Kwegadziriro Dzehurumende
Kunze kwenhau inokosha yokuti ihurumende ine mutoro wei nokuda kwezvirongwa, gadziriro yehurumende inotapurawo nzira iyo mabasa anoitirwa nayo chaizvoizvo kuvagari vemo.
Gadziriro Yakananga yeHurumende
Hurumende inodzora muitiro wose, kubva pakupa mari kusvikira pakuuraya. Uyu muenzaniso wetsika webasa ravose unobatanidza masangano ehurumende anoshandisa zvakananga vashandi nenzvimbo dzinoshanda kugovera mabasa. Mwero wehurumende ine mutoro nokuda kwegadziriro yakananga inosiana negadziriro dzehurumende(mubatanidzwa wehurumende), mabasa angagoverwa namasangano enyika, ehurumende, kana kuti omunzvimbomo anotsamira papurogiramu, nepo gadziriro dzegadziriro dzesangano dzinobatanidza chaizvoizvo masangano enyika kana kuti mapazi avo omunharaunda.
Kupinza Nokuvandudza
Mumuenzaniso uyu, hurumende inopinza basa kambani yavanhu kana kuti sangano risingapi mari kuti rigovere basa nokuda kwayo. Gadziriro yehurumende inotapura miitiro yokutora, negadziriro dzehurumende dzinobatanidza zvibvumirano pamwero yakawanda yehurumende negadziriro dzegadziriro dzinobatanidza kuwanikwa kunowanzova.
Chikamu chinokosha chamabasa avose chaizvoizvo chinopiwa namakambani avanhuwo zvavo anoshanda mubvumirano dzehurumende, nehurumende yehurumende yoga ichishuma anenge mabhiriyoni 745 $44 mumisengwa yebvumirano mugore rapamusoro ra2025. Mwero wokuvhozhokera unosiana muzvivako zvehurumende, nemimwe miitiro ichitsamira zvikuru pakupiwa kwomunhu oga nepo mimwe ichichengeta zvikurukuru gadziriro yavose.
Kushandira Pamwe Kwavose
PPP igadziriro dzenguva refu, dzinobatira pamwe pakati pehurumende namakambani avanhu, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwegadziriro huru dzezvirongwa zvepfuma, dzakadai sokuvaka mugwagwa mutsva, bhiriji, kana kuti ndege, umo mubiyako woga achagadzira, kuvaka, mari, uye kushandisa basa racho kwenhambo yakatarwa. Chivako chehurumende chinotapura kudzoreka nokudzora kwePPPP, namasangano ehurumende angagona kubatanidza mibatanidzwa mizhinji yehurumende negadziriro dzinobatanidza simba rebatira pamwe.
Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende
Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoita mikana yokushandira pamwe mune zvehurumende mukufambiswa kwebasa, nemwero yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende kana kuti zviremera zvakasiyana - siyana pamwero mumwe chetewo wokugovera mabasa nenzira inobudirira zvikuru.
Gadziriro dzokubatana dzingasadiwa zvikuru kuti pave nebatira pamwe yakachinjika pakati pehurumende yenyika sezvo hurumende yomunyika ichigona kuronga kupiwa kwebasa, asi dzingangobatanidza kubatana kwezviremera zvenyika nezvomunzvimbomo mukuitwa.
Kuendeswa Kunoitwa Hurumende Nehurumende Inogadzira Zvemagetsi
Kushandiswa kwemadhigirii kwakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo mabasa avose anoitwa nayo, nebatano dzakawanda idzo dzaichimbova dzinoda rwendo rwokuenda kuhofisi yehurumende zvino inoitwa paIndaneti, kubva pakumutsidzira rezinesi rokutyaira rokukumbira betsero kana kuti kubhadhara mitero, kuita kuti mabasa ashande zvikuru, uye anowanika 24/7.
Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinotarisana nedenho mukuronga mabasa emichina munzvimbo dzakawanda. Nyika imwe neimwe kana kuti ruwa rungatanga gadziriro dzarwo rumene, ruchiparira zvinoitika zvisingawirirani zvinopinganidza nokuganhurira mashoko. Zvisinei, uku kupfaviswa kunobvumirawo kuvandudzwa, nemasimba akasiyana - siyana okuedza kusvika kwakasiyana - siyana kwemitauro.
Zvirongwa zvemakombiyuta zvinogona kushandisa michina yakafanana inowanikwa nevanhu vose munyika yose.
Zvisinei, kudhinda kunopawo zvinetso, sezvo "dhiginial gabation" inoreva kuti havasi vose vane urongwa hwakavimbika hweInternet kana kuti unyanzvi hwokushandisa makombiyuta, uye hurumende dzinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa emichina haashandisiwi nemunhu, akachengeteka, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvisiri zvemibatanidzwa zvichiripo kune vaya vanoda kuada. Zvose zviri zviviri zvirongwa zvehurumende uye zveyuniyumu zvinofanira kukurukura zvinhu izvi, kunyange zvazvo nzira dzavo dzingasiyana.
Kuda Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Nezvokutarisira Zvinhu Zvakanyanya
Hurumende inochinja chaizvo kuti zvinhu zvinobudirira sei panjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kupararira kwenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kusvika kumatambudziko ezvemari.
Mhinduro Yekurumidziro Mumiitiro Yematunhu
Gadziriro dzenzvimbo dzinoshanda dzinobatanidza mitanho mizhinji yehurumende mumhinduro yekurumidziro, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichigovera mhinduro yokutanga, hurumende dzenyika kana kuti maruwa anotarisira nhamburiko dzomunharaunda, uye hurumende dzamarudzi dzinogovera zviwanikwa netsigiro nokuda kwengwavaira huru. Uku kusvika kwakawanda kwakaenzana kunogona kushandisa zivo yomunzvimbomo nemhinduro yokukurumidza apo dzinounza mitoo yokuwedzera sezvinodikanwa.
Zvisinei, zvinetso zvokushanda kwegadziriro dzehurumende zvinogona kuomesa zvinhu zvekurumidziro.Matanho akasiyana - siyana ehurumende angava nezvinokosha zvinorwisana, zvinetso zvokukurukurirana, kana kuti mitsetse isina kujeka yechiremera. Dambudziko reCOVID rakaratidzira izvi zvinetso mugadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende, nehurumende dzorudzi, uye dzomunzvimbomo pane dzimwe nguva dzinoshandisa miitiro inopokanidzana kana kuti kukwikwidzana nokuda kwezviwanikwa.
Gadziriro dzenzvimbo dzinotarisirwa dzingatarisanawo nedenho mukushandisa matanho ekurumidziro akafanana apo chiito chekurumidziro, chakarongeka chinodikanwa. Kana nyika kana kuti maruwa ane chiremera chikuru pautano hwavanhu kana kuti kutarisirwa kwekurumidziro, hurumende dzenyika dzingarwisa kushandisa miitiro inowirirana munyika yose.
Kudavidza Kwekurumidziro Mugadziriro Dzezvirongwa Zvomubatanidzwa
Hurumende dzepasi rose dzinogona kuunganidza zvinhu uye kuita kuti zvinhu zvikurumidze kuitwa nokurayira uye nokudzora zvinhu.
Nzira iyi inoshanda zvikuru pamamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro anoda kukurumidza, kubatanidzwa munyika.
Kubudirira kwemhinduro yekurumidziro kunotsamira kwete bedzi pagadziriro yehurumende asiwo pasimba resangano, pfuma, uye utungamiriri.
Mupimo Wokukwanisa Kunzwisisa Nekuwana Chirongwa
Chivako chehurumende zvikurukuru chinotapura avo vanogona kuwana mapurogiramu avose uye mumigariroi. Mwero wehurumende ine mutoro wokugadza mipimo yokusagona kubatana unoumba gadziriro yokubatanidza nokusasarura.
Kukwanisa Kubudirira Mugadziriro Dzemapuraneti
Apo nyika kana kuti maruwa zvinotanga mipimo yokufara nokuda kwepurogiramu, mhatsa inokosha inogona kuguma. Dzimwe nyika dzingagadza mipimo inobatanidza yose inoita kuti mapurogiramu awanike kuvagari vakafara, nepo mamwe achiisa zvinodikanwa zvinoganhurira kusvikwa. Uku kwakasiana kunoreva kuti kujeka kwepurogiramu dzakafanana kunogona kutsamira zvikuru paunogara munhu.
Somuenzaniso, Medicaid eligible muUnited States inosiyana zvikuru munyika. Dzimwe nyika dzinofukidza vakuru nemari inosvika 138% yemwero weurombo hwehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichiganhurira kubhadharwa kwemwero yakaderera zvikuru yemari kana kuti mapoka akati akadai savakadzi vane mimba kana kuti vakaremara. Uku kuchinja kunoparira kuwanikwa kwezvoutano kwakavakirwa pahurumende.
Gadziriro dzehurumende dzingaedza kuderedza kuva norupo kupfurikidza nemipimo mishomanene kana kuti mari inotsamira pamigariro, asi misiano mikuru inowanzopfuurira.dzikamo pakati porudzi nokuchinja - chinja mukutsunga kunofadza inoramba iri dzvinyiriro inopfuurira mugadziriro dzehurumende.
Kukwanisa Kushanda Mugadziriro Dzakaumbwa
Mibatanidzwa inogadza mipimo yakafanana yenyika yose, ichivimbisa kuti vagari vomunharaunda dzakasiyana - siyana vanogona kuwana mapurogiramu akaenzana. Iyi fashoni inotsigira kubatana uye kuisa urongwa panzvimbo imwe chete, sezvo vakakwidza vachitarisana nezvinodikanwa zvisingachinji pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo.
Zvisinei, mipimo inowirirana ingasaparira misiano yomunharaunda mumutengo wokurarama, migariro yemari, kana kuti mavara okugara kwevagari vemo. Zvikumbaridzo zvakakodzera nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzine mari yakaderera zvingava zvinoganhurira zvikuru munzvimbo dzomumaguta dzinodhura, kana kuti zvinopesana. Kutsunga kwapakati kungasavawo kugamuchirika kumigariro yomunzvimbomo kana kuti zvinoitika chaizvo.
Kubatsira Kunoita Kurongwa Kwehurumende Pazvirongwa
Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo wokuti gadziriro yehurumende inotapura sei mapurogiramu avanhu unofanira kuongororwa zvakavakirwa pamigumisiro yazvo zvinonzi “mapurogiramu anoshanda zvinobudirira kuvandudza upenyu hwevagari vemo. ”
Nhevedzano yenzvero dzamarudzi ose kwamakumi anoverengeka dzetapuro yegadziriro dzegadziriro dzegadziriro dzegadziriro pazviratidzo zvine gumi nezvishanu zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zvemari uye zvomunhu yakawana kuti muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, ukama hwakasimba pakati pegadziriro dzemitemo nedzokudzora zvakanaka hunowana, uye kusvikira kutambanuko iyo izvi zvirongwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvinoita musiano, gadziriro dzemitemo dzinoratidzika kuva dzinova nebetsero dzakajeka pane dzehurumende. Kunzvera uku kunokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzapakati dzingapa miuyo iri nani yehurumende paavhareji.
Zvisinei, izvi zvakawanikwa zvinovanza kusiyana kukuru. Mamwe masangano ehurumende anopa miuyo yakaisvonaka nepo mimwe gadziriro yegadziriro ichiita zvakashata, uye zvichipesana. Kubudirira kwegadziriro yehurumende kunotsamira zvikuru pamashoko akapoteredza enyika, kubatanidza ukuru, mhatsa, kunaka kwemasangano, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kudzora kunobudirira kunogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka, kuenzana, uye kushanda kwamabasa avose, zvakadai sezvoutano, dzidzo, uye marongedzero, nokudaro kuchitapura zvakanaka kuvakwa kwose kwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Kungava zvivako zvehurumende kana kuti zvegadziriro zvinosimudzira pesvedzero inobudirira zviri nani kunotsamira pakuti zvinosanokodzera sei migariro yakati yenyika nedenho.
Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinotapura Rudzi Rwepurogiramu Mhiri Kwegadziriro dzeHurumende
Pasinei zvapo nokuti gadziriro yacho ndeyehurumende kana kuti inoitwa nesangano, zvinhu zvinoverengeka nguva dzose zvinotapura kunaka kwepurogiramu dzavose:
- Chitsama chemari chakarongwa: Mari inokwana neyakatsiga inokosha nokuda kwevara repurogiramu. Gadziriro yehurumende inotapura kusimudzirwa nokuparadzirwa kwemari, asi hwerengedzo yezviwanikwa zvakatsaurirwa kupurogiramu uye kuti zvinoshandiswa zvakanaka sei zvine basa zvikuru kupfuura kuvakwa bedzi.
- Murairo wepurogiramu: Mipimo yakajeka, utariri hunobudirira, uye miitiro yokuzvidavirira zvinobetsera kuparira mapurogiramu kushanda zvinobudirira. Zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzehurumende neurongwa zvinogona kutanga gadziriro dzakasimba dzekutungamirira, kunyange zvazvo mitoo yadzo ichisiyana.
- [ Mitoo yokufambisa nayo: Nzira iyo mabasa anopiwa nayo chaizvoizvo kuvagari vemo(kunyangwe kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende, zvivako, kana kuti zvibvumirano(zvinovaka) (zvinovaka zvakanaka nokubudirira. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinopesvedzera asi hadzisarudzi mibato yokupa.
- mipimo yokusagona kuvhura: Anogona kusvika mapurogiramu anotapura zvikuru tapuro yawo. Kubatanidza kusimudzira kusasarura, nepo mipimo inoganhurira ingaganhurira purogiramu inobudirira pasinei zvapo nechirongwa chehurumende.
- Ushandiri hwehurumende: Sangano revashandi vane unyanzvi, gadziriro dzokutarisira dzinobudirira, uye gadziriro dzakakwana zvinokosha nokuda kwebudiriro yepurogiramu. Zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzehurumende neurongwa zvinoda simba rakasimba pakutungamirira pamwero yehurumende ine mutoro wokupa purogiramu.
- Musengwa weProt: Wakatsigiswa netsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwepurogiramu kunotapura mari yavo, mapurani, uye kuitwa. Garame rinoumba masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika asi harivimbisi kuzvipira kumapurogiramu anobudirira.
- Kuvimbisana: Mikana yokuti vagari vemo vatore rutivi mugadziriro yepurogiramu nokutarisira inogona kuvandudza kugamuchira nokuzvidavirira. Miitiro yeFederal ingagovera mikana yakawanda yokutora rutivi kupfurikidza nemitezo mizhinji yehurumende, asi miitiro yeboka inogonawo kuparira miitiro inobudirira yebvumirano.
Zviito Mugadziriro dzeHurumende Nezvirongwa Zvevanhu
Kubviswa kwenzvimbo yehurumende ndiko, sezvinobvira, kombamiro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika yenguva yedu, nemhedziso dzine revo dzechiremera kubva kunyika kusvikira kumwero yenyika yose dzinoitika muAfrica (mutoo, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana), Asia (muto, Bangladesh, India), Europe (mureg., Belgium, France, Italy, uye Spain), uye Latin America (mutomutoo, Argentina, Colombia, uye Mexico). Iyi kombamiro yenyika yose kukuzivikanwa kwezviito zvinobvira zvokuunza hurumende pedyo zvikuru navagari vemo.
Kunyange gadziriro dzinoshandiswa mutsika dzakadzikamiswa dzakaderedza zvikuru chiremera chehurumende dzomunharaunda kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo. United Kingdom yakapa masimba anokosha kuScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland. France yakasimbisa hurumende dzomunharaunda. Spain yakaita nzanga dzinozvitonga dzine chiremera chakakura. Iyi migumisiro inoedza kuwana betsero dzokuva nenzvimbo yakabatana ichiri kuchengeta zvivako zvemasangano.
Dzimwe nyika dzine chiremera chichangobva kuchinjwa pazvinetso zvokubatana kwenhengo dzemhuri, matambudziko epanyika, kana kuti kuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuita Kuti Vagari Vemo Vave Nezvirongwa Zvehurumende
Hadzisi gadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti dzesangano renyika dzinopfuura nokure nokuda kwokupa mapurogiramu avose. Chivako chimwe nechimwe chinopa betsero dzakati uye chinotarisana nedenho dzakati. Kubudirira kwegadziriro yehurumende kunotsamira pakuti inowirirana sei nemigariro yenyika uye kuti yakagadzirwa nounyanzvi sei.
Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinobudirira pakugarisana, kugonesa kuedza, uye kuswededza hurumende pedyo navagari vemo. Dzinoshanda zvakanakisisa munyika huru, dzakasiyana - siyana umo misiyano yenharaunda iri inokosha uye umo zvinetso zvokushandira pamwe zvinogona kutarisirwa nenzira inobudirira.
Mibatanidzwa inoita zvakanaka pakuvimbisa kufambiswa kwebasa kwakafanana, kuronga chiito chorudzi, uye kusimudzira kuenzana munzvimbo dzose. Inoshanda zvakanakisisa munyika duku, dzakafanana zvikuru kana kuti umo kubatana kworudzi nemipimo inowirirana zviri zvokutanga. Zvisinei, inoda mitoo yezvokupinza kwomunzvimbomo, kuita chimwe chinhu kumisiyano yenharaunda, uye inodzivisa kusiana kukuru kwehurumende iyoyo kubva kuvagari vemo.
Nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa mitoo yakavhengana iyo inobatanidza zvinhu zvegadziriro dzose dziri mbiri, ichiedza kubata betsero dzeimwe neimwe apo inoderedza utera hwadzo. Mibatanidzwa yeUnitary negadziriro dzokubvisa shanduka - shanduka, dzakati kuitwei, uye gadziriro dzehurumende dzine mipimo yorudzi yakasimba zvose zvinomirira nhamburiko dzokuwana dzikamo dzakanakisisa pakati pokudzikamisa nokuzvidzora.
Kuti vagari vemo vatsvake kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mapurogiramu achisiyana munzvimbo dzose kana kuti kutsigira vandudziko, kunzwisiswa kwegadziriro yehurumende kunokosha.Kuziva mwero wehurumende ine mutoro wegadziriro dzakati, kuti mari inofambiswa sei mugadziriro yacho, uye uko chiremera chinoita zvisarudzo chinogonesa kubatanidzwa kunobudirira zvikuru nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.
Sezvaunoshandisa mapurogiramu avose (pasinei nokuwana tarisiro youtano), kunyoresa vana muchikoro, kunyoresa nokuda kwamasangano enzanga, kana kuti kushandisa zvivako zvehurumende . Chimiro chehurumende chinoumba ruzivo rwako munzira dzisingaverengeki. Kuvara, kuwanikwa, uye kuwanikwa kwepurogiramu idzi kunoratidza kwete zvisarudzo zvemiitiro chete asiwo gadziriro huru dzesangano iyo hurumende inoshandisa. Nokunzwisisa zvivako izvi, unogona kunzwisisa zviri nani mapurogiramu aunoshandisa uye kutora rutivi runobudirira mukuaumba kuti abatsire zvinodikanwa nenzanga yako.
Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pezvivako zvehurumende uye utarisiri hwehurumende, shanyira .gov portal[ kana kuti zviwanikwa zvokunzvera zvinobva ku United Nations [ pamasangano ehurumende anodzika misiyano munyika yose.