Bazu remitemo ndirimwe ramapazu matatu akaenzana ehurumende muUnited States, parutivi pemapazu makuru neamatare. Basa raro guru kuita mitemo, asi pesvedzero yaro inosvika kure muruvara rwokutonga. Bazu iri, rinozivikanwa seCongress, inzwi ravanhu, muchengeti wezvikwama zvenyika, uye kunzvera kukuru pasimba rapurezidhendi navadzidzisi. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi nenzira yakafanana, kunzwisisa kuti bazu remitemo remitemo rinokosha kunoshanda sei, kuti mutemo unoumbwa sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kutora rutivi muudzori hwavo vamene. Nyaya ino inogovera chitarisiko chikuru pagadziriro, mabasa, uye miitiro yebazu, kubatanidza midzi yayo yenhau, miitiro yazvino unovapo, nemiitiro yazvino unoparira.

Kupfuudzira Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende rinorondedzerwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kusafanana naanonicaragracy anowanwa mune dzimwe nyika, Congress yeU.S. ibhimeyaral — yakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yeVamiririri neDare. Iyi gadziriro yakava kubvumirana kwamaune pakati penyika huru neduku mukati meConvention yeConstitution ye1787. Imba yakagadzirirwa kumirira vanhu zvakananga, nezvigaro zvakagoverwa nevagari vemo, apo Dare rakasikwa kuti rimiririre nyika, navamiriri vaviri vedare pasinei noukuru hwehurumende. Iyi gadziriro, inozivikanwa seyavakubvumirana kukuru, inovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri chiverengero chavagari vemo nefariro yomugariro wenyika zvakadzikamiswa nomutemo.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yaVamiririri zvino ine mitezo 435 inovhota, mumwe nomumwe anobatira shoko regore maviri. Nhamba yavamiriri pahurumende imwe inoteverwa makore gumi ari ose akavakirwa pakuverengwa kwavanhu, ichivimbisa kuti mutezo mumwe nomumwe unomirira zvinenge nhamba imwe cheteyo yemitengo — inenge vanhu 760 000 paruwa. Imba inorangarirwa kuva nzvimbo inogamuchira zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mitezo yose inotarisana nechisarudzo makore maviri ari ose, ichimanikidzira kuva vanoramba vakasano neitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo. Imba inewo masimba akasiana: inovamba zvikwereti zvose zvemari (mutero nokushandisa) uye inova nesimba rimwe rokusarumbidzira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi.

Utungamiriri muImba hunodzorwa neSpeaker of the House, anosarudzwa nebato guru. Mukurukuri wechipiri mumutsetse wounganga (pashure poMutongi Mukuru) uye anodzora purogiramu dzekamuri, kurukurirano dzerudungwe, uye kugadza zvigaro zvedare. Imba inoshanda pasi pemirairo yorumano yemira nguva, ichiita kuti ive yakaisvonaka zvikuru asi isingadzoreki zvikuru kupfuura Dare. Matare ndiwo makamuri einjini eImba; kune mabhii anenge 20 amire anohwirudzura, anochengeta zvigaro zvedare, uye anoisa mira mutemo pamberi pokusvika pauriri.

Dare

Dare rine mitezo 100, miviri inobva munyika imwe neimwe, inobatira kuzungunuka mashoko amakore matanhatu. Iri chivako chinodzivirira vamanikidzi padzvinyiriro yapakarepo yavose, chinovabvumira kurangarira kwenguva refu panhau dzorudzi. Mutungamiriri weSanihedheni weUnited States anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare, asi mavhoti bedzi okuputsa tapu. Muitiro, Dare rinotungamirirwa naMajoina Mutungamiriri, uyo anoronga karenda uye anoisa zvikwereti. Mutungamiriri weMinou anodzora zano reChishoro.

Dare rine masimba akasiana anoverengeka akakwana: rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi. Mitemo yaro yakasiana zvikuru neNzvimbo, vatongi vehurumende, nevhoti zhinji, uye rinobvumira zvibvumirano kunoitwa nevoruzhinji vaviri. Dare rinobatirawo sedare redare mumitongo yokunyoresa, ichida mavhoti maviri namatatu kuti apedze mutongo ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru. Mitemo yaro yakasiana zvikuru neImba — Dare rinobvumira gakava risina kuganhurirwa, tsika inogonesa nhiyo, unyanzvi umo mutengi (kana kuti boka) anotaura kwenguva refu kunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti. Kugumisa chivhotiso chehurumende, Dare rinofanira kukumbira kurambira, uko kunoda kuva mukuru wezvivhoti 60. Iyi bhitikodhekisi inoreva kuti mutemo mukuru unoda kutsigira.

Mabasa Ebazi Romutemo

Nepo kuita mitemo kuri basa rinooneka zvikurusa, Dare rinoita mamwe mabasa anokosha anoverengeka ayo anoita kuti hurumende irambe ichizvidavirira uye inogamuchira.

Kuchengeta Mitemo

Kuita mutemo rwendo rwakaoma runotanga nepfungwa uye runoguma nechisaini chapurezidhendi (kana kuti vhato).

  • Kupinza nokubudisa mashoko: A bric inogona kunyorwa nomunhu upi noupi — mutezo weCongress, mushandi, mugamuchiri, kana kuti kunyange mugari wemo wapachivande — asi mutezo bedzi unogona kuusuma nenzira yapamutemo. Mutezo wacho unopiwa nhamba (g., H.R. 1 kana S. 1) uye unonongedzera kudare.
  • Chiito: Ipano ndipo apo zhinjisa dzebasa rine udzame dzinoitika. Matare anochengeta kutongwa, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye anogona kunyora mutemo (kuita chinjo). Dare rinogona kushuma rugwaro rwakanaka, nemugadziridzo, kana kuti tafura (ruite). Matare ane simba akafanana neGwara reImba neFUS (Bazi) Dare reMitemo neDare reDare reMitemo (masangano) remitemo yemiitiro.
  • Floor Action: Kana mutemo uchiibudisa mudare, inoenda kunzvimbo yakazara. MuImba, Dare Romutemo rinogadza mipimo yekurukurirano — kuti kurukurirano inogara kwenguva yakareba sei uye kana kugadziriswa kungagona kupiwa. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti rakumbirwa.
  • : Pashure pekurukurirano, mavhota. Voruzhinji vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuura muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa. Voti inogona kuva vhoti yenzwi, boka (zvakare), kana kuti danidzo yakanyorwa. House inoshandisa kuvhota kwamagetsi; Dare rinotsamira panzwi kana kuti danidzo.
  • Mutemo unowirirana: Ipapo mutemo wacho unoenda kune imwe kamuri, umo muitiro unodzokororwa. Kana makamuri maviri akapfuura shanduro dzakasiana, dare resangano remitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri rinoita kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Mushumo wemusangano unovapo unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana.
  • Predéssidential Action: Mutemo wokupedzisira unoenda kupurezidhendi, uyo ane mazuva gumi okusaina mumutemo, kuurega kuva mutemo pasina siginicha (parocket veto kana Congress Comrences proves). Hurumende inogona kukwidza vheto nevoruzhinji vane mativi matatu maviri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe.

Somuenzaniso, maererano neRaibhurari yeCongress, zvinenge 4 muzana bedzi zvezvikwereti zvakatangwa ndizvo zvinova mutemo muCongress chaiyo.

Kutarisira

Congress ine basa rebumbiro remitemo rokutarisira bazu ravakuru uye kuva nechokwadi chemitemo inotevedzerwa. Kutarisira kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokutonga, kunzvera, uye simba rezvinyorwa zvapasupa nezvapupu. Zvishandiso zvikuru zvinobatanidza:

  • Matare Enzwiro echikoneri: anokumbira vakuru vakuru vamasangano navamwe vakuru vakuru kuti vapupurire. Somuenzaniso, House Overse Committee inonzvera nguva dzose tsvina, kunyengera, uye kushatisa mumapurogiramu ehurumende.
  • Office yeHurumende yeKuzvidavirira (GAO): inowanzonzi "kurinda korona," GAO Adificials rehurumende remari rehurumende, rinoyera purogiramu inoshanda, uye nhau dzinoshuma dzinozivisa vagadziri vemitemo.
  • Congressional Baccursive Office (CBO): CBO inogovera kunzvera kusingatsigiri kwemiuyo yemari yemitemo yakakarakadzwa, ichibetsera Congress kuita zvisarudzo zvemitengo yakaziva.
  • Kusimbisa uye Zano: Simba reDare rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba mapurezidhendi icherekedzo yakananga pabazu revakuru vakuru. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoshanda kusimba rokudzidza radudzwa pakuvamba.

Kutarisira kunoratidza kuti munhu anoona zvinhu sezvazviri uye kuti ane mhosva.

Mufananidzo

Mutezo mumwe nomumwe weCongress unosarudzwa kumirira nzvimbo chaiyo — ruwa kana kuti nyika yose. Mufananidzo unobatanidza mabasa ose ari maviri echirongwa (kubhadharo pamabhiri) uye asina kurongwa (mabasa anoitwa). Mitezo inochengeta mahofisi omunzvimbomo kubetsera vanhu namasangano ehurumende, Social Security, vagara nebasa rokubetsera, uye nhau dzokubuda munyika. Vanoshandisawo basa rokubatsira vanotarisana nezvinetso. Mahofisi eguta, mapepa, uye vanobudisa nhau vanochengeta mutemo unobatanidza maruwa. Iri ramashoko rinova nechokwadi chokuti vatendi vomunzvimbomo — kubva kumasangano enjodzi — zvinonzwiwa pamwero munyika yose.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Muukuru

Nepo pfupi iri pamusoro apa ichifukidza zvirango zvakafara, mifungo mizhinji inofanirwa nengwariro. Somuenzaniso, mugadziri wemari muDare akashanduka kuva chishandiso chine simba chinodzivisa icho chinogona kuraira mavhoti 60 kufambisira mberi mitemo mizhinjisa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kushandiswa kwe kubatanidzwa — muitiro webhajeti unobvumira kupfuudzwa kwemari inobvumira kudarika nezvikwereti zvakati nevoruzhinji — kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru nokuda kwezviito zvikuru zvakadai semitero kana kuti tarisiro youtano. Mukuwedzera, [[FLT:]] Dare remari remari remari remari remari reD [FLT] [FLT]] [FFFF:3]] — mudzimba, kurukurirano youriri yapamhizhanga kupfurikidza nezvirongwa. Izvi zvinogona kurangarira nhevedzano.

Rumwe rutivi runokosha ibasa re matare nematare maduku. Kune mazana emitoro miduku inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakafanana nokurima, nhau dzokunze, dzidzo, uye zvokufambisa. Uku kupesana kwamabasa kunobvumira mitezo kuva nounyanzvi hukuru. Somuenzaniso, House Committee on Energy and Commerce acureator targery recurence, romagement, uye tenamendi. Dare reRevention Revotion Committee rinonzvera zvibvumirano nezvirongwa zvemibatanidzwa.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Bazu remitemo rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe ripi neripi kudzora. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi kuganhurira mamwe:

  • Veto Simba ndokushatisisa: Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutezo, asi Congress inogona kudzora nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri. Ikoku kunovimbisa mukuru mukuru haagoni kuvhara mutemo wakakurumbira.
  • Kutendisa: Imba inogona kudzosa (discription) mukuru mukuru wehurumende kubatanidza purezidhendi, uye Dare rinotonga. Mapurezidhendi maviri akashorwa neImba asi akasunungurwa neDare (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton). Richard Nixon akabuda pamberi pokunge zviitiko zvokutevedzerwa kwaitwa.
  • Sarudza Kusimbisa: Kugadzwa kwaPrezidhendi kuDare Gurusa, matare ehurumende, dare redare, uye masangano akazvimirira anoda tendero yeDare. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero pahurumende yose.
  • Ratiation: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, asi Dare rinofanira kubvuma kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri shanu. Ikoku kwakabvumira Dare kuvhara Treaty yeVersailles pashure peHondo Yenyika I, somuenzaniso.
  • Simba reBridge: Mabhiri ose okushandisa anofanira kuvamba muImba, uye Congress inodzora chikwama chehurumende. Mukuru mukuru haagoni kupedza mari pasina kudzorwa kwedare. Uku kunzvera kune simba pamusoro pezvinhu zvokutanga zvapurezidhendi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kusiana nehurumende, asi Musangano unogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokururamisa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo mitsva inoreva dare.

Masimba aya anopindirana anoita kuti pave nokukurukurirana uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Mamwe Masimba Nemabasa

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubhadhara Mutero

Congress's "simba rechikwama" ikona rechiremera chemitemo. Imba inofanira kuvamba mabhiri ose emari yemari (mutero), asi Dare rinogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa. Muitiro wemari yegore negore unobatanidza Purezidhendi achipa chikarakadzo chemari, ipapo Congress ichiita chisarudzo chemari yemari, ichiteverwa nezvikwereti zvemari inobhadharwa. Kana Congress ichikundikana kupfuudza mabhii ose emari inotambirwa, kuvhara bhiriti kunoitika — sekwa zvakaitika muna 2013 na2018181819. [FL:0] [FLT] CONT Actal Drivergated yebhaje yemari yemari yemari ya 1974 yakaita muitiro wepamutemo wekuronga kurongwa kwemari, yakashandiswa nokuda kwechinjo yeyamuko, mutero, uye dare.

Treaty Retation

Zvibvumirano zvinozivikanwa zvinobatanidza North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), Panama Canal Trease, uye New START chibvumirano chezvombo. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvikuru, zvakadai seComprehensive Nyucêtic.

Kurayira

Kutonga muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete wetsotsi. Dare reHouse Judicary rinonzvera nokunyora nyaya dzokusainwa, idzo Dzimba yakazara dzinovhota. Vazhinjisa vakakwana kutogona kunyora. Ipapo Dare rinotonga noMutongi Mukuru weDare gurusa (kana purezidhendi ari mupomerwi). Vhoti mbiri rematatu muDare rinodikanirwa kupiwa mhaka. Kubviswa panzvimbo yebasa ndicho chirango bedzi; chimwe chirango chinobva kumatare autsotsi chingatevera. Impeach ichekero isingawanzowaniki uye ine simba — mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi ave asina kupiwa mhaka, uye hapana akawanwa.

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro Romutemo

Congress inoita basa guru mukubvisa Bumbiro reMitemo. Kugadziridza kunogona kukarakadzwa nevhoti mbiri 933 mumakamuri ose ari maviri (kana kuti nekokorodzano yenyika inodanwa ne2 883 dzemasangano ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisina kumboshandiswa). Pashure pechikarakadzo, inofanira kusimbiswa ne3 naatatu mativi makuru emisika yehurumende (kana kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende). Dare rinogadza mutoo wema 27 wave wakabvumirwa — kubva paBill of Rights kusvikira kunhambo ye 26 Demendementment — zvose zvakatangwa muCongress Congress.

Bazu Romutemo Navanhu

Vagari vanoshanda nebazu remitemo munzira dzakawanda kupfuura kuvhota paZuva roRusarudzo. Vanhu vanogona kuona hofisi yomumiririri wavo kana kuti yedare kuti vataure mirangariro pamutemo, kukumbira betsero namasangano ehurumende, kana kuti kukoka vakuru vakuru kuzvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo. Mapoka eparamende anoronga tsamba, mabhangi efoni, uye muHopersonson kufonsong. [FLD] Pendment [[FLT:]] Inovimbisa kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo, uye Congressferation yakarongedzerwa kubata nyorera. [[FLT]

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nefariro zvinopesvedzera zvikuru mufambiro wemitemo. Vatungamiriri veboka vanoshandisa simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nokudzora migove yedare, karenda, uye tsigiro yenhimbe. Munguva ino, vakwidziridziri vanomirira masangano, mibatanidzwa, uye mibayiro isingabetseri vanogovera unyanzvi nemipiro, izvo zvinogona kuumba mutemo. Kuramba Kuranga kwa19959[FLT] Kunoda kunyoreswa nokushuma, asi vatsoropotedza vanoti fariro dzemari dzichiri nepesvedzero isingaenzaniswi. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha nokuda kwouvanzi.

Vadzidzisi vanowanzoshandisa zvikarakadzo zvemuitiro wemitemo — kufanana Model Congress kana Dare reMock [ — kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti zvikwereti zvinova mutemo sei, kuti matare anoshanda sei, uye kuti kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunokosha sei. Iyi miitiro inosimbisa kuti bazu rewiro remitemo harisi sangano riri kure; isangano mhenyu, muviri unofema unobvuma kuvimbisana kwapachena.

mhedziso

Bazu remitemo idiro rehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende yeAmerica. Kubva pakuronga mitemo kusvika pakutarisira mukuru, kubva pakusimbisa vatongi kusvika pakudzora mari, Congress ine simba guru — asiwo mutoro mukuru. Mavambo ayo ebhiyameral anovimbisa kuva nedzikamo pakati pezvido zvakakurumbira nehurumende, nepo miitiro yawo, kunyange zvazvo ichinonoka uye ichioma, yakarongedzerwa kuita mutemo unofunga. Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi, kunzwisisa bazi remitemo remitemo havasi kungovawo zvavo vadzidzisi; inheyo iri madikanwa nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwehurumende. Kuva muvhoti, kutsigira dare ravose, kunzwisisa mutemo wavose — zvose zvinoda kunzwisisa zvakajeka mashandire, mabasa aro, uye chiyero, vagari vemo vanogona kuita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazviito uye vasimbise vogaro.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame hwakawanda, nzvera zviwanikwa zvehurumende: Imba yakatsanangurwa, Senate reference, uye Concitution yeUnited States.